major restructure of the training code

32 files changed, 1943 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/training/dpmert/Makefile.am b/training/dpmert/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ff318bef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+bin_PROGRAMS = \
+  mr_dpmert_map \
+  mr_dpmert_reduce \
+  mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input
+
+noinst_PROGRAMS = \
+  lo_test
+TESTS = lo_test
+
+mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input_SOURCES = mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input.cc line_optimizer.cc
+mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a -lz
+
+# nbest2hg_SOURCES = nbest2hg.cc
+# nbest2hg_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a -lfst -lz
+
+mr_dpmert_map_SOURCES = mert_geometry.cc ces.cc error_surface.cc mr_dpmert_map.cc line_optimizer.cc
+mr_dpmert_map_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a -lz
+
+mr_dpmert_reduce_SOURCES = error_surface.cc ces.cc mr_dpmert_reduce.cc line_optimizer.cc mert_geometry.cc
+mr_dpmert_reduce_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a -lz
+
+lo_test_SOURCES = lo_test.cc ces.cc mert_geometry.cc error_surface.cc line_optimizer.cc
+lo_test_LDADD = $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LDFLAGS) $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LIBS) $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a -lz
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval
diff --git a/training/dpmert/ces.cc b/training/dpmert/ces.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..157b2d17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/ces.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+#include "ces.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+
+// TODO, if AER is to be optimized again, we will need this
+// #include "aligner.h"
+#include "lattice.h"
+#include "mert_geometry.h"
+#include "error_surface.h"
+#include "ns.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+const bool minimize_segments = true;    // if adjacent segments have equal scores, merge them
+
+void ComputeErrorSurface(const SegmentEvaluator& ss,
+                         const ConvexHull& ve,
+                         ErrorSurface* env,
+                         const EvaluationMetric* metric,
+                         const Hypergraph& hg) {
+  vector<WordID> prev_trans;
+  const vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> >& ienv = ve.GetSortedSegs();
+  env->resize(ienv.size());
+  SufficientStats prev_score; // defaults to 0
+  int j = 0;
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < ienv.size(); ++i) {
+    const MERTPoint& seg = *ienv[i];
+    vector<WordID> trans;
+#if 0
+    if (type == AER) {
+      vector<bool> edges(hg.edges_.size(), false);
+      seg.CollectEdgesUsed(&edges);  // get the set of edges in the viterbi
+                                     // alignment
+      ostringstream os;
+      const string* psrc = ss.GetSource();
+      if (psrc == NULL) {
+        cerr << "AER scoring in VEST requires source, but it is missing!\n";
+        abort();
+      }
+      size_t pos = psrc->rfind(" ||| ");
+      if (pos == string::npos) {
+        cerr << "Malformed source for AER: expected |||\nINPUT: " << *psrc << endl;
+        abort();
+      }
+      Lattice src;
+      Lattice ref;
+      LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(psrc->substr(0, pos), &src);
+      LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(psrc->substr(pos + 5), &ref);
+      AlignerTools::WriteAlignment(src, ref, hg, &os, true, 0, &edges);
+      string tstr = os.str();
+      TD::ConvertSentence(tstr.substr(tstr.rfind(" ||| ") + 5), &trans);
+    } else {
+#endif
+      seg.ConstructTranslation(&trans);
+    //}
+    //cerr << "Scoring: " << TD::GetString(trans) << endl;
+    if (trans == prev_trans) {
+      if (!minimize_segments) {
+        ErrorSegment& out = (*env)[j];
+        out.delta.fields.clear();
+        out.x = seg.x;
+	++j;
+      }
+      //cerr << "Identical translation, skipping scoring\n";
+    } else {
+      SufficientStats score;
+      ss.Evaluate(trans, &score);
+      // cerr << "score= " << score->ComputeScore() << "\n";
+      //string x1; score.Encode(&x1); cerr << "STATS: " << x1 << endl;
+      const SufficientStats delta = score - prev_score;
+      //string x2; delta.Encode(&x2); cerr << "DELTA: " << x2 << endl;
+      //string xx; delta.Encode(&xx); cerr << xx << endl;
+      prev_trans.swap(trans);
+      prev_score = score;
+      if ((!minimize_segments) || (!delta.IsAdditiveIdentity())) {
+        ErrorSegment& out = (*env)[j];
+        out.delta = delta;
+        out.x = seg.x;
+        ++j;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  // cerr << " In segments: " << ienv.size() << endl;
+  // cerr << "Out segments: " << j << endl;
+  assert(j > 0);
+  env->resize(j);
+}
+
diff --git a/training/dpmert/ces.h b/training/dpmert/ces.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e4fa2080
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/ces.h
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#ifndef _CES_H_
+#define _CES_H_
+
+class ConvexHull;
+class Hypergraph;
+class SegmentEvaluator;
+class ErrorSurface;
+class EvaluationMetric;
+
+void ComputeErrorSurface(const SegmentEvaluator& ss,
+                         const ConvexHull& convex_hull,
+                         ErrorSurface* es,
+                         const EvaluationMetric* metric,
+                         const Hypergraph& hg);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/training/dpmert/divide_refs.py b/training/dpmert/divide_refs.py
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..b478f918
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/divide_refs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+import sys
+
+(numRefs, outPrefix) = sys.argv[1:]
+numRefs = int(numRefs)
+
+outs = [open(outPrefix+str(i), "w") for i in range(numRefs)]
+
+i = 0
+for line in sys.stdin:
+  outs[i].write(line)
+  i = (i + 1) % numRefs
+
+for out in outs:
+  out.close()
diff --git a/training/dpmert/dpmert.pl b/training/dpmert/dpmert.pl
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..559420f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/dpmert.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,618 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env perl
+use strict;
+my @ORIG_ARGV=@ARGV;
+use Cwd qw(getcwd);
+my $SCRIPT_DIR; BEGIN { use Cwd qw/ abs_path /; use File::Basename; $SCRIPT_DIR = dirname(abs_path($0)); push @INC, $SCRIPT_DIR, "$SCRIPT_DIR/../../environment", "$SCRIPT_DIR/../utils"; }
+
+# Skip local config (used for distributing jobs) if we're running in local-only mode
+use LocalConfig;
+use Getopt::Long;
+use File::Basename qw(basename);
+require "libcall.pl";
+
+my $QSUB_CMD = qsub_args(mert_memory());
+
+# Default settings
+my $srcFile;  # deprecated
+my $refFiles; # deprecated
+my $default_jobs = env_default_jobs();
+my $bin_dir = $SCRIPT_DIR;
+my $util_dir = "$SCRIPT_DIR/../utils";
+die "Bin directory $bin_dir missing/inaccessible" unless -d $bin_dir;
+my $FAST_SCORE="$bin_dir/../../mteval/fast_score";
+die "Can't execute $FAST_SCORE" unless -x $FAST_SCORE;
+my $MAPINPUT = "$bin_dir/mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input";
+my $MAPPER = "$bin_dir/mr_dpmert_map";
+my $REDUCER = "$bin_dir/mr_dpmert_reduce";
+my $parallelize = "$util_dir/parallelize.pl";
+my $libcall = "$util_dir/libcall.pl";
+my $sentserver = "$util_dir/sentserver";
+my $sentclient = "$util_dir/sentclient";
+my $LocalConfig = "$SCRIPT_DIR/../../environment/LocalConfig.pm";
+
+my $SCORER = $FAST_SCORE;
+die "Can't find $MAPPER" unless -x $MAPPER;
+my $cdec = "$bin_dir/../../decoder/cdec";
+die "Can't find decoder in $cdec" unless -x $cdec;
+die "Can't find $parallelize" unless -x $parallelize;
+die "Can't find $libcall" unless -e $libcall;
+my $decoder = $cdec;
+my $lines_per_mapper = 200;
+my $rand_directions = 15;
+my $iteration = 1;
+my $best_weights;
+my $max_iterations = 15;
+my $optimization_iters = 6;
+my $jobs = $default_jobs;   # number of decode nodes
+my $pmem = "9g";
+my $disable_clean = 0;
+my %seen_weights;
+my $help = 0;
+my $epsilon = 0.0001;
+my $last_score = -10000000;
+my $metric = "ibm_bleu";
+my $dir;
+my $iniFile;
+my $weights;
+my $initialWeights;
+my $bleu_weight=1;
+my $use_make = 1;  # use make to parallelize line search
+my $useqsub;
+my $pass_suffix = '';
+my $devset;
+# Process command-line options
+if (GetOptions(
+	"config=s" => \$iniFile,
+	"weights=s" => \$initialWeights,
+        "devset=s" => \$devset,
+	"jobs=i" => \$jobs,
+	"pass-suffix=s" => \$pass_suffix,
+	"help" => \$help,
+	"qsub" => \$useqsub,
+	"iterations=i" => \$max_iterations,
+	"pmem=s" => \$pmem,
+	"random-directions=i" => \$rand_directions,
+	"metric=s" => \$metric,
+	"source-file=s" => \$srcFile,
+	"output-dir=s" => \$dir,
+) == 0 || @ARGV!=0 || $help) {
+	print_help();
+	exit;
+}
+
+if ($useqsub) {
+  $use_make = 0;
+  die "LocalEnvironment.pm does not have qsub configuration for this host. Cannot run with --qsub!\n" unless has_qsub();
+}
+
+my @missing_args = ();
+if (defined $srcFile || defined $refFiles) {
+  die <<EOT;
+
+  The options --ref-files and --source-file are no longer supported.
+  Please specify the input file and its reference translations with
+  --devset FILE
+
+EOT
+}
+
+if (!defined $iniFile) { push @missing_args, "--config"; }
+if (!defined $devset) { push @missing_args, "--devset"; }
+if (!defined $initialWeights) { push @missing_args, "--weights"; }
+die "Please specify missing arguments: " . join (', ', @missing_args) . "\nUse --help for more information.\n" if (@missing_args);
+
+if ($metric =~ /^(combi|ter)$/i) {
+  $lines_per_mapper = 40;
+} elsif ($metric =~ /^meteor$/i) {
+  $lines_per_mapper = 2000;   # start up time is really high for METEOR
+}
+
+
+my $nodelist;
+my $host =check_output("hostname"); chomp $host;
+my $bleu;
+my $interval_count = 0;
+my $logfile;
+my $projected_score;
+
+# used in sorting scores
+my $DIR_FLAG = '-r';
+if ($metric =~ /^ter$|^aer$/i) {
+  $DIR_FLAG = '';
+}
+
+unless ($dir){
+	$dir = "dpmert";
+}
+unless ($dir =~ /^\//){  # convert relative path to absolute path
+	my $basedir = check_output("pwd");
+	chomp $basedir;
+	$dir = "$basedir/$dir";
+}
+
+
+# Initializations and helper functions
+srand;
+
+my @childpids = ();
+my @cleanupcmds = ();
+
+sub cleanup {
+	print STDERR "Cleanup...\n";
+	for my $pid (@childpids){ unchecked_call("kill $pid"); }
+	for my $cmd (@cleanupcmds){ unchecked_call("$cmd"); }
+	exit 1;
+};
+# Always call cleanup, no matter how we exit
+*CORE::GLOBAL::exit = sub{ cleanup(); }; 
+$SIG{INT} = "cleanup";
+$SIG{TERM} = "cleanup";
+$SIG{HUP} = "cleanup";
+
+my $decoderBase = basename($decoder); chomp $decoderBase;
+my $newIniFile = "$dir/$decoderBase.ini";
+my $inputFileName = "$dir/input";
+my $user = $ENV{"USER"};
+
+# process ini file
+-e $iniFile || die "Error: could not open $iniFile for reading\n";
+
+sub dirsize {
+    opendir ISEMPTY,$_[0];
+    return scalar(readdir(ISEMPTY))-1;
+}
+if (-e $dir) {
+	# allow preexisting logfile, binaries, but not dist-dpmert.pl outputs
+	die "ERROR: output directory $dir already exists (remove or use --output-dir dir)\n\n";
+} else {
+	mkdir "$dir" or die "Can't mkdir $dir: $!";
+	mkdir "$dir/hgs" or die;
+	mkdir "$dir/scripts" or die;
+	print STDERR <<EOT;
+	DECODER:          $decoder
+	INI FILE:         $iniFile
+	WORKING DIR:      $dir
+	DEVSET:           $devset
+	EVAL METRIC:      $metric
+	MAX ITERATIONS:   $max_iterations
+	PARALLEL JOBS:    $jobs
+	HEAD NODE:        $host
+	PMEM (DECODING):  $pmem
+	INITIAL WEIGHTS:  $initialWeights
+EOT
+}
+
+# Generate initial files and values
+check_call("cp $iniFile $newIniFile");
+check_call("cp $initialWeights $dir/weights.0");
+$iniFile = $newIniFile;
+
+split_devset($devset, "$dir/dev.input.raw", "$dir/dev.refs");
+my $refs = "-r $dir/dev.refs";
+my $newsrc = "$dir/dev.input";
+enseg("$dir/dev.input.raw", $newsrc);
+$srcFile = $newsrc;
+my $devSize = 0;
+open F, "<$srcFile" or die "Can't read $srcFile: $!";
+while(<F>) { $devSize++; }
+close F;
+
+unless($best_weights){ $best_weights = $weights; }
+unless($projected_score){ $projected_score = 0.0; }
+$seen_weights{$weights} = 1;
+
+my $random_seed = int(time / 1000);
+my $lastWeightsFile;
+my $lastPScore = 0;
+# main optimization loop
+while (1){
+	print STDERR "\n\nITERATION $iteration\n==========\n";
+
+	if ($iteration > $max_iterations){
+		print STDERR "\nREACHED STOPPING CRITERION: Maximum iterations\n";
+		last;
+	}
+	# iteration-specific files
+	my $runFile="$dir/run.raw.$iteration";
+	my $onebestFile="$dir/1best.$iteration";
+	my $logdir="$dir/logs.$iteration";
+	my $decoderLog="$logdir/decoder.sentserver.log.$iteration";
+	my $scorerLog="$logdir/scorer.log.$iteration";
+	check_call("mkdir -p $logdir");
+
+
+	#decode
+	print STDERR "RUNNING DECODER AT ";
+	print STDERR unchecked_output("date");
+	my $im1 = $iteration - 1;
+	my $weightsFile="$dir/weights.$im1";
+	my $decoder_cmd = "$decoder -c $iniFile --weights$pass_suffix $weightsFile -O $dir/hgs";
+	my $pcmd;
+	if ($use_make) {
+		$pcmd = "cat $srcFile | $parallelize --workdir $dir --use-fork -p $pmem -e $logdir -j $jobs --";
+	} else {
+		$pcmd = "cat $srcFile | $parallelize --workdir $dir -p $pmem -e $logdir -j $jobs --";
+	}
+	my $cmd = "$pcmd $decoder_cmd 2> $decoderLog 1> $runFile";
+	print STDERR "COMMAND:\n$cmd\n";
+	check_bash_call($cmd);
+        my $num_hgs;
+        my $num_topbest;
+        my $retries = 0;
+	while($retries < 5) {
+	    $num_hgs = check_output("ls $dir/hgs/*.gz | wc -l");
+	    $num_topbest = check_output("wc -l < $runFile");
+	    print STDERR "NUMBER OF HGs: $num_hgs\n";
+	    print STDERR "NUMBER OF TOP-BEST HYPs: $num_topbest\n";
+	    if($devSize == $num_hgs && $devSize == $num_topbest) {
+		last;
+	    } else {
+		print STDERR "Incorrect number of hypergraphs or topbest. Waiting for distributed filesystem and retrying...\n";
+		sleep(3);
+	    }
+	    $retries++;
+	}
+	die "Dev set contains $devSize sentences, but we don't have topbest and hypergraphs for all these! Decoder failure? Check $decoderLog\n" if ($devSize != $num_hgs || $devSize != $num_topbest);
+	my $dec_score = check_output("cat $runFile | $SCORER $refs -m $metric");
+	chomp $dec_score;
+	print STDERR "DECODER SCORE: $dec_score\n";
+
+	# save space
+	check_call("gzip -f $runFile");
+	check_call("gzip -f $decoderLog");
+
+	# run optimizer
+	print STDERR "RUNNING OPTIMIZER AT ";
+	print STDERR unchecked_output("date");
+	my $mergeLog="$logdir/prune-merge.log.$iteration";
+
+	my $score = 0;
+	my $icc = 0;
+	my $inweights="$dir/weights.$im1";
+	for (my $opt_iter=1; $opt_iter<$optimization_iters; $opt_iter++) {
+		print STDERR "\nGENERATE OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY (OPT-ITERATION $opt_iter/$optimization_iters)\n";
+		print STDERR unchecked_output("date");
+		$icc++;
+		$cmd="$MAPINPUT -w $inweights -r $dir/hgs -s $devSize -d $rand_directions > $dir/agenda.$im1-$opt_iter";
+		print STDERR "COMMAND:\n$cmd\n";
+		check_call($cmd);
+		check_call("mkdir -p $dir/splag.$im1");
+		$cmd="split -a 3 -l $lines_per_mapper $dir/agenda.$im1-$opt_iter $dir/splag.$im1/mapinput.";
+		print STDERR "COMMAND:\n$cmd\n";
+		check_call($cmd);
+		opendir(DIR, "$dir/splag.$im1") or die "Can't open directory: $!";
+		my @shards = grep { /^mapinput\./ } readdir(DIR);
+		closedir DIR;
+		die "No shards!" unless scalar @shards > 0;
+		my $joblist = "";
+		my $nmappers = 0;
+		my @mapoutputs = ();
+		@cleanupcmds = ();
+		my %o2i = ();
+		my $first_shard = 1;
+		my $mkfile; # only used with makefiles
+		my $mkfilename;
+		if ($use_make) {
+			$mkfilename = "$dir/splag.$im1/domap.mk";
+			open $mkfile, ">$mkfilename" or die "Couldn't write $mkfilename: $!";
+			print $mkfile "all: $dir/splag.$im1/map.done\n\n";
+		}
+		my @mkouts = ();  # only used with makefiles
+		for my $shard (@shards) {
+			my $mapoutput = $shard;
+			my $client_name = $shard;
+			$client_name =~ s/mapinput.//;
+			$client_name = "dpmert.$client_name";
+			$mapoutput =~ s/mapinput/mapoutput/;
+			push @mapoutputs, "$dir/splag.$im1/$mapoutput";
+			$o2i{"$dir/splag.$im1/$mapoutput"} = "$dir/splag.$im1/$shard";
+			my $script = "$MAPPER -s $srcFile -m $metric $refs < $dir/splag.$im1/$shard | sort -t \$'\\t' -k 1 > $dir/splag.$im1/$mapoutput";
+			if ($use_make) {
+				my $script_file = "$dir/scripts/map.$shard";
+				open F, ">$script_file" or die "Can't write $script_file: $!";
+				print F "#!/bin/bash\n";
+				print F "$script\n";
+				close F;
+				my $output = "$dir/splag.$im1/$mapoutput";
+				push @mkouts, $output;
+				chmod(0755, $script_file) or die "Can't chmod $script_file: $!";
+				if ($first_shard) { print STDERR "$script\n"; $first_shard=0; }
+				print $mkfile "$output: $dir/splag.$im1/$shard\n\t$script_file\n\n";
+			} else {
+				my $script_file = "$dir/scripts/map.$shard";
+				open F, ">$script_file" or die "Can't write $script_file: $!";
+				print F "$script\n";
+				close F;
+				if ($first_shard) { print STDERR "$script\n"; $first_shard=0; }
+
+				$nmappers++;
+				my $qcmd = "$QSUB_CMD -N $client_name -o /dev/null -e $logdir/$client_name.ER $script_file";
+				my $jobid = check_output("$qcmd");
+				chomp $jobid;
+				$jobid =~ s/^(\d+)(.*?)$/\1/g;
+				$jobid =~ s/^Your job (\d+) .*$/\1/;
+		 	 	push(@cleanupcmds, "qdel $jobid 2> /dev/null");
+				print STDERR " $jobid";
+				if ($joblist == "") { $joblist = $jobid; }
+				else {$joblist = $joblist . "\|" . $jobid; }
+			}
+		}
+		if ($use_make) {
+			print $mkfile "$dir/splag.$im1/map.done: @mkouts\n\ttouch $dir/splag.$im1/map.done\n\n";
+			close $mkfile;
+			my $mcmd = "make -j $jobs -f $mkfilename";
+			print STDERR "\nExecuting: $mcmd\n";
+			check_call($mcmd);
+		} else {
+			print STDERR "\nLaunched $nmappers mappers.\n";
+      			sleep 8;
+			print STDERR "Waiting for mappers to complete...\n";
+			while ($nmappers > 0) {
+			  sleep 5;
+			  my @livejobs = grep(/$joblist/, split(/\n/, unchecked_output("qstat | grep -v ' C '")));
+			  $nmappers = scalar @livejobs;
+			}
+			print STDERR "All mappers complete.\n";
+		}
+		my $tol = 0;
+		my $til = 0;
+		for my $mo (@mapoutputs) {
+		  my $olines = get_lines($mo);
+		  my $ilines = get_lines($o2i{$mo});
+		  $tol += $olines;
+		  $til += $ilines;
+		  die "$mo: output lines ($olines) doesn't match input lines ($ilines)" unless $olines==$ilines;
+		}
+		print STDERR "Results for $tol/$til lines\n";
+		print STDERR "\nSORTING AND RUNNING VEST REDUCER\n";
+		print STDERR unchecked_output("date");
+		$cmd="sort -t \$'\\t' -k 1 @mapoutputs | $REDUCER -m $metric > $dir/redoutput.$im1";
+		print STDERR "COMMAND:\n$cmd\n";
+		check_bash_call($cmd);
+		$cmd="sort -nk3 $DIR_FLAG '-t|' $dir/redoutput.$im1 | head -1";
+		# sort returns failure even when it doesn't fail for some reason
+		my $best=unchecked_output("$cmd"); chomp $best;
+		print STDERR "$best\n";
+		my ($oa, $x, $xscore) = split /\|/, $best;
+		$score = $xscore;
+		print STDERR "PROJECTED SCORE: $score\n";
+		if (abs($x) < $epsilon) {
+			print STDERR "\nOPTIMIZER: no score improvement: abs($x) < $epsilon\n";
+			last;
+		}
+                my $psd = $score - $last_score;
+                $last_score = $score;
+		if (abs($psd) < $epsilon) {
+			print STDERR "\nOPTIMIZER: no score improvement: abs($psd) < $epsilon\n";
+			last;
+		}
+		my ($origin, $axis) = split /\s+/, $oa;
+
+		my %ori = convert($origin);
+		my %axi = convert($axis);
+
+		my $finalFile="$dir/weights.$im1-$opt_iter";
+		open W, ">$finalFile" or die "Can't write: $finalFile: $!";
+                my $norm = 0;
+		for my $k (sort keys %ori) {
+			my $dd = $ori{$k} + $axi{$k} * $x;
+                        $norm += $dd * $dd;
+		}
+                $norm = sqrt($norm);
+		$norm = 1;
+		for my $k (sort keys %ori) {
+			my $v = ($ori{$k} + $axi{$k} * $x) / $norm;
+			print W "$k $v\n";
+		}
+		check_call("rm $dir/splag.$im1/*");
+		$inweights = $finalFile;
+	}
+	$lastWeightsFile = "$dir/weights.$iteration";
+	check_call("cp $inweights $lastWeightsFile");
+	if ($icc < 2) {
+		print STDERR "\nREACHED STOPPING CRITERION: score change too little\n";
+		last;
+	}
+	$lastPScore = $score;
+	$iteration++;
+	print STDERR "\n==========\n";
+}
+
+check_call("cp $lastWeightsFile $dir/weights.final");
+print STDERR "\nFINAL WEIGHTS: $dir/weights.final\n(Use -w <this file> with the decoder)\n\n";
+print STDOUT "$dir/weights.final\n";
+exit 0;
+
+
+sub get_lines {
+  my $fn = shift @_;
+  open FL, "<$fn" or die "Couldn't read $fn: $!";
+  my $lc = 0;
+  while(<FL>) { $lc++; }
+  return $lc;
+}
+
+sub read_weights_file {
+  my ($file) = @_;
+  open F, "<$file" or die "Couldn't read $file: $!";
+  my @r = ();
+  my $pm = -1;
+  while(<F>) {
+    next if /^#/;
+    next if /^\s*$/;
+    chomp;
+    if (/^(.+)\s+(.+)$/) {
+      my $m = $1;
+      my $w = $2;
+      die "Weights out of order: $m <= $pm" unless $m > $pm;
+      push @r, $w;
+    } else {
+      warn "Unexpected feature name in weight file: $_";
+    }
+  }
+  close F;
+  return join ' ', @r;
+}
+
+sub update_weights_file {
+  my ($neww, $rfn, $rpts) = @_;
+  my @feats = @$rfn;
+  my @pts = @$rpts;
+  my $num_feats = scalar @feats;
+  my $num_pts = scalar @pts;
+  die "$num_feats (num_feats) != $num_pts (num_pts)" unless $num_feats == $num_pts;
+  open G, ">$neww" or die;
+  for (my $i = 0; $i < $num_feats; $i++) {
+    my $f = $feats[$i];
+    my $lambda = $pts[$i];
+    print G "$f $lambda\n";
+  }
+  close G;
+}
+
+sub enseg {
+	my $src = shift;
+	my $newsrc = shift;
+	open(SRC, $src);
+	open(NEWSRC, ">$newsrc");
+	my $i=0;
+	while (my $line=<SRC>){
+		chomp $line;
+		if ($line =~ /^\s*<seg/i) {
+		    if($line =~ /id="[0-9]+"/) {
+			print NEWSRC "$line\n";
+		    } else {
+			die "When using segments with pre-generated <seg> tags, you must include a zero-based id attribute";
+		    }
+		} else {
+			print NEWSRC "<seg id=\"$i\">$line</seg>\n";
+		}
+		$i++;
+	}
+	close SRC;
+	close NEWSRC;
+}
+
+sub print_help {
+
+	my $executable = basename($0); chomp $executable;
+	print << "Help";
+
+Usage: $executable [options] <ini file>
+
+	$executable [options]
+		Runs a complete MERT optimization. Required options are --weights,
+		--devset, and --config.
+
+Options:
+
+	--config <file>   [-c <file>]
+		The decoder configuration file.
+
+	--devset <file>   [-d <file>]
+		The source *and* references for the development set.
+
+	--weights <file>  [-w <file>]
+		A file specifying initial feature weights.  The format is
+		FeatureName_1 value1
+		FeatureName_2 value2
+		**All and only the weights listed in <file> will be optimized!**
+
+	--metric <name>
+		Metric to optimize.
+		Example values: IBM_BLEU, NIST_BLEU, Koehn_BLEU, TER, Combi
+
+	--iterations <M>
+		Maximum number of iterations to run.  If not specified, defaults
+		to 10.
+
+	--pass-suffix <S>
+		If the decoder is doing multi-pass decoding, the pass suffix "2",
+		"3", etc., is used to control what iteration of weights is set.
+
+	--rand-directions <num>
+		MERT will attempt to optimize along all of the principle directions,
+		set this parameter to explore other directions. Defaults to 5.
+
+	--output-dir <dir>
+		Directory for intermediate and output files.
+
+	--help
+		Print this message and exit.
+
+Job control options:
+
+	--jobs <I>
+		Number of decoder processes to run in parallel. [default=$default_jobs]
+
+	--qsub
+		Use qsub to run jobs in parallel (qsub must be configured in
+		environment/LocalEnvironment.pm)
+
+	--pmem <N>
+		Amount of physical memory requested for parallel decoding jobs
+		(used with qsub requests only)
+
+Help
+}
+
+sub convert {
+  my ($str) = @_;
+  my @ps = split /;/, $str;
+  my %dict = ();
+  for my $p (@ps) {
+    my ($k, $v) = split /=/, $p;
+    $dict{$k} = $v;
+  }
+  return %dict;
+}
+
+
+
+sub cmdline {
+    return join ' ',($0,@ORIG_ARGV);
+}
+
+#buggy: last arg gets quoted sometimes?
+my $is_shell_special=qr{[ \t\n\\><|&;"'`~*?{}$!()]};
+my $shell_escape_in_quote=qr{[\\"\$`!]};
+
+sub escape_shell {
+    my ($arg)=@_;
+    return undef unless defined $arg;
+    if ($arg =~ /$is_shell_special/) {
+        $arg =~ s/($shell_escape_in_quote)/\\$1/g;
+        return "\"$arg\"";
+    }
+    return $arg;
+}
+
+sub escaped_shell_args {
+    return map {local $_=$_;chomp;escape_shell($_)} @_;
+}
+
+sub escaped_shell_args_str {
+    return join ' ',&escaped_shell_args(@_);
+}
+
+sub escaped_cmdline {
+    return "$0 ".&escaped_shell_args_str(@ORIG_ARGV);
+}
+
+sub split_devset {
+  my ($infile, $outsrc, $outref) = @_;
+  open F, "<$infile" or die "Can't read $infile: $!";
+  open S, ">$outsrc" or die "Can't write $outsrc: $!";
+  open R, ">$outref" or die "Can't write $outref: $!";
+  while(<F>) {
+    chomp;
+    my ($src, @refs) = split /\s*\|\|\|\s*/;
+    die "Malformed devset line: $_\n" unless scalar @refs > 0;
+    print S "$src\n";
+    print R join(' ||| ', @refs) . "\n";
+  }
+  close R;
+  close S;
+  close F;
+}
+
diff --git a/training/dpmert/error_surface.cc b/training/dpmert/error_surface.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..515b67f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/error_surface.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#include "error_surface.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <sstream>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+ErrorSurface::~ErrorSurface() {}
+
+void ErrorSurface::Serialize(std::string* out) const {
+  const int segments = this->size();
+  ostringstream os(ios::binary);
+  os.write((const char*)&segments,sizeof(segments));
+  for (int i = 0; i < segments; ++i) {
+    const ErrorSegment& cur = (*this)[i];
+    string senc;
+    cur.delta.Encode(&senc);
+    assert(senc.size() < 1024);
+    unsigned char len = senc.size();
+    os.write((const char*)&cur.x, sizeof(cur.x));
+    os.write((const char*)&len, sizeof(len));
+    os.write((const char*)&senc[0], len);
+  }
+  *out = os.str();
+}
+
+void ErrorSurface::Deserialize(const std::string& in) {
+  istringstream is(in, ios::binary);
+  int segments;
+  is.read((char*)&segments, sizeof(segments));
+  this->resize(segments);
+  for (int i = 0; i < segments; ++i) {
+    ErrorSegment& cur = (*this)[i];
+    unsigned char len;
+    is.read((char*)&cur.x, sizeof(cur.x));
+    is.read((char*)&len, sizeof(len));
+    string senc(len, '\0'); assert(senc.size() == len);
+    is.read((char*)&senc[0], len);
+    cur.delta = SufficientStats(senc);
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/training/dpmert/error_surface.h b/training/dpmert/error_surface.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bb65847b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/error_surface.h
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+#ifndef _ERROR_SURFACE_H_
+#define _ERROR_SURFACE_H_
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "ns.h"
+
+class Score;
+
+struct ErrorSegment {
+  double x;
+  SufficientStats delta;
+  ErrorSegment() : x(0), delta() {}
+};
+
+class ErrorSurface : public std::vector<ErrorSegment> {
+ public:
+  ~ErrorSurface();
+  void Serialize(std::string* out) const;
+  void Deserialize(const std::string& in);
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/training/dpmert/line_mediator.pl b/training/dpmert/line_mediator.pl
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..bc2bb24c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/line_mediator.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+#hooks up two processes, 2nd of which has one line of output per line of input, expected by the first, which starts off the communication
+
+# if you don't know how to fork/exec in a C program, this could be helpful under limited cirmustances (would be ok to liaise with sentserver)
+
+#WARNING: because it waits for the result from command 2 after sending every line, and especially if command 1 does the same, using sentserver as command 2 won't actually buy you any real parallelism.
+
+use strict;
+use IPC::Open2;
+use POSIX qw(pipe dup2 STDIN_FILENO STDOUT_FILENO);
+
+my $quiet=!$ENV{DEBUG};
+$quiet=1 if $ENV{QUIET};
+sub info {
+    local $,=' ';
+    print STDERR @_ unless $quiet;
+}
+
+my $mode='CROSS';
+my $ser='DIRECT';
+$mode='PIPE' if $ENV{PIPE};
+$mode='SNAKE' if $ENV{SNAKE};
+$mode='CROSS' if $ENV{CROSS};
+$ser='SERIAL' if $ENV{SERIAL};
+$ser='DIRECT' if $ENV{DIRECT};
+$ser='SERIAL' if $mode eq 'SNAKE';
+info("mode: $mode\n");
+info("connection: $ser\n");
+
+
+my @c1;
+if (scalar @ARGV) {
+    do {
+        push @c1,shift
+    } while scalar @ARGV && $c1[$#c1] ne '--';
+}
+pop @c1;
+my @c2=@ARGV;
+@ARGV=();
+(scalar @c1 && scalar @c2) || die qq{
+usage: $0 cmd1 args -- cmd2 args
+all options are environment variables.
+DEBUG=1 env var enables debugging output.
+CROSS=1 hooks up two processes, 2nd of which has one line of output per line of input, expected by the first, which starts off the communication.  crosses stdin/stderr of cmd1 and cmd2 line by line (both must flush on newline and output.  cmd1 initiates the conversation (sends the first line).    default: attempts to cross stdin/stdout of c1 and c2 directly (via two unidirectional posix pipes created before fork).
+SERIAL=1: (no parallelism possible) but lines exchanged are logged if DEBUG.
+if SNAKE then stdin -> c1 -> c2 -> c1 -> stdout.
+if PIPE then stdin -> c1 -> c2 -> stdout (same as shell c1|c2, but with SERIAL you can see the intermediate in real time; you could do similar with c1 | tee /dev/fd/2 |c2.
+DIRECT=1 (default) will override SERIAL=1.
+CROSS=1 (default) will override SNAKE or PIPE.
+};
+
+info("1 cmd:",@c1,"\n");
+info("2 cmd:",@c2,"\n");
+
+sub lineto {
+    select $_[0];
+    $|=1;
+    shift;
+    print @_;
+}
+
+if ($ser eq 'SERIAL') {
+    my ($R1,$W1,$R2,$W2);
+    my $c1p=open2($R1,$W1,@c1); # Open2 R W backward from Open3.
+    my $c2p=open2($R2,$W2,@c2);
+    if ($mode eq 'CROSS') {
+        while(<$R1>) {
+            info("1:",$_);
+            lineto($W2,$_);
+            last unless defined ($_=<$R2>);
+            info("1|2:",$_);
+            lineto($W1,$_);
+        }
+    } else {
+        my $snake=$mode eq 'SNAKE';
+        while(<STDIN>) {
+            info("IN:",$_);
+            lineto($W1,$_);
+            last unless defined ($_=<$R1>);
+            info("IN|1:",$_);
+            lineto($W2,$_);
+            last unless defined ($_=<$R2>);
+            info("IN|1|2:",$_);
+            if ($snake) {
+                lineto($W1,$_);
+                last unless defined ($_=<$R1>);
+                info("IN|1|2|1:",$_);
+            }
+            lineto(*STDOUT,$_);
+        }
+    }
+} else {
+    info("DIRECT mode\n");
+    my @rw1=POSIX::pipe();
+    my @rw2=POSIX::pipe();
+    my $pid=undef;
+    $SIG{CHLD} = sub { wait };
+    while (not defined ($pid=fork())) {
+        sleep 1;
+    }
+    my $pipe = $mode eq 'PIPE';
+    unless ($pipe) {
+        POSIX::close(STDOUT_FILENO);
+        POSIX::close(STDIN_FILENO);
+    }
+    if ($pid) {
+        POSIX::dup2($rw1[1],STDOUT_FILENO);
+        POSIX::dup2($rw2[0],STDIN_FILENO) unless $pipe;
+        exec @c1;
+    } else {
+        POSIX::dup2($rw2[1],STDOUT_FILENO) unless $pipe;
+        POSIX::dup2($rw1[0],STDIN_FILENO);
+        exec @c2;
+    }
+    while (wait()!=-1) {}
+}
diff --git a/training/dpmert/line_optimizer.cc b/training/dpmert/line_optimizer.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9cf33502
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/line_optimizer.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+#include "line_optimizer.h"
+
+#include <limits>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include "sparse_vector.h"
+#include "ns.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+typedef ErrorSurface::const_iterator ErrorIter;
+
+// sort by increasing x-ints
+struct IntervalComp {
+  bool operator() (const ErrorIter& a, const ErrorIter& b) const {
+    return a->x < b->x;
+  }
+};
+
+double LineOptimizer::LineOptimize(
+    const EvaluationMetric* metric,
+    const vector<ErrorSurface>& surfaces,
+    const LineOptimizer::ScoreType type,
+    float* best_score,
+    const double epsilon) {
+  // cerr << "MIN=" << MINIMIZE_SCORE << " MAX=" << MAXIMIZE_SCORE << "  MINE=" << type << endl;
+  vector<ErrorIter> all_ints;
+  for (vector<ErrorSurface>::const_iterator i = surfaces.begin();
+       i != surfaces.end(); ++i) {
+    const ErrorSurface& surface = *i;
+    for (ErrorIter j = surface.begin(); j != surface.end(); ++j)
+      all_ints.push_back(j);
+  }
+  sort(all_ints.begin(), all_ints.end(), IntervalComp());
+  double last_boundary = all_ints.front()->x;
+  SufficientStats acc;
+  float& cur_best_score = *best_score;
+  cur_best_score = (type == MAXIMIZE_SCORE ?
+    -numeric_limits<float>::max() : numeric_limits<float>::max());
+  bool left_edge = true;
+  double pos = numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
+  for (vector<ErrorIter>::iterator i = all_ints.begin();
+       i != all_ints.end(); ++i) {
+    const ErrorSegment& seg = **i;
+    if (seg.x - last_boundary > epsilon) {
+      float sco = metric->ComputeScore(acc);
+      if ((type == MAXIMIZE_SCORE && sco > cur_best_score) ||
+          (type == MINIMIZE_SCORE && sco < cur_best_score) ) {
+        cur_best_score = sco;
+	if (left_edge) {
+	  pos = seg.x - 0.1;
+	  left_edge = false;
+	} else {
+	  pos = last_boundary + (seg.x - last_boundary) / 2;
+	}
+	//cerr << "NEW BEST: " << pos << "  (score=" << cur_best_score << ")\n";
+      }
+      // string xx = metric->DetailedScore(acc); cerr << "---- " << xx;
+#undef SHOW_ERROR_SURFACES
+#ifdef SHOW_ERROR_SURFACES
+      cerr << "x=" << seg.x << "\ts=" << sco << "\n";
+#endif
+      last_boundary = seg.x;
+    }
+    // cerr << "x-boundary=" << seg.x << "\n";
+    //string x2; acc.Encode(&x2); cerr << "   ACC: " << x2 << endl;
+    //string x1; seg.delta.Encode(&x1); cerr << " DELTA: " << x1 << endl;
+    acc += seg.delta;
+  }
+  float sco = metric->ComputeScore(acc);
+  if ((type == MAXIMIZE_SCORE && sco > cur_best_score) ||
+      (type == MINIMIZE_SCORE && sco < cur_best_score) ) {
+    cur_best_score = sco;
+    if (left_edge) {
+      pos = 0;
+    } else {
+      pos = last_boundary + 1000.0;
+    }
+  }
+  return pos;
+}
+
+void LineOptimizer::RandomUnitVector(const vector<int>& features_to_optimize,
+                                     SparseVector<double>* axis,
+                                     RandomNumberGenerator<boost::mt19937>* rng) {
+  axis->clear();
+  for (int i = 0; i < features_to_optimize.size(); ++i)
+    axis->set_value(features_to_optimize[i], rng->NextNormal(0.0,1.0));
+  (*axis) /= axis->l2norm();
+}
+
+void LineOptimizer::CreateOptimizationDirections(
+     const vector<int>& features_to_optimize,
+     int additional_random_directions,
+     RandomNumberGenerator<boost::mt19937>* rng,
+     vector<SparseVector<double> >* dirs
+     , bool include_orthogonal
+  ) {
+  dirs->clear();
+  typedef SparseVector<double> Dir;
+  vector<Dir> &out=*dirs;
+  int i=0;
+  if (include_orthogonal)
+    for (;i<features_to_optimize.size();++i) {
+      Dir d;
+      d.set_value(features_to_optimize[i],1.);
+      out.push_back(d);
+    }
+  out.resize(i+additional_random_directions);
+  for (;i<out.size();++i)
+     RandomUnitVector(features_to_optimize, &out[i], rng);
+  cerr << "Generated " << out.size() << " total axes to optimize along.\n";
+}
+
diff --git a/training/dpmert/line_optimizer.h b/training/dpmert/line_optimizer.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..83819f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/line_optimizer.h
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+#ifndef LINE_OPTIMIZER_H_
+#define LINE_OPTIMIZER_H_
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "sparse_vector.h"
+#include "error_surface.h"
+#include "sampler.h"
+
+class EvaluationMetric;
+class Weights;
+
+struct LineOptimizer {
+
+  // use MINIMIZE_SCORE for things like TER, WER
+  // MAXIMIZE_SCORE for things like BLEU
+  enum ScoreType { MAXIMIZE_SCORE, MINIMIZE_SCORE };
+
+  // merge all the error surfaces together into a global
+  // error surface and find (the middle of) the best segment
+  static double LineOptimize(
+     const EvaluationMetric* metric,
+     const std::vector<ErrorSurface>& envs,
+     const LineOptimizer::ScoreType type,
+     float* best_score,
+     const double epsilon = 1.0/65536.0);
+
+  // return a random vector of length 1 where all dimensions
+  // not listed in dimensions will be 0.
+  static void RandomUnitVector(const std::vector<int>& dimensions,
+                               SparseVector<double>* axis,
+                               RandomNumberGenerator<boost::mt19937>* rng);
+
+  // generate a list of directions to optimize; the list will
+  // contain the orthogonal vectors corresponding to the dimensions in
+  // primary and then additional_random_directions directions in those
+  // dimensions as well.  All vectors will be length 1.
+  static void CreateOptimizationDirections(
+     const std::vector<int>& primary,
+     int additional_random_directions,
+     RandomNumberGenerator<boost::mt19937>* rng,
+     std::vector<SparseVector<double> >* dirs
+     , bool include_primary=true
+    );
+
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/training/dpmert/lo_test.cc b/training/dpmert/lo_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..95a08d3d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/lo_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE LineOptimizerTest
+#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
+#include <boost/test/floating_point_comparison.hpp>
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+
+#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+
+#include "ns.h"
+#include "ns_docscorer.h"
+#include "ces.h"
+#include "fdict.h"
+#include "hg.h"
+#include "kbest.h"
+#include "hg_io.h"
+#include "filelib.h"
+#include "inside_outside.h"
+#include "viterbi.h"
+#include "mert_geometry.h"
+#include "line_optimizer.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+const char* ref11 = "australia reopens embassy in manila";
+const char* ref12 = "( afp , manila , january 2 ) australia reopened its embassy in the philippines today , which was shut down about seven weeks ago due to what was described as a specific threat of a terrorist attack .";
+const char* ref21 = "australia reopened manila embassy";
+const char* ref22 = "( agence france-presse , manila , 2nd ) - australia reopened its embassy in the philippines today . the embassy was closed seven weeks ago after what was described as a specific threat of a terrorist attack .";
+const char* ref31 = "australia to reopen embassy in manila";
+const char* ref32 = "( afp report from manila , january 2 ) australia reopened its embassy in the philippines today . seven weeks ago , the embassy was shut down due to so - called confirmed terrorist attack threats .";
+const char* ref41 = "australia to re - open its embassy to manila";
+const char* ref42 = "( afp , manila , thursday ) australia reopens its embassy to manila , which was closed for the so - called \" clear \" threat of terrorist attack 7 weeks ago .";
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( TestCheckNaN) {
+  double x = 0;
+  double y = 0;
+  double z = x / y;
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(true, std::isnan(z));
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestConvexHull) {
+  boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> a1(new MERTPoint(-1, 0));
+  boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> b1(new MERTPoint(1, 0));
+  boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> a2(new MERTPoint(-1, 1));
+  boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> b2(new MERTPoint(1, -1));
+  vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> > sa; sa.push_back(a1); sa.push_back(b1);
+  vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> > sb; sb.push_back(a2); sb.push_back(b2);
+  ConvexHull a(sa);
+  cerr << a << endl;
+  ConvexHull b(sb);
+  ConvexHull c = a;
+  c *= b;
+  cerr << a << " (*) " << b << " = " << c << endl;
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(3, c.size());
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestConvexHullInside) {
+  const string json = "{\"rules\":[1,\"[X] ||| a\",2,\"[X] ||| A [1]\",3,\"[X] ||| c\",4,\"[X] ||| C [1]\",5,\"[X] ||| [1] B [2]\",6,\"[X] ||| [1] b [2]\",7,\"[X] ||| X [1]\",8,\"[X] ||| Z [1]\"],\"features\":[\"f1\",\"f2\",\"Feature_1\",\"Feature_0\",\"Model_0\",\"Model_1\",\"Model_2\",\"Model_3\",\"Model_4\",\"Model_5\",\"Model_6\",\"Model_7\"],\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[],\"feats\":[],\"rule\":1}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[0]},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[0],\"feats\":[0,-0.8,1,-0.1],\"rule\":2}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[1]},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[],\"feats\":[1,-1],\"rule\":3}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[2]},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[2],\"feats\":[0,-0.2,1,-0.1],\"rule\":4}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[3]},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[1,3],\"feats\":[0,-1.2,1,-0.2],\"rule\":5},{\"tail\":[1,3],\"feats\":[0,-0.5,1,-1.3],\"rule\":6}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[4,5]},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[4],\"feats\":[0,-0.5,1,-0.8],\"rule\":7},{\"tail\":[4],\"feats\":[0,-0.7,1,-0.9],\"rule\":8}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[6,7]}}";
+  Hypergraph hg;
+  istringstream instr(json);
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(&instr, &hg);
+  SparseVector<double> wts;
+  wts.set_value(FD::Convert("f1"), 0.4);
+  wts.set_value(FD::Convert("f2"), 1.0);
+  hg.Reweight(wts);
+  vector<pair<vector<WordID>, prob_t> > list;
+  std::vector<SparseVector<double> > features;
+  KBest::KBestDerivations<vector<WordID>, ESentenceTraversal> kbest(hg, 10);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    const KBest::KBestDerivations<vector<WordID>, ESentenceTraversal>::Derivation* d =
+      kbest.LazyKthBest(hg.nodes_.size() - 1, i);
+    if (!d) break;
+    cerr << log(d->score) << " ||| " << TD::GetString(d->yield) << " ||| " << d->feature_values << endl;
+  }
+  SparseVector<double> dir; dir.set_value(FD::Convert("f1"), 1.0);
+  ConvexHullWeightFunction wf(wts, dir);
+  ConvexHull env = Inside<ConvexHull, ConvexHullWeightFunction>(hg, NULL, wf);
+  cerr << env << endl;
+  const vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> >& segs = env.GetSortedSegs();
+  dir *= segs[1]->x;
+  wts += dir;
+  hg.Reweight(wts);
+  KBest::KBestDerivations<vector<WordID>, ESentenceTraversal> kbest2(hg, 10);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    const KBest::KBestDerivations<vector<WordID>, ESentenceTraversal>::Derivation* d =
+      kbest2.LazyKthBest(hg.nodes_.size() - 1, i);
+    if (!d) break;
+    cerr << log(d->score) << " ||| " << TD::GetString(d->yield) << " ||| " << d->feature_values << endl;
+  }
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < segs.size(); ++i) {
+    cerr << "seg=" << i << endl;
+    vector<WordID> trans;
+    segs[i]->ConstructTranslation(&trans);
+    cerr << TD::GetString(trans) << endl;
+  }
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( TestS1) {
+  int fPhraseModel_0 = FD::Convert("PhraseModel_0");
+  int fPhraseModel_1 = FD::Convert("PhraseModel_1");
+  int fPhraseModel_2 = FD::Convert("PhraseModel_2");
+  int fLanguageModel = FD::Convert("LanguageModel");
+  int fWordPenalty = FD::Convert("WordPenalty");
+  int fPassThrough = FD::Convert("PassThrough");
+  SparseVector<double> wts;
+  wts.set_value(fWordPenalty, 4.25);
+  wts.set_value(fLanguageModel, -1.1165);
+  wts.set_value(fPhraseModel_0, -0.96);
+  wts.set_value(fPhraseModel_1, -0.65);
+  wts.set_value(fPhraseModel_2, -0.77);
+  wts.set_value(fPassThrough, -10.0);
+
+  vector<int> to_optimize;
+  to_optimize.push_back(fWordPenalty);
+  to_optimize.push_back(fLanguageModel);
+  to_optimize.push_back(fPhraseModel_0);
+  to_optimize.push_back(fPhraseModel_1);
+  to_optimize.push_back(fPhraseModel_2);
+
+  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : "test_data");
+
+  Hypergraph hg;
+  ReadFile rf(path + "/0.json.gz");
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), &hg);
+  hg.Reweight(wts);
+
+  Hypergraph hg2;
+  ReadFile rf2(path + "/1.json.gz");
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf2.stream(), &hg2);
+  hg2.Reweight(wts);
+
+  vector<vector<WordID> > refs1(4);
+  TD::ConvertSentence(ref11, &refs1[0]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence(ref21, &refs1[1]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence(ref31, &refs1[2]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence(ref41, &refs1[3]);
+  vector<vector<WordID> > refs2(4);
+  TD::ConvertSentence(ref12, &refs2[0]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence(ref22, &refs2[1]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence(ref32, &refs2[2]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence(ref42, &refs2[3]);
+  vector<ConvexHull> envs(2);
+
+  RandomNumberGenerator<boost::mt19937> rng;
+
+  vector<SparseVector<double> > axes; // directions to search
+  LineOptimizer::CreateOptimizationDirections(
+     to_optimize,
+     10,
+     &rng,
+     &axes);
+  assert(axes.size() == 10 + to_optimize.size());
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < axes.size(); ++i)
+    cerr << axes[i] << endl;
+  const SparseVector<double>& axis = axes[0];
+
+  cerr << "Computing Viterbi envelope using inside algorithm...\n";
+  cerr << "axis: " << axis << endl;
+  clock_t t_start=clock();
+  ConvexHullWeightFunction wf(wts, axis);  // wts = starting point, axis = search direction
+  envs[0] = Inside<ConvexHull, ConvexHullWeightFunction>(hg, NULL, wf);
+  envs[1] = Inside<ConvexHull, ConvexHullWeightFunction>(hg2, NULL, wf);
+
+  vector<ErrorSurface> es(2);
+  EvaluationMetric* metric = EvaluationMetric::Instance("IBM_BLEU");
+  boost::shared_ptr<SegmentEvaluator> scorer1 = metric->CreateSegmentEvaluator(refs1);
+  boost::shared_ptr<SegmentEvaluator> scorer2 = metric->CreateSegmentEvaluator(refs2);
+  ComputeErrorSurface(*scorer1, envs[0], &es[0], metric, hg);
+  ComputeErrorSurface(*scorer2, envs[1], &es[1], metric, hg2);
+  cerr << envs[0].size() << " " << envs[1].size() << endl;
+  cerr << es[0].size() << " " << es[1].size() << endl;
+  envs.clear();
+  clock_t t_env=clock();
+  float score;
+  double m = LineOptimizer::LineOptimize(metric,es, LineOptimizer::MAXIMIZE_SCORE, &score);
+  clock_t t_opt=clock();
+  cerr << "line optimizer returned: " << m << " (SCORE=" << score << ")\n";
+  BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(0.48719698, score, 1e-5);
+  SparseVector<double> res = axis;
+  res *= m;
+  res += wts;
+  cerr << "res: " << res << endl;
+  cerr << "ENVELOPE PROCESSING=" << (static_cast<double>(t_env - t_start) / 1000.0) << endl;
+  cerr << "  LINE OPTIMIZATION=" << (static_cast<double>(t_opt - t_env) / 1000.0) << endl;
+  hg.Reweight(res);
+  hg2.Reweight(res);
+  vector<WordID> t1,t2;
+  ViterbiESentence(hg, &t1);
+  ViterbiESentence(hg2, &t2);
+  cerr << TD::GetString(t1) << endl;
+  cerr << TD::GetString(t2) << endl;
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestZeroOrigin) {
+  const string json = "{\"rules\":[1,\"[X7] ||| blA ||| without ||| LHSProb=3.92173 LexE2F=2.90799 LexF2E=1.85003 GenerativeProb=10.5381 RulePenalty=1 XFE=2.77259 XEF=0.441833 LabelledEF=2.63906 LabelledFE=4.96981 LogRuleCount=0.693147\",2,\"[X7] ||| blA ||| except ||| LHSProb=4.92173 LexE2F=3.90799 LexF2E=1.85003 GenerativeProb=11.5381 RulePenalty=1 XFE=2.77259 XEF=1.44183 LabelledEF=2.63906 LabelledFE=4.96981 LogRuleCount=1.69315\",3,\"[S] ||| [X7,1] ||| [1] ||| GlueTop=1\",4,\"[X28] ||| EnwAn ||| title ||| LHSProb=3.96802 LexE2F=2.22462 LexF2E=1.83258 GenerativeProb=10.0863 RulePenalty=1 XFE=0 XEF=1.20397 LabelledEF=1.20397 LabelledFE=-1.98341e-08 LogRuleCount=1.09861\",5,\"[X0] ||| EnwAn ||| funny ||| LHSProb=3.98479 LexE2F=1.79176 LexF2E=3.21888 GenerativeProb=11.1681 RulePenalty=1 XFE=0 XEF=2.30259 LabelledEF=2.30259 LabelledFE=0 LogRuleCount=0 SingletonRule=1\",6,\"[X8] ||| [X7,1] EnwAn ||| entitled [1] ||| LHSProb=3.82533 LexE2F=3.21888 LexF2E=2.52573 GenerativeProb=11.3276 RulePenalty=1 XFE=1.20397 XEF=1.20397 LabelledEF=2.30259 LabelledFE=2.30259 LogRuleCount=0 SingletonRule=1\",7,\"[S] ||| [S,1] [X28,2] ||| [1] [2] ||| Glue=1\",8,\"[S] ||| [S,1] [X0,2] ||| [1] [2] ||| Glue=1\",9,\"[S] ||| [X8,1] ||| [1] ||| GlueTop=1\",10,\"[Goal] ||| [S,1] ||| [1]\"],\"features\":[\"PassThrough\",\"Glue\",\"GlueTop\",\"LanguageModel\",\"WordPenalty\",\"LHSProb\",\"LexE2F\",\"LexF2E\",\"GenerativeProb\",\"RulePenalty\",\"XFE\",\"XEF\",\"LabelledEF\",\"LabelledFE\",\"LogRuleCount\",\"SingletonRule\"],\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[],\"spans\":[0,1,-1,-1],\"feats\":[5,3.92173,6,2.90799,7,1.85003,8,10.5381,9,1,10,2.77259,11,0.441833,12,2.63906,13,4.96981,14,0.693147],\"rule\":1},{\"tail\":[],\"spans\":[0,1,-1,-1],\"feats\":[5,4.92173,6,3.90799,7,1.85003,8,11.5381,9,1,10,2.77259,11,1.44183,12,2.63906,13,4.96981,14,1.69315],\"rule\":2}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[0,1],\"cat\":\"X7\"},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[0],\"spans\":[0,1,-1,-1],\"feats\":[2,1],\"rule\":3}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[2],\"cat\":\"S\"},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[],\"spans\":[1,2,-1,-1],\"feats\":[5,3.96802,6,2.22462,7,1.83258,8,10.0863,9,1,11,1.20397,12,1.20397,13,-1.98341e-08,14,1.09861],\"rule\":4}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[3],\"cat\":\"X28\"},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[],\"spans\":[1,2,-1,-1],\"feats\":[5,3.98479,6,1.79176,7,3.21888,8,11.1681,9,1,11,2.30259,12,2.30259,15,1],\"rule\":5}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[4],\"cat\":\"X0\"},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[0],\"spans\":[0,2,-1,-1],\"feats\":[5,3.82533,6,3.21888,7,2.52573,8,11.3276,9,1,10,1.20397,11,1.20397,12,2.30259,13,2.30259,15,1],\"rule\":6}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[5],\"cat\":\"X8\"},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[1,2],\"spans\":[0,2,-1,-1],\"feats\":[1,1],\"rule\":7},{\"tail\":[1,3],\"spans\":[0,2,-1,-1],\"feats\":[1,1],\"rule\":8},{\"tail\":[4],\"spans\":[0,2,-1,-1],\"feats\":[2,1],\"rule\":9}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[6,7,8],\"cat\":\"S\"},\"edges\":[{\"tail\":[5],\"spans\":[0,2,-1,-1],\"feats\":[],\"rule\":10}],\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[9],\"cat\":\"Goal\"}}";
+  Hypergraph hg;
+  istringstream instr(json);
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(&instr, &hg);
+  SparseVector<double> wts;
+  wts.set_value(FD::Convert("PassThrough"), -0.929201533002898);
+  hg.Reweight(wts);
+
+  vector<pair<vector<WordID>, prob_t> > list;
+  std::vector<SparseVector<double> > features;
+  KBest::KBestDerivations<vector<WordID>, ESentenceTraversal> kbest(hg, 10);
+  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
+    const KBest::KBestDerivations<vector<WordID>, ESentenceTraversal>::Derivation* d =
+      kbest.LazyKthBest(hg.nodes_.size() - 1, i);
+    if (!d) break;
+    cerr << log(d->score) << " ||| " << TD::GetString(d->yield) << " ||| " << d->feature_values << endl;
+  }
+ 
+  SparseVector<double> axis; axis.set_value(FD::Convert("Glue"),1.0);
+  ConvexHullWeightFunction wf(wts, axis);  // wts = starting point, axis = search direction
+  vector<ConvexHull> envs(1);
+  envs[0] = Inside<ConvexHull, ConvexHullWeightFunction>(hg, NULL, wf);
+
+  vector<vector<WordID> > mr(4);
+  TD::ConvertSentence("untitled", &mr[0]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence("with no title", &mr[1]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence("without a title", &mr[2]);
+  TD::ConvertSentence("without title", &mr[3]);
+  EvaluationMetric* metric = EvaluationMetric::Instance("IBM_BLEU");
+  boost::shared_ptr<SegmentEvaluator> scorer1 = metric->CreateSegmentEvaluator(mr);
+  vector<ErrorSurface> es(1);
+  ComputeErrorSurface(*scorer1, envs[0], &es[0], metric, hg);
+}
+
diff --git a/training/dpmert/mert_geometry.cc b/training/dpmert/mert_geometry.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d6973658
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/mert_geometry.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#include "mert_geometry.h"
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <limits>
+
+using namespace std;
+
+ConvexHull::ConvexHull(int i) {
+  if (i == 0) {
+    // do nothing - <>
+  } else if (i == 1) {
+    points.push_back(boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>(new MERTPoint(0, 0, 0, boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>(), boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>())));
+    assert(this->IsMultiplicativeIdentity());
+  } else {
+    cerr << "Only can create ConvexHull semiring 0 and 1 with this constructor!\n";
+    abort();
+  }
+}
+
+const ConvexHull ConvexHullWeightFunction::operator()(const Hypergraph::Edge& e) const {
+  const double m = direction.dot(e.feature_values_);
+  const double b = origin.dot(e.feature_values_);
+  MERTPoint* point = new MERTPoint(m, b, e);
+  return ConvexHull(1, point);
+}
+
+ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const ConvexHull& env) {
+  os << '<';
+  const vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> >& points = env.GetSortedSegs();
+  for (int i = 0; i < points.size(); ++i)
+    os << (i==0 ? "" : "|") << "x=" << points[i]->x << ",b=" << points[i]->b << ",m=" << points[i]->m << ",p1=" << points[i]->p1 << ",p2=" << points[i]->p2;
+  return os << '>';
+}
+
+#define ORIGINAL_MERT_IMPLEMENTATION 1
+#ifdef ORIGINAL_MERT_IMPLEMENTATION
+
+struct SlopeCompare {
+  bool operator() (const boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>& a, const boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>& b) const {
+    return a->m < b->m;
+  }
+};
+
+const ConvexHull& ConvexHull::operator+=(const ConvexHull& other) {
+  if (!other.is_sorted) other.Sort();
+  if (points.empty()) {
+    points = other.points;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  is_sorted = false;
+  int j = points.size();
+  points.resize(points.size() + other.points.size());
+  for (int i = 0; i < other.points.size(); ++i)
+    points[j++] = other.points[i];
+  assert(j == points.size());
+  return *this;
+}
+
+void ConvexHull::Sort() const {
+  sort(points.begin(), points.end(), SlopeCompare());
+  const int k = points.size();
+  int j = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
+    MERTPoint l = *points[i];
+    l.x = kMinusInfinity;
+    // cerr << "m=" << l.m << endl;
+    if (0 < j) {
+      if (points[j-1]->m == l.m) {   // lines are parallel
+        if (l.b <= points[j-1]->b) continue;
+        --j;
+      }
+      while(0 < j) {
+        l.x = (l.b - points[j-1]->b) / (points[j-1]->m - l.m);
+        if (points[j-1]->x < l.x) break;
+        --j;
+      }
+      if (0 == j) l.x = kMinusInfinity;
+    }
+    *points[j++] = l;
+  }
+  points.resize(j);
+  is_sorted = true;
+}
+
+const ConvexHull& ConvexHull::operator*=(const ConvexHull& other) {
+  if (other.IsMultiplicativeIdentity()) { return *this; }
+  if (this->IsMultiplicativeIdentity()) { (*this) = other; return *this; }
+
+  if (!is_sorted) Sort();
+  if (!other.is_sorted) other.Sort();
+
+  if (this->IsEdgeEnvelope()) {
+//    if (other.size() > 1)
+//      cerr << *this << " (TIMES) " << other << endl;
+    boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> edge_parent = points[0];
+    const double& edge_b = edge_parent->b;
+    const double& edge_m = edge_parent->m;
+    points.clear();
+    for (int i = 0; i < other.points.size(); ++i) {
+      const MERTPoint& p = *other.points[i];
+      const double m = p.m + edge_m;
+      const double b = p.b + edge_b;
+      const double& x = p.x;       // x's don't change with *
+      points.push_back(boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>(new MERTPoint(x, m, b, edge_parent, other.points[i])));
+      assert(points.back()->p1->edge);
+    }
+//    if (other.size() > 1)
+//      cerr << " = " << *this << endl;
+  } else {
+    vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> > new_points;
+    int this_i = 0;
+    int other_i = 0;
+    const int this_size  = points.size();
+    const int other_size = other.points.size();
+    double cur_x = kMinusInfinity;   // moves from left to right across the
+                                     // real numbers, stopping for all inter-
+                                     // sections
+    double this_next_val  = (1 < this_size  ? points[1]->x       : kPlusInfinity);
+    double other_next_val = (1 < other_size ? other.points[1]->x : kPlusInfinity);
+    while (this_i < this_size && other_i < other_size) {
+      const MERTPoint& this_point = *points[this_i];
+      const MERTPoint& other_point= *other.points[other_i];
+      const double m = this_point.m + other_point.m;
+      const double b = this_point.b + other_point.b;
+ 
+      new_points.push_back(boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>(new MERTPoint(cur_x, m, b, points[this_i], other.points[other_i])));
+      int comp = 0;
+      if (this_next_val < other_next_val) comp = -1; else
+        if (this_next_val > other_next_val) comp = 1;
+      if (0 == comp) {  // the next values are equal, advance both indices
+        ++this_i;
+	++other_i;
+        cur_x = this_next_val;  // could be other_next_val (they're equal!)
+        this_next_val  = (this_i+1  < this_size  ? points[this_i+1]->x        : kPlusInfinity);
+        other_next_val = (other_i+1 < other_size ? other.points[other_i+1]->x : kPlusInfinity);
+      } else {  // advance the i with the lower x, update cur_x
+        if (-1 == comp) {
+          ++this_i;
+          cur_x = this_next_val;
+          this_next_val =  (this_i+1  < this_size  ? points[this_i+1]->x        : kPlusInfinity);
+        } else {
+          ++other_i;
+          cur_x = other_next_val;
+          other_next_val = (other_i+1 < other_size ? other.points[other_i+1]->x : kPlusInfinity);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    points.swap(new_points);
+  }
+  //cerr << "Multiply: result=" << (*this) << endl;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+// recursively construct translation
+void MERTPoint::ConstructTranslation(vector<WordID>* trans) const {
+  const MERTPoint* cur = this;
+  vector<vector<WordID> > ant_trans;
+  while(!cur->edge) {
+    ant_trans.resize(ant_trans.size() + 1);
+    cur->p2->ConstructTranslation(&ant_trans.back());
+    cur = cur->p1.get();
+  }
+  size_t ant_size = ant_trans.size();
+  vector<const vector<WordID>*> pants(ant_size);
+  assert(ant_size == cur->edge->tail_nodes_.size());
+  --ant_size;
+  for (int i = 0; i < pants.size(); ++i) pants[ant_size - i] = &ant_trans[i];
+  cur->edge->rule_->ESubstitute(pants, trans);
+}
+
+void MERTPoint::CollectEdgesUsed(std::vector<bool>* edges_used) const {
+  if (edge) {
+    assert(edge->id_ < edges_used->size());
+    (*edges_used)[edge->id_] = true;
+  }
+  if (p1) p1->CollectEdgesUsed(edges_used);
+  if (p2) p2->CollectEdgesUsed(edges_used);
+}
+
+#else
+
+// THIS IS THE NEW FASTER IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MERT SEMIRING OPERATIONS
+
+#endif
+
diff --git a/training/dpmert/mert_geometry.h b/training/dpmert/mert_geometry.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a8b6959e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/mert_geometry.h
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#ifndef _MERT_GEOMETRY_H_
+#define _MERT_GEOMETRY_H_
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+
+#include "hg.h"
+#include "sparse_vector.h"
+
+static const double kMinusInfinity = -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
+static const double kPlusInfinity = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
+
+struct MERTPoint {
+  MERTPoint() : x(), m(), b(), edge() {}
+  MERTPoint(double _m, double _b) :
+    x(kMinusInfinity), m(_m), b(_b), edge() {}
+  MERTPoint(double _x, double _m, double _b, const boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>& p1_, const boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>& p2_) :
+    x(_x), m(_m), b(_b), p1(p1_), p2(p2_), edge() {}
+  MERTPoint(double _m, double _b, const Hypergraph::Edge& edge) :
+    x(kMinusInfinity), m(_m), b(_b), edge(&edge) {}
+
+  double x;                   // x intersection with previous segment in env, or -inf if none
+  double m;                   // this line's slope
+  double b;                   // intercept with y-axis
+
+  // we keep a pointer to the "parents" of this segment so we can reconstruct
+  // the Viterbi translation corresponding to this segment
+  boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> p1;
+  boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> p2;
+
+  // only MERTPoints created from an edge using the ConvexHullWeightFunction
+  // have rules
+  // TRulePtr rule;
+  const Hypergraph::Edge* edge;
+
+  // recursively recover the Viterbi translation that will result from setting
+  // the weights to origin + axis * x, where x is any value from this->x up
+  // until the next largest x in the containing ConvexHull
+  void ConstructTranslation(std::vector<WordID>* trans) const;
+  void CollectEdgesUsed(std::vector<bool>* edges_used) const;
+};
+
+// this is the semiring value type,
+// it defines constructors for 0, 1, and the operations + and *
+struct ConvexHull {
+  // create semiring zero
+  ConvexHull() : is_sorted(true) {}  // zero
+  // for debugging:
+  ConvexHull(const std::vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> >& s) : points(s) { Sort(); }
+  // create semiring 1 or 0
+  explicit ConvexHull(int i);
+  ConvexHull(int n, MERTPoint* point) : is_sorted(true), points(n, boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint>(point)) {}
+  const ConvexHull& operator+=(const ConvexHull& other);
+  const ConvexHull& operator*=(const ConvexHull& other);
+  bool IsMultiplicativeIdentity() const {
+    return size() == 1 && (points[0]->b == 0.0 && points[0]->m == 0.0) && (!points[0]->edge) && (!points[0]->p1) && (!points[0]->p2); }
+  const std::vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> >& GetSortedSegs() const {
+    if (!is_sorted) Sort();
+    return points;
+  }
+  size_t size() const { return points.size(); }
+
+ private:
+  bool IsEdgeEnvelope() const {
+    return points.size() == 1 && points[0]->edge; }
+  void Sort() const;
+  mutable bool is_sorted;
+  mutable std::vector<boost::shared_ptr<MERTPoint> > points;
+};
+std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const ConvexHull& env);
+
+struct ConvexHullWeightFunction {
+  ConvexHullWeightFunction(const SparseVector<double>& ori,
+                           const SparseVector<double>& dir) : origin(ori), direction(dir) {}
+  const ConvexHull operator()(const Hypergraph::Edge& e) const;
+  const SparseVector<double> origin;
+  const SparseVector<double> direction;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input.cc b/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..199cd23a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+#include <boost/program_options/variables_map.hpp>
+
+#include "filelib.h"
+#include "weights.h"
+#include "line_optimizer.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+namespace po = boost::program_options;
+
+void InitCommandLine(int argc, char** argv, po::variables_map* conf) {
+  po::options_description opts("Configuration options");
+  opts.add_options()
+        ("dev_set_size,s",po::value<unsigned>(),"[REQD] Development set size (# of parallel sentences)")
+        ("forest_repository,r",po::value<string>(),"[REQD] Path to forest repository")
+        ("weights,w",po::value<string>(),"[REQD] Current feature weights file")
+        ("optimize_feature,o",po::value<vector<string> >(), "Feature to optimize (if none specified, all weights listed in the weights file will be optimized)")
+        ("random_directions,d",po::value<unsigned int>()->default_value(20),"Number of random directions to run the line optimizer in")
+        ("help,h", "Help");
+  po::options_description dcmdline_options;
+  dcmdline_options.add(opts);
+  po::store(parse_command_line(argc, argv, dcmdline_options), *conf);
+  bool flag = false;
+  if (conf->count("dev_set_size") == 0) {
+    cerr << "Please specify the size of the development set using -d N\n";
+    flag = true;
+  }
+  if (conf->count("weights") == 0) {
+    cerr << "Please specify the starting-point weights using -w <weightfile.txt>\n";
+    flag = true;
+  }
+  if (conf->count("forest_repository") == 0) {
+    cerr << "Please specify the forest repository location using -r <DIR>\n";
+    flag = true;
+  }
+  if (flag || conf->count("help")) {
+    cerr << dcmdline_options << endl;
+    exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  RandomNumberGenerator<boost::mt19937> rng;
+  po::variables_map conf;
+  InitCommandLine(argc, argv, &conf);
+  vector<string> features;
+  SparseVector<weight_t> origin;
+  vector<weight_t> w;
+  Weights::InitFromFile(conf["weights"].as<string>(), &w, &features);
+  Weights::InitSparseVector(w, &origin);
+  const string forest_repository = conf["forest_repository"].as<string>();
+  if (!DirectoryExists(forest_repository)) {
+    cerr << "Forest repository directory " << forest_repository << " not found!\n";
+    return 1;
+  }
+  if (conf.count("optimize_feature") > 0)
+    features=conf["optimize_feature"].as<vector<string> >();
+  vector<SparseVector<weight_t> > directions;
+  vector<int> fids(features.size());
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < features.size(); ++i)
+    fids[i] = FD::Convert(features[i]);
+  LineOptimizer::CreateOptimizationDirections(
+     fids,
+     conf["random_directions"].as<unsigned int>(),
+     &rng,
+     &directions);
+  unsigned dev_set_size = conf["dev_set_size"].as<unsigned>();
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < dev_set_size; ++i) {
+    for (unsigned j = 0; j < directions.size(); ++j) {
+      cout << forest_repository << '/' << i << ".json.gz " << i << ' ';
+      print(cout, origin, "=", ";");
+      cout << ' ';
+      print(cout, directions[j], "=", ";");
+      cout << endl;
+    }
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_map.cc b/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_map.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1efcf96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_map.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+#include <sstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+#include <boost/program_options/variables_map.hpp>
+
+#include "ns.h"
+#include "ns_docscorer.h"
+#include "ces.h"
+#include "filelib.h"
+#include "stringlib.h"
+#include "sparse_vector.h"
+#include "mert_geometry.h"
+#include "inside_outside.h"
+#include "error_surface.h"
+#include "b64tools.h"
+#include "hg_io.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+namespace po = boost::program_options;
+
+void InitCommandLine(int argc, char** argv, po::variables_map* conf) {
+  po::options_description opts("Configuration options");
+  opts.add_options()
+        ("reference,r",po::value<vector<string> >(), "[REQD] Reference translation (tokenized text)")
+        ("source,s",po::value<string>(), "Source file (ignored, except for AER)")
+        ("evaluation_metric,m",po::value<string>()->default_value("ibm_bleu"), "Evaluation metric being optimized")
+        ("input,i",po::value<string>()->default_value("-"), "Input file to map (- is STDIN)")
+        ("help,h", "Help");
+  po::options_description dcmdline_options;
+  dcmdline_options.add(opts);
+  po::store(parse_command_line(argc, argv, dcmdline_options), *conf);
+  bool flag = false;
+  if (!conf->count("reference")) {
+    cerr << "Please specify one or more references using -r <REF.TXT>\n";
+    flag = true;
+  }
+  if (flag || conf->count("help")) {
+    cerr << dcmdline_options << endl;
+    exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
+bool ReadSparseVectorString(const string& s, SparseVector<double>* v) {
+#if 0
+  // this should work, but untested.
+  std::istringstream i(s);
+  i>>*v;
+#else
+  vector<string> fields;
+  Tokenize(s, ';', &fields);
+  if (fields.empty()) return false;
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < fields.size(); ++i) {
+    vector<string> pair(2);
+    Tokenize(fields[i], '=', &pair);
+    if (pair.size() != 2) {
+      cerr << "Error parsing vector string: " << fields[i] << endl;
+      return false;
+    }
+    v->set_value(FD::Convert(pair[0]), atof(pair[1].c_str()));
+  }
+  return true;
+#endif
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  po::variables_map conf;
+  InitCommandLine(argc, argv, &conf);
+  const string evaluation_metric = conf["evaluation_metric"].as<string>();
+  EvaluationMetric* metric = EvaluationMetric::Instance(evaluation_metric);
+  DocumentScorer ds(metric, conf["reference"].as<vector<string> >());
+  cerr << "Loaded " << ds.size() << " references for scoring with " << evaluation_metric << endl;
+  Hypergraph hg;
+  string last_file;
+  ReadFile in_read(conf["input"].as<string>());
+  istream &in=*in_read.stream();
+  while(in) {
+    string line;
+    getline(in, line);
+    if (line.empty()) continue;
+    istringstream is(line);
+    int sent_id;
+    string file, s_origin, s_direction;
+    // path-to-file (JSON) sent_ed starting-point search-direction
+    is >> file >> sent_id >> s_origin >> s_direction;
+    SparseVector<double> origin;
+    ReadSparseVectorString(s_origin, &origin);
+    SparseVector<double> direction;
+    ReadSparseVectorString(s_direction, &direction);
+    // cerr << "File: " << file << "\nDir: " << direction << "\n   X: " << origin << endl;
+    if (last_file != file) {
+      last_file = file;
+      ReadFile rf(file);
+      HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), &hg);
+    }
+    const ConvexHullWeightFunction wf(origin, direction);
+    const ConvexHull hull = Inside<ConvexHull, ConvexHullWeightFunction>(hg, NULL, wf);
+
+    ErrorSurface es;
+    ComputeErrorSurface(*ds[sent_id], hull, &es, metric, hg);
+    //cerr << "Viterbi envelope has " << ve.size() << " segments\n";
+    // cerr << "Error surface has " << es.size() << " segments\n";
+    string val;
+    es.Serialize(&val);
+    cout << 'M' << ' ' << s_origin << ' ' << s_direction << '\t';
+    B64::b64encode(val.c_str(), val.size(), &cout);
+    cout << endl << flush;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_reduce.cc b/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_reduce.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31512a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/mr_dpmert_reduce.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+#include <sstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+#include <boost/program_options/variables_map.hpp>
+
+#include "sparse_vector.h"
+#include "error_surface.h"
+#include "line_optimizer.h"
+#include "b64tools.h"
+#include "stringlib.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+namespace po = boost::program_options;
+
+void InitCommandLine(int argc, char** argv, po::variables_map* conf) {
+  po::options_description opts("Configuration options");
+  opts.add_options()
+        ("evaluation_metric,m",po::value<string>(), "Evaluation metric (IBM_BLEU, etc.)")
+        ("help,h", "Help");
+  po::options_description dcmdline_options;
+  dcmdline_options.add(opts);
+  po::store(parse_command_line(argc, argv, dcmdline_options), *conf);
+  bool flag = conf->count("evaluation_metric") == 0;
+  if (flag || conf->count("help")) {
+    cerr << dcmdline_options << endl;
+    exit(1);
+  }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+  po::variables_map conf;
+  InitCommandLine(argc, argv, &conf);
+  const string evaluation_metric = conf["evaluation_metric"].as<string>();
+  EvaluationMetric* metric = EvaluationMetric::Instance(evaluation_metric);
+  LineOptimizer::ScoreType opt_type = LineOptimizer::MAXIMIZE_SCORE;
+  if (metric->IsErrorMetric())
+    opt_type = LineOptimizer::MINIMIZE_SCORE;
+
+  vector<ErrorSurface> esv;
+  string last_key, line, key, val;
+  while(getline(cin, line)) {
+    size_t ks = line.find("\t");
+    assert(string::npos != ks);
+    assert(ks > 2);
+    key = line.substr(2, ks - 2);
+    val = line.substr(ks + 1);
+    if (key != last_key) {
+      if (!last_key.empty()) {
+	float score;
+        double x = LineOptimizer::LineOptimize(metric, esv, opt_type, &score);
+	cout << last_key << "|" << x << "|" << score << endl;
+      }
+      last_key.swap(key);
+      esv.clear();
+    }
+    if (val.size() % 4 != 0) {
+      cerr << "B64 encoding error 1! Skipping.\n";
+      continue;
+    }
+    string encoded(val.size() / 4 * 3, '\0');
+    if (!B64::b64decode(reinterpret_cast<const unsigned char*>(&val[0]), val.size(), &encoded[0], encoded.size())) {
+      cerr << "B64 encoding error 2! Skipping.\n";
+      continue;
+    }
+    esv.push_back(ErrorSurface());
+    esv.back().Deserialize(encoded);
+  }
+  if (!esv.empty()) {
+    float score;
+    double x = LineOptimizer::LineOptimize(metric, esv, opt_type, &score);
+    cout << last_key << "|" << x << "|" << score << endl;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_aer/README b/training/dpmert/test_aer/README
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..819b2e32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_aer/README
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+To run the test:
+
+../dist-vest.pl --local --metric aer cdec.ini --source-file corpus.src --ref-files=ref.0 --weights weights
+
+This will optimize the parameters of the tiny lexical translation model
+so as to minimize the AER of the Viterbi alignment on the development
+set in corpus.src according to the reference alignments in ref.0.
+
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_aer/cdec.ini b/training/dpmert/test_aer/cdec.ini
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..08187848
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_aer/cdec.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+formalism=lextrans
+grammar=grammar
+aligner=true
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_aer/corpus.src b/training/dpmert/test_aer/corpus.src
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31b23971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_aer/corpus.src
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+el gato negro ||| the black cat
+el gato ||| the cat
+el libro ||| the book
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_aer/grammar b/training/dpmert/test_aer/grammar
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9d857824
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_aer/grammar
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+el ||| cat ||| F1=1
+el ||| the ||| F2=1
+el ||| black ||| F3=1
+el ||| book ||| F11=1
+gato ||| cat ||| F4=1 NN=1
+gato ||| black ||| F5=1
+gato ||| the ||| F6=1
+negro ||| the ||| F7=1
+negro ||| cat ||| F8=1
+negro ||| black ||| F9=1
+libro ||| the ||| F10=1
+libro ||| book ||| F12=1 NN=1
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_aer/ref.0 b/training/dpmert/test_aer/ref.0
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..734a9c5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_aer/ref.0
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+0-0 1-2 2-1
+0-0 1-1
+0-0 1-1
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_aer/weights b/training/dpmert/test_aer/weights
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..afc9282e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_aer/weights
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+F1 0.1
+F2 -.5980815
+F3 0.24235
+F4 0.625
+F5 0.4514
+F6 0.112316
+F7 -0.123415
+F8 -0.25390285
+F9 -0.23852
+F10 0.646
+F11 0.413141
+F12 0.343216
+NN -0.1215
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/0.json.gz b/training/dpmert/test_data/0.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..30f8dd77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/0.json.gz
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/1.json.gz b/training/dpmert/test_data/1.json.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c82cc179
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/1.json.gz
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.0 b/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.0
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..12c4abe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.0
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+australia reopens embassy in manila
+( afp , manila , january 2 ) australia reopened its embassy in the philippines today , which was shut down about seven weeks ago due to what was described as a specific threat of a terrorist attack .
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.1 b/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ac12df1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+australia reopened manila embassy
+( agence france-presse , manila , 2nd ) - australia reopened its embassy in the philippines today . the embassy was closed seven weeks ago after what was described as a specific threat of a terrorist attack .
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.2 b/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.2
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2f67b72f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.2
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+australia to reopen embassy in manila
+( afp report from manila , january 2 ) australia reopened its embassy in the philippines today . seven weeks ago , the embassy was shut down due to so-called confirmed terrorist attack threats .
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.3 b/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5483cef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/c2e.txt.3
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+australia to re - open its embassy to manila
+( afp , manila , thursday ) australia reopens its embassy to manila , which was closed for the so-called " clear " threat of terrorist attack 7 weeks ago .
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.0 b/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.0
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86eff087
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.0
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+erdogan states turkey to reject any pressures to urge it to recognize cyprus
+ankara 12 - 1 ( afp ) - turkish prime minister recep tayyip erdogan announced today , wednesday , that ankara will reject any pressure by the european union to urge it to recognize cyprus . this comes two weeks before the summit of european union state and government heads who will decide whether or nor membership negotiations with ankara should be opened .
+erdogan told " ntv " television station that " the european union cannot address us by imposing new conditions on us with regard to cyprus .
+we will discuss this dossier in the course of membership negotiations . "
+he added " let me be clear , i cannot sidestep turkey , this is something we cannot accept . "
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.1 b/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.1
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2140f198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.1
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+erdogan confirms turkey will resist any pressure to recognize cyprus
+ankara 12 - 1 ( afp ) - the turkish head of government , recep tayyip erdogan , announced today ( wednesday ) that ankara would resist any pressure the european union might exercise in order to force it into recognizing cyprus . this comes two weeks before a summit of european union heads of state and government , who will decide whether or not to open membership negotiations with ankara .
+erdogan said to the ntv television channel : " the european union cannot engage with us through imposing new conditions on us with regard to cyprus .
+we shall discuss this issue in the course of the membership negotiations . "
+he added : " let me be clear - i cannot confine turkey . this is something we do not accept . "
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.2 b/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.2
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..94e46286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.2
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+erdogan confirms that turkey will reject any pressures to encourage it to recognize cyprus
+ankara , 12 / 1 ( afp ) - the turkish prime minister recep tayyip erdogan declared today , wednesday , that ankara will reject any pressures that the european union may apply on it to encourage to recognize cyprus . this comes two weeks before a summit of the heads of countries and governments of the european union , who will decide on whether or not to start negotiations on joining with ankara .
+erdogan told the ntv television station that " it is not possible for the european union to talk to us by imposing new conditions on us regarding cyprus .
+we shall discuss this dossier during the negotiations on joining . "
+and he added , " let me be clear . turkey's arm should not be twisted ; this is something we cannot accept . "
diff --git a/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.3 b/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.3
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f87c3308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/dpmert/test_data/re.txt.3
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+erdogan stresses that turkey will reject all pressures to force it to recognize cyprus
+ankara 12 - 1 ( afp ) - turkish prime minister recep tayyip erdogan announced today , wednesday , that ankara would refuse all pressures applied on it by the european union to force it to recognize cyprus . that came two weeks before the summit of the presidents and prime ministers of the european union , who would decide on whether to open negotiations on joining with ankara or not .
+erdogan said to " ntv " tv station that the " european union can not communicate with us by imposing on us new conditions related to cyprus .
+we will discuss this file during the negotiations on joining . "
+he added , " let me be clear . turkey's arm should not be twisted . this is unacceptable to us . "