Merge pull request #63 from kho/const_reorder_2

Soft linguistic reordering constraints from http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1106

5 files changed, 2514 insertions, 1 deletions

diff --git a/decoder/Makefile.am b/decoder/Makefile.am
index 78ab4d63..f9f90cfb 100644
--- a/decoder/Makefile.am
+++ b/decoder/Makefile.am
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   ff_bleu.h \
   ff_charset.h \
   ff_conll.h \
+  ff_const_reorder_common.h \
+  ff_const_reorder.h \
   ff_context.h \
   ff_csplit.h \
   ff_external.h \
@@ -113,6 +115,7 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   ff_charset.cc \
   ff_conll.cc \
   ff_context.cc \
+  ff_const_reorder.cc \
   ff_csplit.cc \
   ff_external.cc \
   ff_factory.cc \
diff --git a/decoder/cdec_ff.cc b/decoder/cdec_ff.cc
index 7f7e075b..6f7227aa 100644
--- a/decoder/cdec_ff.cc
+++ b/decoder/cdec_ff.cc
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "ff_basic.h"
 #include "ff_context.h"
+#include "ff_const_reorder.h"
 #include "ff_spans.h"
 #include "ff_lm.h"
 #include "ff_klm.h"
@@ -77,6 +78,6 @@ void register_feature_functions() {
   ff_registry.Register("WordPairFeatures", new FFFactory<WordPairFeatures>);
   ff_registry.Register("SourcePathFeatures", new FFFactory<SourcePathFeatures>);
   ff_registry.Register("WordSet", new FFFactory<WordSet>);
+  ff_registry.Register("ConstReorderFeature", new FFFactory<ConstReorderFeature>);
   ff_registry.Register("External", new FFFactory<ExternalFeature>);
 }
-
diff --git a/decoder/ff_const_reorder.cc b/decoder/ff_const_reorder.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1a6f7cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/ff_const_reorder.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,1118 @@
+#include "ff_const_reorder.h"
+
+#include "filelib.h"
+#include "stringlib.h"
+#include "hg.h"
+#include "sentence_metadata.h"
+#include "hash.h"
+#include "ff_const_reorder_common.h"
+
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+using namespace std;
+using namespace const_reorder;
+
+typedef HASH_MAP<std::string, vector<double> > MapClassifier;
+
+inline bool is_inside(int i, int left, int right) {
+  if (i < left || i > right) return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * assume i <= j
+ * [i, j] is inside [left, right] or [i, j] equates to [left, right]
+ */
+inline bool is_inside(int i, int j, int left, int right) {
+  if (i >= left && j <= right) return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * assume i <= j
+ * [i, j] is inside [left, right], but [i, j] not equal to [left, right]
+ */
+inline bool is_proper_inside(int i, int j, int left, int right) {
+  if (i >= left && j <= right && right - left > j - i) return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+/*
+ * assume i <= j
+ * [i, j] is proper proper inside [left, right]
+ */
+inline bool is_proper_proper_inside(int i, int j, int left, int right) {
+  if (i > left && j < right) return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+inline bool is_overlap(int left1, int right1, int left2, int right2) {
+  if (is_inside(left1, left2, right2) || is_inside(left2, left1, right1))
+    return true;
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+inline void NewAndCopyCharArray(char** p, const char* q) {
+  if (q != NULL) {
+    (*p) = new char[strlen(q) + 1];
+    strcpy((*p), q);
+  } else
+    (*p) = NULL;
+}
+
+// TODO:to make the alignment more efficient
+struct TargetTranslation {
+  TargetTranslation(int begin_pos, int end_pos,int e_num_word)
+      : begin_pos_(begin_pos),
+        end_pos_(end_pos),
+        e_num_words_(e_num_word),
+        vec_left_most_(end_pos - begin_pos + 1, e_num_word),
+        vec_right_most_(end_pos - begin_pos + 1, -1),
+        vec_f_align_bit_array_(end_pos - begin_pos + 1),
+        vec_e_align_bit_array_(e_num_word) {
+    int len = end_pos - begin_pos + 1;
+    align_.reserve(1.5 * len);
+  }
+
+  void InsertAlignmentPoint(int s, int t) {
+    int i = s - begin_pos_;
+
+    vector<bool>& b = vec_f_align_bit_array_[i];
+    if (b.empty()) b.resize(e_num_words_);
+    b[t] = 1;
+
+    vector<bool>& a = vec_e_align_bit_array_[t];
+    if (a.empty()) a.resize(end_pos_ - begin_pos_ + 1);
+    a[i] = 1;
+
+    align_.push_back({s, t});
+
+    if (t > vec_right_most_[i]) vec_right_most_[i] = t;
+    if (t < vec_left_most_[i]) vec_left_most_[i] = t;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * given a source span [begin, end], whether its target side is continuous,
+   * return "0": the source span is translated silently
+   * return "1": there is at least on word inside its target span, this word
+   * doesn't align to any word inside [begin, end], but outside [begin, end]
+   * return "2": otherwise
+   */
+  string IsTargetConstinousSpan(int begin, int end) const {
+    int target_begin, target_end;
+    FindLeftRightMostTargetSpan(begin, end, target_begin, target_end);
+    if (target_begin == -1) return "0";
+
+    for (int i = target_begin; i <= target_end; i++) {
+      if (vec_e_align_bit_array_[i].empty()) continue;
+      int j = begin;
+      for (; j <= end; j++) {
+        if (vec_e_align_bit_array_[i][j - begin_pos_]) break;
+      }
+      if (j == end + 1)  // e[i] is aligned, but e[i] doesn't align to any
+                         // source word in [begin_pos, end_pos]
+        return "1";
+    }
+    return "2";
+  }
+
+  string IsTargetConstinousSpan2(int begin, int end) const {
+    int target_begin, target_end;
+    FindLeftRightMostTargetSpan(begin, end, target_begin, target_end);
+    if (target_begin == -1) return "Unaligned";
+
+    for (int i = target_begin; i <= target_end; i++) {
+      if (vec_e_align_bit_array_[i].empty()) continue;
+      int j = begin;
+      for (; j <= end; j++) {
+        if (vec_e_align_bit_array_[i][j - begin_pos_]) break;
+      }
+      if (j == end + 1)  // e[i] is aligned, but e[i] doesn't align to any
+                         // source word in [begin_pos, end_pos]
+        return "Discon't";
+    }
+    return "Con't";
+  }
+
+  void FindLeftRightMostTargetSpan(int begin, int end, int& target_begin,
+                                   int& target_end) const {
+    int b = begin - begin_pos_;
+    int e = end - begin_pos_ + 1;
+
+    target_begin = vec_left_most_[b];
+    target_end = vec_right_most_[b];
+    for (int i = b + 1; i < e; i++) {
+      if (target_begin > vec_left_most_[i]) target_begin = vec_left_most_[i];
+      if (target_end < vec_right_most_[i]) target_end = vec_right_most_[i];
+    }
+    if (target_end == -1) target_begin = -1;
+    return;
+
+    target_begin = e_num_words_;
+    target_end = -1;
+
+    for (int i = begin - begin_pos_; i < end - begin_pos_ + 1; i++) {
+      if (vec_f_align_bit_array_[i].empty()) continue;
+      for (int j = 0; j < target_begin; j++)
+        if (vec_f_align_bit_array_[i][j]) {
+          target_begin = j;
+          break;
+        }
+    }
+    for (int i = end - begin_pos_; i > begin - begin_pos_ - 1; i--) {
+      if (vec_f_align_bit_array_[i].empty()) continue;
+      for (int j = e_num_words_ - 1; j > target_end; j--)
+        if (vec_f_align_bit_array_[i][j]) {
+          target_end = j;
+          break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (target_end == -1) target_begin = -1;
+  }
+
+  const uint16_t begin_pos_, end_pos_;              // the position in input
+  const uint16_t e_num_words_;
+  vector<AlignmentPoint> align_;
+
+ private:
+  vector<short> vec_left_most_;
+  vector<short> vec_right_most_;
+  vector<vector<bool> > vec_f_align_bit_array_;
+  vector<vector<bool> > vec_e_align_bit_array_;
+};
+
+struct FocusedConstituent {
+  FocusedConstituent(const SParsedTree* pTree) {
+    if (pTree == NULL) return;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < pTree->m_vecTerminals.size(); i++) {
+      STreeItem* pParent = pTree->m_vecTerminals[i]->m_ptParent;
+
+      while (pParent != NULL) {
+        // if (pParent->m_vecChildren.size() > 1 && pParent->m_iEnd -
+        // pParent->m_iBegin > 5) {
+        // if (pParent->m_vecChildren.size() > 1) {
+        if (true) {
+
+          // do constituent reordering for all children of pParent
+          if (strcmp(pParent->m_pszTerm, "ROOT"))
+            focus_parents_.push_back(pParent);
+        }
+        if (pParent->m_iBrotherIndex != 0) break;
+        pParent = pParent->m_ptParent;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  ~FocusedConstituent() {  // TODO
+    focus_parents_.clear();
+  }
+
+  vector<STreeItem*> focus_parents_;
+};
+
+typedef SPredicateItem FocusedPredicate;
+
+struct FocusedSRL {
+  FocusedSRL(const SSrlSentence* srl) {
+    if (srl == NULL) return;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < srl->m_vecPred.size(); i++) {
+      if (strcmp(srl->m_pTree->m_vecTerminals[srl->m_vecPred[i]->m_iPosition]
+                     ->m_ptParent->m_pszTerm,
+                 "VA") == 0)
+        continue;
+      focus_predicates_.push_back(
+          new FocusedPredicate(srl->m_pTree, srl->m_vecPred[i]));
+    }
+  }
+
+  ~FocusedSRL() { focus_predicates_.clear(); }
+
+  vector<const FocusedPredicate*> focus_predicates_;
+};
+
+struct ConstReorderFeatureImpl {
+  ConstReorderFeatureImpl(const std::string& param) {
+
+    b_block_feature_ = false;
+    b_order_feature_ = false;
+    b_srl_block_feature_ = false;
+    b_srl_order_feature_ = false;
+
+    vector<string> terms;
+    SplitOnWhitespace(param, &terms);
+    if (terms.size() == 1) {
+      b_block_feature_ = true;
+      b_order_feature_ = true;
+    } else if (terms.size() >= 3) {
+      if (terms[1].compare("1") == 0) b_block_feature_ = true;
+      if (terms[2].compare("1") == 0) b_order_feature_ = true;
+      if (terms.size() == 6) {
+        if (terms[4].compare("1") == 0) b_srl_block_feature_ = true;
+        if (terms[5].compare("1") == 0) b_srl_order_feature_ = true;
+
+        assert(b_srl_block_feature_ || b_srl_order_feature_);
+      }
+
+    } else {
+      assert("ERROR");
+    }
+
+    const_reorder_classifier_left_ = NULL;
+    const_reorder_classifier_right_ = NULL;
+
+    srl_reorder_classifier_left_ = NULL;
+    srl_reorder_classifier_right_ = NULL;
+
+    if (b_order_feature_) {
+      InitializeClassifier((terms[0] + string(".left")).c_str(),
+                           &const_reorder_classifier_left_);
+      InitializeClassifier((terms[0] + string(".right")).c_str(),
+                           &const_reorder_classifier_right_);
+    }
+
+    if (b_srl_order_feature_) {
+      InitializeClassifier((terms[3] + string(".left")).c_str(),
+                           &srl_reorder_classifier_left_);
+      InitializeClassifier((terms[3] + string(".right")).c_str(),
+                           &srl_reorder_classifier_right_);
+    }
+
+    parsed_tree_ = NULL;
+    focused_consts_ = NULL;
+
+    srl_sentence_ = NULL;
+    focused_srl_ = NULL;
+
+    map_left_ = NULL;
+    map_right_ = NULL;
+
+    map_srl_left_ = NULL;
+    map_srl_right_ = NULL;
+
+    dict_block_status_ = new Dict();
+    dict_block_status_->Convert("Unaligned", false);
+    dict_block_status_->Convert("Discon't", false);
+    dict_block_status_->Convert("Con't", false);
+  }
+
+  ~ConstReorderFeatureImpl() {
+    if (const_reorder_classifier_left_) delete const_reorder_classifier_left_;
+    if (const_reorder_classifier_right_) delete const_reorder_classifier_right_;
+    if (srl_reorder_classifier_left_) delete srl_reorder_classifier_left_;
+    if (srl_reorder_classifier_right_) delete srl_reorder_classifier_right_;
+    FreeSentenceVariables();
+
+    delete dict_block_status_;
+  }
+
+  static int ReserveStateSize() { return 1 * sizeof(TargetTranslation*); }
+
+  void InitializeInputSentence(const std::string& parse_file,
+                               const std::string& srl_file) {
+    FreeSentenceVariables();
+    if (b_srl_block_feature_ || b_srl_order_feature_) {
+      assert(srl_file != "");
+      srl_sentence_ = ReadSRLSentence(srl_file);
+      parsed_tree_ = srl_sentence_->m_pTree;
+    } else {
+      assert(parse_file != "");
+      srl_sentence_ = NULL;
+      parsed_tree_ = ReadParseTree(parse_file);
+    }
+
+    if (b_block_feature_ || b_order_feature_) {
+      focused_consts_ = new FocusedConstituent(parsed_tree_);
+
+      if (b_order_feature_) {
+        // we can do the classifier "off-line"
+        map_left_ = new MapClassifier();
+        map_right_ = new MapClassifier();
+        InitializeConstReorderClassifierOutput();
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (b_srl_block_feature_ || b_srl_order_feature_) {
+      focused_srl_ = new FocusedSRL(srl_sentence_);
+
+      if (b_srl_order_feature_) {
+        map_srl_left_ = new MapClassifier();
+        map_srl_right_ = new MapClassifier();
+        InitializeSRLReorderClassifierOutput();
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (parsed_tree_ != NULL) {
+      size_t i = parsed_tree_->m_vecTerminals.size();
+      vec_target_tran_.reserve(20 * i * i * i);
+    } else
+      vec_target_tran_.reserve(1000000);
+  }
+
+  void SetConstReorderFeature(const Hypergraph::Edge& edge,
+                              SparseVector<double>* features,
+                              const vector<const void*>& ant_states,
+                              void* state) {
+    if (parsed_tree_ == NULL) return;
+
+    short int begin = edge.i_, end = edge.j_ - 1;
+
+    typedef TargetTranslation* PtrTargetTranslation;
+    PtrTargetTranslation* remnant =
+        reinterpret_cast<PtrTargetTranslation*>(state);
+
+    vector<const TargetTranslation*> vec_node;
+    vec_node.reserve(edge.tail_nodes_.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < edge.tail_nodes_.size(); i++) {
+      const PtrTargetTranslation* astate =
+          reinterpret_cast<const PtrTargetTranslation*>(ant_states[i]);
+      vec_node.push_back(astate[0]);
+    }
+
+    int e_num_word = edge.rule_->e_.size();
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vec_node.size(); i++) {
+      e_num_word += vec_node[i]->e_num_words_;
+      e_num_word--;
+    }
+
+    remnant[0] = new TargetTranslation(begin, end, e_num_word);
+    vec_target_tran_.push_back(remnant[0]);
+
+    // reset the alignment
+    // for the source side, we know its position in source sentence
+    // for the target side, we always assume its starting position is 0
+    unsigned vc = 0;
+    const TRulePtr rule = edge.rule_;
+    std::vector<int> f_index(rule->f_.size());
+    int index = edge.i_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < rule->f_.size(); i++) {
+      f_index[i] = index;
+      const WordID& c = rule->f_[i];
+      if (c < 1)
+        index = vec_node[vc++]->end_pos_ + 1;
+      else
+        index++;
+    }
+    assert(vc == vec_node.size());
+    assert(index == edge.j_);
+
+    std::vector<int> e_index(rule->e_.size());
+    index = 0;
+    vc = 0;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < rule->e_.size(); i++) {
+      e_index[i] = index;
+      const WordID& c = rule->e_[i];
+      if (c < 1) {
+        index += vec_node[-c]->e_num_words_;
+        vc++;
+      } else
+        index++;
+    }
+    assert(vc == vec_node.size());
+
+    size_t nt_pos = 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < edge.rule_->f_.size(); i++) {
+      if (edge.rule_->f_[i] > 0) continue;
+
+      // it's an NT
+      size_t j;
+      for (j = 0; j < edge.rule_->e_.size(); j++)
+        if (edge.rule_->e_[j] * -1 == nt_pos) break;
+      assert(j != edge.rule_->e_.size());
+      nt_pos++;
+
+      // i aligns j
+      int eindex = e_index[j];
+      const vector<AlignmentPoint>& align =
+          vec_node[-1 * edge.rule_->e_[j]]->align_;
+      for (size_t k = 0; k < align.size(); k++) {
+        remnant[0]->InsertAlignmentPoint(align[k].s_, eindex + align[k].t_);
+      }
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < edge.rule_->a_.size(); i++) {
+      int findex = f_index[edge.rule_->a_[i].s_];
+      int eindex = e_index[edge.rule_->a_[i].t_];
+      remnant[0]->InsertAlignmentPoint(findex, eindex);
+    }
+
+    // till now, we finished setting state values
+    // next, use the state values to calculate constituent reorder feature
+    SetConstReorderFeature(begin, end, features, remnant[0],
+                           vec_node, f_index);
+  }
+
+  void SetConstReorderFeature(short int begin, short int end,
+                              SparseVector<double>* features,
+                              const TargetTranslation* target_translation,
+                              const vector<const TargetTranslation*>& vec_node,
+                              std::vector<int>& /*findex*/) {
+    if (b_srl_block_feature_ || b_srl_order_feature_) {
+      double logprob_srl_reorder_left = 0.0, logprob_srl_reorder_right = 0.0;
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < focused_srl_->focus_predicates_.size(); i++) {
+        const FocusedPredicate* pred = focused_srl_->focus_predicates_[i];
+        if (!is_overlap(begin, end, pred->begin_, pred->end_))
+          continue;  // have no overlap between this predicate (with its
+                     // argument) and the current edge
+
+        size_t j;
+        for (j = 0; j < vec_node.size(); j++) {
+          if (is_inside(pred->begin_, pred->end_, vec_node[j]->begin_pos_,
+                        vec_node[j]->end_pos_))
+            break;
+        }
+        if (j < vec_node.size()) continue;
+
+        vector<int> vecBlockStatus;
+        vecBlockStatus.reserve(pred->vec_items_.size());
+        for (j = 0; j < pred->vec_items_.size(); j++) {
+          const STreeItem* con1 = pred->vec_items_[j]->tree_item_;
+          if (con1->m_iBegin < begin || con1->m_iEnd > end) {
+            vecBlockStatus.push_back(0);
+            continue;
+          }  // the node is partially outside the current edge
+
+          string type = target_translation->IsTargetConstinousSpan2(
+              con1->m_iBegin, con1->m_iEnd);
+          vecBlockStatus.push_back(dict_block_status_->Convert(type, false));
+
+          if (!b_srl_block_feature_) continue;
+          // see if the node is covered by an NT
+          size_t k;
+          for (k = 0; k < vec_node.size(); k++) {
+            if (is_inside(con1->m_iBegin, con1->m_iEnd, vec_node[k]->begin_pos_,
+                          vec_node[k]->end_pos_))
+              break;
+          }
+          if (k < vec_node.size()) continue;
+          int f_id = FD::Convert(string(pred->vec_items_[j]->role_) + type);
+          if (f_id) features->add_value(f_id, 1);
+        }
+
+        if (!b_srl_order_feature_) continue;
+
+        vector<int> vecPosition, vecRelativePosition;
+        vector<int> vecRightPosition, vecRelativeRightPosition;
+        vecPosition.reserve(pred->vec_items_.size());
+        vecRelativePosition.reserve(pred->vec_items_.size());
+        vecRightPosition.reserve(pred->vec_items_.size());
+        vecRelativeRightPosition.reserve(pred->vec_items_.size());
+        for (j = 0; j < pred->vec_items_.size(); j++) {
+          const STreeItem* con1 = pred->vec_items_[j]->tree_item_;
+          if (con1->m_iBegin < begin || con1->m_iEnd > end) {
+            vecPosition.push_back(-1);
+            vecRightPosition.push_back(-1);
+            continue;
+          }  // the node is partially outside the current edge
+          int left1 = -1, right1 = -1;
+          target_translation->FindLeftRightMostTargetSpan(
+              con1->m_iBegin, con1->m_iEnd, left1, right1);
+          vecPosition.push_back(left1);
+          vecRightPosition.push_back(right1);
+        }
+        fnGetRelativePosition(vecPosition, vecRelativePosition);
+        fnGetRelativePosition(vecRightPosition, vecRelativeRightPosition);
+
+        for (j = 1; j < pred->vec_items_.size(); j++) {
+          const STreeItem* con1 = pred->vec_items_[j - 1]->tree_item_;
+          const STreeItem* con2 = pred->vec_items_[j]->tree_item_;
+
+          if (con1->m_iBegin < begin || con2->m_iEnd > end)
+            continue;  // one of the two nodes is partially outside the current
+                       // edge
+
+          // both con1 and con2 are covered, need to check if they are covered
+          // by the same NT
+          size_t k;
+          for (k = 0; k < vec_node.size(); k++) {
+            if (is_inside(con1->m_iBegin, con2->m_iEnd, vec_node[k]->begin_pos_,
+                          vec_node[k]->end_pos_))
+              break;
+          }
+          if (k < vec_node.size()) continue;
+
+          // they are not covered bye the same NT
+          string outcome;
+          string key;
+          GenerateKey(pred->vec_items_[j - 1]->tree_item_,
+                      pred->vec_items_[j]->tree_item_, vecBlockStatus[j - 1],
+                      vecBlockStatus[j], key);
+
+          fnGetOutcome(vecRelativePosition[j - 1], vecRelativePosition[j],
+                       outcome);
+          double prob = CalculateConstReorderProb(srl_reorder_classifier_left_,
+                                                  map_srl_left_, key, outcome);
+          // printf("%s %s %f\n", ostr.str().c_str(), outcome.c_str(), prob);
+          logprob_srl_reorder_left += log10(prob);
+
+          fnGetOutcome(vecRelativeRightPosition[j - 1],
+                       vecRelativeRightPosition[j], outcome);
+          prob = CalculateConstReorderProb(srl_reorder_classifier_right_,
+                                           map_srl_right_, key, outcome);
+          logprob_srl_reorder_right += log10(prob);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (b_srl_order_feature_) {
+        int f_id = FD::Convert("SRLReorderFeatureLeft");
+        if (f_id && logprob_srl_reorder_left != 0.0)
+          features->set_value(f_id, logprob_srl_reorder_left);
+        f_id = FD::Convert("SRLReorderFeatureRight");
+        if (f_id && logprob_srl_reorder_right != 0.0)
+          features->set_value(f_id, logprob_srl_reorder_right);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (b_block_feature_ || b_order_feature_) {
+      double logprob_const_reorder_left = 0.0,
+             logprob_const_reorder_right = 0.0;
+
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < focused_consts_->focus_parents_.size(); i++) {
+        STreeItem* parent = focused_consts_->focus_parents_[i];
+        if (!is_overlap(begin, end, parent->m_iBegin,
+                        parent->m_iEnd))
+          continue;  // have no overlap between this parent node and the current
+                     // edge
+
+        size_t j;
+        for (j = 0; j < vec_node.size(); j++) {
+          if (is_inside(parent->m_iBegin, parent->m_iEnd,
+                        vec_node[j]->begin_pos_, vec_node[j]->end_pos_))
+            break;
+        }
+        if (j < vec_node.size()) continue;
+
+        if (b_block_feature_) {
+          if (parent->m_iBegin >= begin &&
+              parent->m_iEnd <= end) {
+            string type = target_translation->IsTargetConstinousSpan2(
+                parent->m_iBegin, parent->m_iEnd);
+            int f_id = FD::Convert(string(parent->m_pszTerm) + type);
+            if (f_id) features->add_value(f_id, 1);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (parent->m_vecChildren.size() == 1 || !b_order_feature_) continue;
+
+        vector<int> vecChunkBlock;
+        vecChunkBlock.reserve(parent->m_vecChildren.size());
+
+        for (j = 0; j < parent->m_vecChildren.size(); j++) {
+          STreeItem* con1 = parent->m_vecChildren[j];
+          if (con1->m_iBegin < begin || con1->m_iEnd > end) {
+            vecChunkBlock.push_back(0);
+            continue;
+          }  // the node is partially outside the current edge
+
+          string type = target_translation->IsTargetConstinousSpan2(
+              con1->m_iBegin, con1->m_iEnd);
+          vecChunkBlock.push_back(dict_block_status_->Convert(type, false));
+
+          /*if (!b_block_feature_) continue;
+          //see if the node is covered by an NT
+          size_t k;
+          for (k = 0; k < vec_node.size(); k++) {
+                  if (is_inside(con1->m_iBegin, con1->m_iEnd,
+          vec_node[k]->begin_pos_, vec_node[k]->end_pos_))
+                          break;
+          }
+          if (k < vec_node.size()) continue;
+          int f_id = FD::Convert(string(con1->m_pszTerm) + type);
+          if (f_id)
+                  features->add_value(f_id, 1);*/
+        }
+
+        if (!b_order_feature_) continue;
+
+        vector<int> vecPosition, vecRelativePosition;
+        vector<int> vecRightPosition, vecRelativeRightPosition;
+        vecPosition.reserve(parent->m_vecChildren.size());
+        vecRelativePosition.reserve(parent->m_vecChildren.size());
+        vecRightPosition.reserve(parent->m_vecChildren.size());
+        vecRelativeRightPosition.reserve(parent->m_vecChildren.size());
+        for (j = 0; j < parent->m_vecChildren.size(); j++) {
+          STreeItem* con1 = parent->m_vecChildren[j];
+          if (con1->m_iBegin < begin || con1->m_iEnd > end) {
+            vecPosition.push_back(-1);
+            vecRightPosition.push_back(-1);
+            continue;
+          }  // the node is partially outside the current edge
+          int left1 = -1, right1 = -1;
+          target_translation->FindLeftRightMostTargetSpan(
+              con1->m_iBegin, con1->m_iEnd, left1, right1);
+          vecPosition.push_back(left1);
+          vecRightPosition.push_back(right1);
+        }
+        fnGetRelativePosition(vecPosition, vecRelativePosition);
+        fnGetRelativePosition(vecRightPosition, vecRelativeRightPosition);
+
+        for (j = 1; j < parent->m_vecChildren.size(); j++) {
+          STreeItem* con1 = parent->m_vecChildren[j - 1];
+          STreeItem* con2 = parent->m_vecChildren[j];
+
+          if (con1->m_iBegin < begin || con2->m_iEnd > end)
+            continue;  // one of the two nodes is partially outside the current
+                       // edge
+
+          // both con1 and con2 are covered, need to check if they are covered
+          // by the same NT
+          size_t k;
+          for (k = 0; k < vec_node.size(); k++) {
+            if (is_inside(con1->m_iBegin, con2->m_iEnd, vec_node[k]->begin_pos_,
+                          vec_node[k]->end_pos_))
+              break;
+          }
+          if (k < vec_node.size()) continue;
+
+          // they are not covered bye the same NT
+          string outcome;
+          string key;
+          GenerateKey(parent->m_vecChildren[j - 1], parent->m_vecChildren[j],
+                      vecChunkBlock[j - 1], vecChunkBlock[j], key);
+
+          fnGetOutcome(vecRelativePosition[j - 1], vecRelativePosition[j],
+                       outcome);
+          double prob = CalculateConstReorderProb(
+              const_reorder_classifier_left_, map_left_, key, outcome);
+          // printf("%s %s %f\n", ostr.str().c_str(), outcome.c_str(), prob);
+          logprob_const_reorder_left += log10(prob);
+
+          fnGetOutcome(vecRelativeRightPosition[j - 1],
+                       vecRelativeRightPosition[j], outcome);
+          prob = CalculateConstReorderProb(const_reorder_classifier_right_,
+                                           map_right_, key, outcome);
+          logprob_const_reorder_right += log10(prob);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (b_order_feature_) {
+        int f_id = FD::Convert("ConstReorderFeatureLeft");
+        if (f_id && logprob_const_reorder_left != 0.0)
+          features->set_value(f_id, logprob_const_reorder_left);
+        f_id = FD::Convert("ConstReorderFeatureRight");
+        if (f_id && logprob_const_reorder_right != 0.0)
+          features->set_value(f_id, logprob_const_reorder_right);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void Byte_to_Char(unsigned char* str, int n) {
+    str[0] = (n & 255);
+    str[1] = n / 256;
+  }
+  void GenerateKey(const STreeItem* pCon1, const STreeItem* pCon2,
+                   int iBlockStatus1, int iBlockStatus2, string& key) {
+    assert(iBlockStatus1 != 0);
+    assert(iBlockStatus2 != 0);
+    unsigned char szTerm[1001];
+    Byte_to_Char(szTerm, pCon1->m_iBegin);
+    Byte_to_Char(szTerm + 2, pCon2->m_iEnd);
+    szTerm[4] = (char)iBlockStatus1;
+    szTerm[5] = (char)iBlockStatus2;
+    szTerm[6] = '\0';
+    // sprintf(szTerm, "%d|%d|%d|%d|%s|%s", pCon1->m_iBegin, pCon1->m_iEnd,
+    // pCon2->m_iBegin, pCon2->m_iEnd, strBlockStatus1.c_str(),
+    // strBlockStatus2.c_str());
+    key = string(szTerm, szTerm + 6);
+  }
+  void InitializeConstReorderClassifierOutput() {
+    if (!b_order_feature_) return;
+    int size_block_status = dict_block_status_->max();
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < focused_consts_->focus_parents_.size(); i++) {
+      STreeItem* parent = focused_consts_->focus_parents_[i];
+
+      for (size_t j = 1; j < parent->m_vecChildren.size(); j++) {
+        for (size_t k = 1; k <= size_block_status; k++) {
+          for (size_t l = 1; l <= size_block_status; l++) {
+            ostringstream ostr;
+            GenerateFeature(parsed_tree_, parent, j,
+                            dict_block_status_->Convert(k),
+                            dict_block_status_->Convert(l), ostr);
+
+            string strKey;
+            GenerateKey(parent->m_vecChildren[j - 1], parent->m_vecChildren[j],
+                        k, l, strKey);
+
+            vector<double> vecOutput;
+            const_reorder_classifier_left_->fnEval(ostr.str().c_str(),
+                                                   vecOutput);
+            (*map_left_)[strKey] = vecOutput;
+
+            const_reorder_classifier_right_->fnEval(ostr.str().c_str(),
+                                                    vecOutput);
+            (*map_right_)[strKey] = vecOutput;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void InitializeSRLReorderClassifierOutput() {
+    if (!b_srl_order_feature_) return;
+    int size_block_status = dict_block_status_->max();
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < focused_srl_->focus_predicates_.size(); i++) {
+      const FocusedPredicate* pred = focused_srl_->focus_predicates_[i];
+
+      for (size_t j = 1; j < pred->vec_items_.size(); j++) {
+        for (size_t k = 1; k <= size_block_status; k++) {
+          for (size_t l = 1; l <= size_block_status; l++) {
+            ostringstream ostr;
+
+            SArgumentReorderModel::fnGenerateFeature(
+                parsed_tree_, pred->pred_, pred, j,
+                dict_block_status_->Convert(k), dict_block_status_->Convert(l),
+                ostr);
+
+            string strKey;
+            GenerateKey(pred->vec_items_[j - 1]->tree_item_,
+                        pred->vec_items_[j]->tree_item_, k, l, strKey);
+
+            vector<double> vecOutput;
+            srl_reorder_classifier_left_->fnEval(ostr.str().c_str(), vecOutput);
+            (*map_srl_left_)[strKey] = vecOutput;
+
+            srl_reorder_classifier_right_->fnEval(ostr.str().c_str(),
+                                                  vecOutput);
+            (*map_srl_right_)[strKey] = vecOutput;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  double CalculateConstReorderProb(
+      const Tsuruoka_Maxent* const_reorder_classifier, const MapClassifier* map,
+      const string& key, const string& outcome) {
+    MapClassifier::const_iterator iter = (*map).find(key);
+    assert(iter != map->end());
+    int id = const_reorder_classifier->fnGetClassId(outcome);
+    return iter->second[id];
+  }
+
+  void FreeSentenceVariables() {
+    if (srl_sentence_ != NULL) {
+      delete srl_sentence_;
+      srl_sentence_ = NULL;
+    } else {
+      if (parsed_tree_ != NULL) delete parsed_tree_;
+      parsed_tree_ = NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (focused_consts_ != NULL) delete focused_consts_;
+    focused_consts_ = NULL;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vec_target_tran_.size(); i++)
+      delete vec_target_tran_[i];
+    vec_target_tran_.clear();
+
+    if (map_left_ != NULL) delete map_left_;
+    map_left_ = NULL;
+    if (map_right_ != NULL) delete map_right_;
+    map_right_ = NULL;
+
+    if (map_srl_left_ != NULL) delete map_srl_left_;
+    map_srl_left_ = NULL;
+    if (map_srl_right_ != NULL) delete map_srl_right_;
+    map_srl_right_ = NULL;
+  }
+
+  void InitializeClassifier(const char* pszFname,
+                            Tsuruoka_Maxent** ppClassifier) {
+    (*ppClassifier) = new Tsuruoka_Maxent(pszFname);
+  }
+
+  void GenerateOutcome(const vector<int>& vecPos, vector<string>& vecOutcome) {
+    vecOutcome.clear();
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < vecPos.size(); i++) {
+      if (vecPos[i] == -1 || vecPos[i] == vecPos[i - 1]) {
+        vecOutcome.push_back("M");  // monotone
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (vecPos[i - 1] == -1) {
+        // vecPos[i] is not -1
+        size_t j = i - 2;
+        while (j > -1 && vecPos[j] == -1) j--;
+
+        size_t k;
+        for (k = 0; k < j; k++) {
+          if (vecPos[k] > vecPos[j] || vecPos[k] <= vecPos[i]) break;
+        }
+        if (k < j) {
+          vecOutcome.push_back("DM");
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        for (k = i + 1; k < vecPos.size(); k++)
+          if (vecPos[k] < vecPos[i] && (j == -1 && vecPos[k] >= vecPos[j]))
+            break;
+        if (k < vecPos.size()) {
+          vecOutcome.push_back("DM");
+          continue;
+        }
+        vecOutcome.push_back("M");
+      } else {
+        // neither of vecPos[i-1] and vecPos[i] is -1
+        if (vecPos[i - 1] < vecPos[i]) {
+          // monotone or discon't monotone
+          size_t j;
+          for (j = 0; j < i - 1; j++)
+            if (vecPos[j] > vecPos[i - 1] && vecPos[j] <= vecPos[i]) break;
+          if (j < i - 1) {
+            vecOutcome.push_back("DM");
+            continue;
+          }
+          for (j = i + 1; j < vecPos.size(); j++)
+            if (vecPos[j] >= vecPos[i - 1] && vecPos[j] < vecPos[i]) break;
+          if (j < vecPos.size()) {
+            vecOutcome.push_back("DM");
+            continue;
+          }
+          vecOutcome.push_back("M");
+        } else {
+          // swap or discon't swap
+          size_t j;
+          for (j = 0; j < i - 1; j++)
+            if (vecPos[j] > vecPos[i] && vecPos[j] <= vecPos[i - 1]) break;
+          if (j < i - 1) {
+            vecOutcome.push_back("DS");
+            continue;
+          }
+          for (j = i + 1; j < vecPos.size(); j++)
+            if (vecPos[j] >= vecPos[i] && vecPos[j] < vecPos[i - 1]) break;
+          if (j < vecPos.size()) {
+            vecOutcome.push_back("DS");
+            continue;
+          }
+          vecOutcome.push_back("S");
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    assert(vecOutcome.size() == vecPos.size() - 1);
+  }
+
+  void fnGetRelativePosition(const vector<int>& vecLeft,
+                             vector<int>& vecPosition) {
+    vecPosition.clear();
+
+    vector<float> vec;
+    vec.reserve(vecLeft.size());
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vecLeft.size(); i++) {
+      if (vecLeft[i] == -1) {
+        if (i == 0)
+          vec.push_back(-1);
+        else
+          vec.push_back(vecLeft[i - 1] + 0.1);
+      } else
+        vec.push_back(vecLeft[i]);
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vecLeft.size(); i++) {
+      int count = 0;
+
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < vecLeft.size(); j++) {
+        if (j == i) continue;
+        if (vec[j] < vec[i]) {
+          count++;
+        } else if (vec[j] == vec[i] && j < i) {
+          count++;
+        }
+      }
+      vecPosition.push_back(count);
+    }
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < vecPosition.size(); i++) {
+      if (vecPosition[i - 1] == vecPosition[i]) {
+        for (size_t j = 0; j < vecLeft.size(); j++) cout << vecLeft[j] << " ";
+        cout << "\n";
+        assert(false);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  inline void fnGetOutcome(int i1, int i2, string& strOutcome) {
+    assert(i1 != i2);
+    if (i1 < i2) {
+      if (i2 > i1 + 1)
+        strOutcome = string("DM");
+      else
+        strOutcome = string("M");
+    } else {
+      if (i1 > i2 + 1)
+        strOutcome = string("DS");
+      else
+        strOutcome = string("S");
+    }
+  }
+
+  // features in constituent_reorder_model.cc
+  void GenerateFeature(const SParsedTree* pTree, const STreeItem* pParent,
+                       int iPos, const string& strBlockStatus1,
+                       const string& strBlockStatus2, ostringstream& ostr) {
+    STreeItem* pCon1, *pCon2;
+    pCon1 = pParent->m_vecChildren[iPos - 1];
+    pCon2 = pParent->m_vecChildren[iPos];
+
+    string left_label = string(pCon1->m_pszTerm);
+    string right_label = string(pCon2->m_pszTerm);
+    string parent_label = string(pParent->m_pszTerm);
+
+    vector<string> vec_other_right_sibling;
+    for (int i = iPos + 1; i < pParent->m_vecChildren.size(); i++)
+      vec_other_right_sibling.push_back(
+          string(pParent->m_vecChildren[i]->m_pszTerm));
+    if (vec_other_right_sibling.size() == 0)
+      vec_other_right_sibling.push_back(string("NULL"));
+    vector<string> vec_other_left_sibling;
+    for (int i = 0; i < iPos - 1; i++)
+      vec_other_left_sibling.push_back(
+          string(pParent->m_vecChildren[i]->m_pszTerm));
+    if (vec_other_left_sibling.size() == 0)
+      vec_other_left_sibling.push_back(string("NULL"));
+
+    // generate features
+    // f1
+    ostr << "f1=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_" << parent_label;
+    // f2
+    for (int i = 0; i < vec_other_right_sibling.size(); i++)
+      ostr << " f2=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_" << parent_label
+           << "_" << vec_other_right_sibling[i];
+    // f3
+    for (int i = 0; i < vec_other_left_sibling.size(); i++)
+      ostr << " f3=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_" << parent_label
+           << "_" << vec_other_left_sibling[i];
+    // f4
+    ostr << " f4=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_"
+         << pTree->m_vecTerminals[pCon1->m_iHeadWord]->m_ptParent->m_pszTerm;
+    // f5
+    ostr << " f5=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_"
+         << pTree->m_vecTerminals[pCon1->m_iHeadWord]->m_pszTerm;
+    // f6
+    ostr << " f6=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_"
+         << pTree->m_vecTerminals[pCon2->m_iHeadWord]->m_ptParent->m_pszTerm;
+    // f7
+    ostr << " f7=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_"
+         << pTree->m_vecTerminals[pCon2->m_iHeadWord]->m_pszTerm;
+    // f8
+    ostr << " f8=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_"
+         << strBlockStatus1;
+    // f9
+    ostr << " f9=" << left_label << "_" << right_label << "_"
+         << strBlockStatus2;
+
+    // f10
+    ostr << " f10=" << left_label << "_" << parent_label;
+    // f11
+    ostr << " f11=" << right_label << "_" << parent_label;
+  }
+
+  SParsedTree* ReadParseTree(const std::string& parse_file) {
+    SParseReader* reader = new SParseReader(parse_file.c_str(), false);
+    SParsedTree* tree = reader->fnReadNextParseTree();
+    // assert(tree != NULL);
+    delete reader;
+    return tree;
+  }
+
+  SSrlSentence* ReadSRLSentence(const std::string& srl_file) {
+    SSrlSentenceReader* reader = new SSrlSentenceReader(srl_file.c_str());
+    SSrlSentence* srl = reader->fnReadNextSrlSentence();
+    // assert(srl != NULL);
+    delete reader;
+    return srl;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Tsuruoka_Maxent* const_reorder_classifier_left_;
+  Tsuruoka_Maxent* const_reorder_classifier_right_;
+
+  Tsuruoka_Maxent* srl_reorder_classifier_left_;
+  Tsuruoka_Maxent* srl_reorder_classifier_right_;
+
+  MapClassifier* map_left_;
+  MapClassifier* map_right_;
+
+  MapClassifier* map_srl_left_;
+  MapClassifier* map_srl_right_;
+
+  SParsedTree* parsed_tree_;
+  FocusedConstituent* focused_consts_;
+  vector<TargetTranslation*> vec_target_tran_;
+
+  bool b_order_feature_;
+  bool b_block_feature_;
+
+  bool b_srl_block_feature_;
+  bool b_srl_order_feature_;
+  SSrlSentence* srl_sentence_;
+  FocusedSRL* focused_srl_;
+
+  Dict* dict_block_status_;
+};
+
+ConstReorderFeature::ConstReorderFeature(const std::string& param) {
+  pimpl_ = new ConstReorderFeatureImpl(param);
+  SetStateSize(ConstReorderFeatureImpl::ReserveStateSize());
+  SetIgnoredStateSize(ConstReorderFeatureImpl::ReserveStateSize());
+  name_ = "ConstReorderFeature";
+}
+
+ConstReorderFeature::~ConstReorderFeature() {  // TODO
+  delete pimpl_;
+}
+
+void ConstReorderFeature::PrepareForInput(const SentenceMetadata& smeta) {
+  string parse_file = smeta.GetSGMLValue("parse");
+  if (parse_file.empty()) {
+    parse_file = smeta.GetSGMLValue("src_tree");
+  }
+  string srl_file = smeta.GetSGMLValue("srl");
+  assert(!(parse_file == "" && srl_file == ""));
+
+  pimpl_->InitializeInputSentence(parse_file, srl_file);
+}
+
+void ConstReorderFeature::TraversalFeaturesImpl(
+    const SentenceMetadata& /* smeta */, const Hypergraph::Edge& edge,
+    const vector<const void*>& ant_states, SparseVector<double>* features,
+    SparseVector<double>* /*estimated_features*/, void* state) const {
+  pimpl_->SetConstReorderFeature(edge, features, ant_states, state);
+}
+
+string ConstReorderFeature::usage(bool show_params, bool show_details) {
+  ostringstream out;
+  out << "ConstReorderFeature";
+  if (show_params) {
+    out << " model_file_prefix [const_block=1 const_order=1] [srl_block=0 "
+           "srl_order=0]"
+        << "\nParameters:\n"
+        << "  const_{block,order}: enable/disable constituency constraints.\n"
+        << "  src_{block,order}: enable/disable semantic role labeling "
+           "constraints.\n";
+  }
+  if (show_details) {
+    out << "\n"
+        << "Soft reordering constraint features from "
+           "http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1106. To train the classifers, "
+           "use utils/const_reorder_model_trainer for constituency reordering "
+           "constraints and utils/argument_reorder_model_trainer for semantic "
+           "role labeling reordering constraints.\n"
+        << "Input segments should provide path to parse tree (resp. SRL parse) "
+           "as \"parse\" (resp. \"srl\") properties.\n";
+  }
+  return out.str();
+}
+
+boost::shared_ptr<FeatureFunction> CreateConstReorderModel(
+    const std::string& param) {
+  ConstReorderFeature* ret = new ConstReorderFeature(param);
+  return boost::shared_ptr<FeatureFunction>(ret);
+}
diff --git a/decoder/ff_const_reorder.h b/decoder/ff_const_reorder.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a5be02d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/ff_const_reorder.h
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/*
+ * ff_const_reorder.h
+ *
+ *  Created on: Jul 11, 2013
+ *      Author: junhuili
+ */
+
+#ifndef FF_CONST_REORDER_H_
+#define FF_CONST_REORDER_H_
+
+#include "ff_factory.h"
+#include "ff.h"
+
+struct ConstReorderFeatureImpl;
+
+// Soft reordering constraint features from
+// http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P14-1106. To train the classifers,
+// use utils/const_reorder_model_trainer for constituency reordering
+// constraints and utils/argument_reorder_model_trainer for SRL
+// reordering constraints.
+//
+// Input segments should provide path to parse tree (resp. SRL parse)
+// as "parse" (resp. "srl") properties.
+class ConstReorderFeature : public FeatureFunction {
+ public:
+  ConstReorderFeature(const std::string& param);
+  ~ConstReorderFeature();
+  static std::string usage(bool param, bool verbose);
+
+ protected:
+  virtual void PrepareForInput(const SentenceMetadata& smeta);
+
+  virtual void TraversalFeaturesImpl(
+      const SentenceMetadata& smeta, const HG::Edge& edge,
+      const std::vector<const void*>& ant_contexts,
+      SparseVector<double>* features, SparseVector<double>* estimated_features,
+      void* out_context) const;
+
+ private:
+  ConstReorderFeatureImpl* pimpl_;
+};
+
+#endif /* FF_CONST_REORDER_H_ */
diff --git a/decoder/ff_const_reorder_common.h b/decoder/ff_const_reorder_common.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..755fd948
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/ff_const_reorder_common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,1348 @@
+#ifndef _FF_CONST_REORDER_COMMON_H
+#define _FF_CONST_REORDER_COMMON_H
+
+#include <string>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <string>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "maxent.h"
+#include "stringlib.h"
+
+namespace const_reorder {
+
+struct STreeItem {
+  STreeItem(const char *pszTerm) {
+    m_pszTerm = new char[strlen(pszTerm) + 1];
+    strcpy(m_pszTerm, pszTerm);
+
+    m_ptParent = NULL;
+    m_iBegin = -1;
+    m_iEnd = -1;
+    m_iHeadChild = -1;
+    m_iHeadWord = -1;
+    m_iBrotherIndex = -1;
+  }
+  ~STreeItem() {
+    delete[] m_pszTerm;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_vecChildren.size(); i++) delete m_vecChildren[i];
+  }
+  int fnAppend(STreeItem *ptChild) {
+    m_vecChildren.push_back(ptChild);
+    ptChild->m_iBrotherIndex = m_vecChildren.size() - 1;
+    ptChild->m_ptParent = this;
+    return m_vecChildren.size() - 1;
+  }
+  int fnGetChildrenNum() { return m_vecChildren.size(); }
+
+  bool fnIsPreTerminal(void) {
+    int I;
+    if (this == NULL || m_vecChildren.size() == 0) return false;
+
+    for (I = 0; I < m_vecChildren.size(); I++)
+      if (m_vecChildren[I]->m_vecChildren.size() > 0) return false;
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  char *m_pszTerm;
+
+  std::vector<STreeItem *> m_vecChildren;  // children items
+  STreeItem *m_ptParent;                   // the parent item
+
+  int m_iBegin;
+  int m_iEnd;           // the node span words[m_iBegin, m_iEnd]
+  int m_iHeadChild;     // the index of its head child
+  int m_iHeadWord;      // the index of its head word
+  int m_iBrotherIndex;  // the index in his brothers
+};
+
+struct SGetHeadWord {
+  typedef std::vector<std::string> CVectorStr;
+  SGetHeadWord() {}
+  ~SGetHeadWord() {}
+  int fnGetHeadWord(char *pszCFGLeft, CVectorStr vectRight) {
+    // 0 indicating from right to left while 1 indicating from left to right
+    char szaHeadLists[201] = "0";
+
+    /*  //head rules for Egnlish
+    if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "ADJP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0NNS 0QP 0NN 0$ 0ADVP 0JJ 0VBN 0VBG 0ADJP
+    0JJR 0NP 0JJS 0DT 0FW 0RBR 0RBS 0SBAR 0RB 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "ADVP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1RB 1RBR 1RBS 1FW 1ADVP 1TO 1CD 1JJR 1JJ 1IN
+    1NP 1JJS 1NN 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "CONJP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1CC 1RB 1IN 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "FRAG" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "INTJ" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "LST" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1LS 1: 1CLN 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "NAC" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0NN 0NNS 0NNP 0NNPS 0NP 0NAC 0EX 0$ 0CD 0QP
+    0PRP 0VBG 0JJ 0JJS 0JJR 0ADJP 0FW 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "PP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1IN 1TO 1VBG 1VBN 1RP 1FW 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "PRN" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "PRT" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1RP 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "QP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0$ 0IN 0NNS 0NN 0JJ 0RB 0DT 0CD 0NCD 0QP 0JJR
+    0JJS 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "RRC" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1VP 1NP 1ADVP 1ADJP 1PP 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "S" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0TO 0IN 0VP 0S 0SBAR 0ADJP 0UCP 0NP 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "SBAR" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0WHNP 0WHPP 0WHADVP 0WHADJP 0IN 0DT 0S 0SQ
+    0SINV 0SBAR 0FRAG 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "SBARQ" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0SQ 0S 0SINV 0SBARQ 0FRAG 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "SINV" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0VBZ 0VBD 0VBP 0VB 0MD 0VP 0S 0SINV 0ADJP 0NP
+    0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "SQ" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0VBZ 0VBD 0VBP 0VB 0MD 0VP 0SQ 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "UCP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "VP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0TO 0VBD 0VBN 0MD 0VBZ 0VB 0VBG 0VBP 0VP
+    0ADJP 0NN 0NNS 0NP 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "WHADJP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0CC 0WRB 0JJ 0ADJP 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "WHADVP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1CC 1WRB 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "WHNP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0WDT 0WP 0WP$ 0WHADJP 0WHPP 0WHNP 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "WHPP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1IN 1TO FW 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "NP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0NN NNP NNS NNPS NX POS JJR 0NP 0$ ADJP PRN
+    0CD 0JJ JJS RB QP 0" );
+    */
+
+    if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "ADJP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0ADJP JJ 0AD NN CS 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "ADVP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0ADVP AD 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "CLP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0CLP M 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "CP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0DEC SP 1ADVP CS 0CP IP 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "DNP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0DNP DEG 0DEC 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "DVP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0DVP DEV 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "DP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "1DP DT 1");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "FRAG") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0VV NR NN 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "INTJ") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0INTJ IJ 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "LST") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "1LST CD OD 1");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "IP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0IP VP 0VV 0");
+    // strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0VP 0VV 1IP 0" );
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "LCP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0LCP LC 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "NP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0NP NN NT NR QP 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "PP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "1PP P 1");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "PRN") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0 NP IP VP NT NR NN 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "QP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0QP CLP CD OD 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "VP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "1VP VA VC VE VV BA LB VCD VSB VRD VNV VCP 1");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "VCD") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0VCD VV VA VC VE 0");
+    if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "VRD") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0VRD VV VA VC VE 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "VSB") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0VSB VV VA VC VE 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "VCP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0VCP VV VA VC VE 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "VNV") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0VNV VV VA VC VE 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "VPT") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0VNV VV VA VC VE 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "UCP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "WHNP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "0WHNP NP NN NT NR QP 0");
+    else if (strcmp(pszCFGLeft, "WHPP") == 0)
+      strcpy(szaHeadLists, "1WHPP PP P 1");
+
+    /*  //head rules for GENIA corpus
+    if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "ADJP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0NNS 0QP 0NN 0$ 0ADVP 0JJ 0VBN 0VBG 0ADJP
+    0JJR 0NP 0JJS 0DT 0FW 0RBR 0RBS 0SBAR 0RB 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "ADVP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1RB 1RBR 1RBS 1FW 1ADVP 1TO 1CD 1JJR 1JJ 1IN
+    1NP 1JJS 1NN 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "CONJP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1CC 1RB 1IN 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "FRAG" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "INTJ" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "LST" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1LS 1: 1CLN 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "NAC" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0NN 0NNS 0NNP 0NNPS 0NP 0NAC 0EX 0$ 0CD 0QP
+    0PRP 0VBG 0JJ 0JJS 0JJR 0ADJP 0FW 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "PP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1IN 1TO 1VBG 1VBN 1RP 1FW 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "PRN" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "PRT" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1RP 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "QP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0$ 0IN 0NNS 0NN 0JJ 0RB 0DT 0CD 0NCD 0QP 0JJR
+    0JJS 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "RRC" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1VP 1NP 1ADVP 1ADJP 1PP 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "S" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0TO 0IN 0VP 0S 0SBAR 0ADJP 0UCP 0NP 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "SBAR" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0WHNP 0WHPP 0WHADVP 0WHADJP 0IN 0DT 0S 0SQ
+    0SINV 0SBAR 0FRAG 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "SBARQ" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0SQ 0S 0SINV 0SBARQ 0FRAG 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "SINV" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0VBZ 0VBD 0VBP 0VB 0MD 0VP 0S 0SINV 0ADJP 0NP
+    0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "SQ" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0VBZ 0VBD 0VBP 0VB 0MD 0VP 0SQ 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "UCP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "VP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0TO 0VBD 0VBN 0MD 0VBZ 0VB 0VBG 0VBP 0VP
+    0ADJP 0NN 0NNS 0NP 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "WHADJP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0CC 0WRB 0JJ 0ADJP 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "WHADVP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1CC 1WRB 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "WHNP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0WDT 0WP 0WP$ 0WHADJP 0WHPP 0WHNP 0" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "WHPP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "1IN 1TO FW 1" );
+    else if( strcmp( pszCFGLeft, "NP" ) == 0 )
+            strcpy( szaHeadLists, "0NN NNP NNS NNPS NX POS JJR 0NP 0$ ADJP PRN
+    0CD 0JJ JJS RB QP 0" );
+    */
+
+    return fnMyOwnHeadWordRule(szaHeadLists, vectRight);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  int fnMyOwnHeadWordRule(char *pszaHeadLists, CVectorStr vectRight) {
+    char szHeadList[201], *p;
+    char szTerm[101];
+    int J;
+
+    p = pszaHeadLists;
+
+    int iCountRight;
+
+    iCountRight = vectRight.size();
+
+    szHeadList[0] = '\0';
+    while (1) {
+      szTerm[0] = '\0';
+      sscanf(p, "%s", szTerm);
+      if (strlen(szHeadList) == 0) {
+        if (strcmp(szTerm, "0") == 0) {
+          return iCountRight - 1;
+        }
+        if (strcmp(szTerm, "1") == 0) {
+          return 0;
+        }
+
+        sprintf(szHeadList, "%c %s ", szTerm[0], szTerm + 1);
+        p = strstr(p, szTerm);
+        p += strlen(szTerm);
+      } else {
+        if ((szTerm[0] == '0') || (szTerm[0] == '1')) {
+          if (szHeadList[0] == '0') {
+            for (J = iCountRight - 1; J >= 0; J--) {
+              sprintf(szTerm, " %s ", vectRight.at(J).c_str());
+              if (strstr(szHeadList, szTerm) != NULL) return J;
+            }
+          } else {
+            for (J = 0; J < iCountRight; J++) {
+              sprintf(szTerm, " %s ", vectRight.at(J).c_str());
+              if (strstr(szHeadList, szTerm) != NULL) return J;
+            }
+          }
+
+          szHeadList[0] = '\0';
+        } else {
+          strcat(szHeadList, szTerm);
+          strcat(szHeadList, " ");
+
+          p = strstr(p, szTerm);
+          p += strlen(szTerm);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+};
+
+struct SParsedTree {
+  SParsedTree() { m_ptRoot = NULL; }
+  ~SParsedTree() {
+    if (m_ptRoot != NULL) delete m_ptRoot;
+  }
+  static SParsedTree *fnConvertFromString(const char *pszStr) {
+    if (strcmp(pszStr, "(())") == 0) return NULL;
+    SParsedTree *pTree = new SParsedTree();
+
+    std::vector<std::string> vecSyn;
+    fnReadSyntactic(pszStr, vecSyn);
+
+    int iLeft = 1, iRight = 1;  //# left/right parenthesis
+
+    STreeItem *pcurrent;
+
+    pTree->m_ptRoot = new STreeItem(vecSyn[1].c_str());
+
+    pcurrent = pTree->m_ptRoot;
+
+    for (size_t i = 2; i < vecSyn.size() - 1; i++) {
+      if (strcmp(vecSyn[i].c_str(), "(") == 0)
+        iLeft++;
+      else if (strcmp(vecSyn[i].c_str(), ")") == 0) {
+        iRight++;
+        if (pcurrent == NULL) {
+          // error
+          fprintf(stderr, "ERROR in ConvertFromString\n");
+          fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", pszStr);
+          return NULL;
+        }
+        pcurrent = pcurrent->m_ptParent;
+      } else {
+        STreeItem *ptNewItem = new STreeItem(vecSyn[i].c_str());
+        pcurrent->fnAppend(ptNewItem);
+        pcurrent = ptNewItem;
+
+        if (strcmp(vecSyn[i - 1].c_str(), "(") != 0 &&
+            strcmp(vecSyn[i - 1].c_str(), ")") != 0) {
+          pTree->m_vecTerminals.push_back(ptNewItem);
+          pcurrent = pcurrent->m_ptParent;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (iLeft != iRight) {
+      // error
+      fprintf(stderr, "the left and right parentheses are not matched!");
+      fprintf(stderr, "ERROR in ConvertFromString\n");
+      fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", pszStr);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return pTree;
+  }
+
+  int fnGetNumWord() { return m_vecTerminals.size(); }
+
+  void fnSetSpanInfo() {
+    int iNextNum = 0;
+    fnSuffixTraverseSetSpanInfo(m_ptRoot, iNextNum);
+  }
+
+  void fnSetHeadWord() {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_vecTerminals.size(); i++)
+      m_vecTerminals[i]->m_iHeadWord = i;
+    SGetHeadWord *pGetHeadWord = new SGetHeadWord();
+    fnSuffixTraverseSetHeadWord(m_ptRoot, pGetHeadWord);
+    delete pGetHeadWord;
+  }
+
+  STreeItem *fnFindNodeForSpan(int iLeft, int iRight, bool bLowest) {
+    STreeItem *pTreeItem = m_vecTerminals[iLeft];
+
+    while (pTreeItem->m_iEnd < iRight) {
+      pTreeItem = pTreeItem->m_ptParent;
+      if (pTreeItem == NULL) break;
+    }
+    if (pTreeItem == NULL) return NULL;
+    if (pTreeItem->m_iEnd > iRight) return NULL;
+
+    assert(pTreeItem->m_iEnd == iRight);
+    if (bLowest) return pTreeItem;
+
+    while (pTreeItem->m_ptParent != NULL &&
+           pTreeItem->m_ptParent->fnGetChildrenNum() == 1)
+      pTreeItem = pTreeItem->m_ptParent;
+
+    return pTreeItem;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void fnSuffixTraverseSetSpanInfo(STreeItem *ptItem, int &iNextNum) {
+    int I;
+    int iNumChildren = ptItem->fnGetChildrenNum();
+    for (I = 0; I < iNumChildren; I++)
+      fnSuffixTraverseSetSpanInfo(ptItem->m_vecChildren[I], iNextNum);
+
+    if (I == 0) {
+      ptItem->m_iBegin = iNextNum;
+      ptItem->m_iEnd = iNextNum++;
+    } else {
+      ptItem->m_iBegin = ptItem->m_vecChildren[0]->m_iBegin;
+      ptItem->m_iEnd = ptItem->m_vecChildren[I - 1]->m_iEnd;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void fnSuffixTraverseSetHeadWord(STreeItem *ptItem,
+                                   SGetHeadWord *pGetHeadWord) {
+    int I, iHeadchild;
+
+    if (ptItem->m_vecChildren.size() == 0) return;
+
+    for (I = 0; I < ptItem->m_vecChildren.size(); I++)
+      fnSuffixTraverseSetHeadWord(ptItem->m_vecChildren[I], pGetHeadWord);
+
+    std::vector<std::string> vecRight;
+
+    if (ptItem->m_vecChildren.size() == 1)
+      iHeadchild = 0;
+    else {
+      for (I = 0; I < ptItem->m_vecChildren.size(); I++)
+        vecRight.push_back(std::string(ptItem->m_vecChildren[I]->m_pszTerm));
+
+      iHeadchild = pGetHeadWord->fnGetHeadWord(ptItem->m_pszTerm, vecRight);
+    }
+
+    ptItem->m_iHeadChild = iHeadchild;
+    ptItem->m_iHeadWord = ptItem->m_vecChildren[iHeadchild]->m_iHeadWord;
+  }
+
+  static void fnReadSyntactic(const char *pszSyn,
+                              std::vector<std::string> &vec) {
+    char *p;
+    int I;
+
+    int iLeftNum, iRightNum;
+    char *pszTmp, *pszTerm;
+    pszTmp = new char[strlen(pszSyn)];
+    pszTerm = new char[strlen(pszSyn)];
+    pszTmp[0] = pszTerm[0] = '\0';
+
+    vec.clear();
+
+    char *pszLine;
+    pszLine = new char[strlen(pszSyn) + 1];
+    strcpy(pszLine, pszSyn);
+
+    char *pszLine2;
+
+    while (1) {
+      while ((strlen(pszLine) > 0) && (pszLine[strlen(pszLine) - 1] > 0) &&
+             (pszLine[strlen(pszLine) - 1] <= ' '))
+        pszLine[strlen(pszLine) - 1] = '\0';
+
+      if (strlen(pszLine) == 0) break;
+
+      // printf( "%s\n", pszLine );
+      pszLine2 = pszLine;
+      while (pszLine2[0] <= ' ') pszLine2++;
+      if (pszLine2[0] == '<') continue;
+
+      sscanf(pszLine2 + 1, "%s", pszTmp);
+
+      if (pszLine2[0] == '(') {
+        iLeftNum = 0;
+        iRightNum = 0;
+      }
+
+      p = pszLine2;
+      while (1) {
+        pszTerm[0] = '\0';
+        sscanf(p, "%s", pszTerm);
+
+        if (strlen(pszTerm) == 0) break;
+        p = strstr(p, pszTerm);
+        p += strlen(pszTerm);
+
+        if ((pszTerm[0] == '(') || (pszTerm[strlen(pszTerm) - 1] == ')')) {
+          if (pszTerm[0] == '(') {
+            vec.push_back(std::string("("));
+            iLeftNum++;
+
+            I = 1;
+            while (pszTerm[I] == '(' && pszTerm[I] != '\0') {
+              vec.push_back(std::string("("));
+              iLeftNum++;
+
+              I++;
+            }
+
+            if (strlen(pszTerm) > 1) vec.push_back(std::string(pszTerm + I));
+          } else {
+            char *pTmp;
+            pTmp = pszTerm + strlen(pszTerm) - 1;
+            while ((pTmp[0] == ')') && (pTmp >= pszTerm)) pTmp--;
+            pTmp[1] = '\0';
+
+            if (strlen(pszTerm) > 0) vec.push_back(std::string(pszTerm));
+            pTmp += 2;
+
+            for (I = 0; I <= (int)strlen(pTmp); I++) {
+              vec.push_back(std::string(")"));
+              iRightNum++;
+            }
+          }
+        } else {
+          char *q;
+          q = strchr(pszTerm, ')');
+          if (q != NULL) {
+            q[0] = '\0';
+            if (pszTerm[0] != '\0') vec.push_back(std::string(pszTerm));
+            vec.push_back(std::string(")"));
+            iRightNum++;
+
+            q++;
+            while (q[0] == ')') {
+              vec.push_back(std::string(")"));
+              q++;
+              iRightNum++;
+            }
+
+            while (q[0] == '(') {
+              vec.push_back(std::string("("));
+              q++;
+              iLeftNum++;
+            }
+
+            if (q[0] != '\0') vec.push_back(std::string(q));
+          } else
+            vec.push_back(std::string(pszTerm));
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (iLeftNum != iRightNum) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", pszSyn);
+        assert(iLeftNum == iRightNum);
+      }
+      /*if ( iLeftNum != iRightNum ) {
+              printf( "ERROR: left( and right ) is not matched, %d ( and %d
+      )\n", iLeftNum, iRightNum );
+              return;
+      }*/
+
+      if (vec.size() >= 2 && strcmp(vec[1].c_str(), "(") == 0) {
+        //( (IP..) )
+        std::vector<std::string>::iterator it;
+        it = vec.begin();
+        it++;
+        vec.insert(it, std::string("ROOT"));
+      }
+
+      break;
+    }
+
+    delete[] pszLine;
+    delete[] pszTmp;
+    delete[] pszTerm;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  STreeItem *m_ptRoot;
+  std::vector<STreeItem *> m_vecTerminals;  // the leaf nodes
+};
+
+struct SParseReader {
+  SParseReader(const char *pszParse_Fname, bool bFlattened = false)
+      : m_bFlattened(bFlattened) {
+    m_fpIn = fopen(pszParse_Fname, "r");
+    assert(m_fpIn != NULL);
+  }
+  ~SParseReader() {
+    if (m_fpIn != NULL) fclose(m_fpIn);
+  }
+
+  SParsedTree *fnReadNextParseTree() {
+    SParsedTree *pTree = NULL;
+    char *pszLine = new char[100001];
+    int iLen;
+
+    while (fnReadNextSentence(pszLine, &iLen) == true) {
+      if (iLen == 0) continue;
+
+      pTree = SParsedTree::fnConvertFromString(pszLine);
+      if (pTree == NULL) break;
+      if (m_bFlattened)
+        fnPostProcessingFlattenedParse(pTree);
+      else {
+        pTree->fnSetSpanInfo();
+        pTree->fnSetHeadWord();
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    delete[] pszLine;
+    return pTree;
+  }
+
+  SParsedTree *fnReadNextParseTreeWithProb(double *pProb) {
+    SParsedTree *pTree = NULL;
+    char *pszLine = new char[100001];
+    int iLen;
+
+    while (fnReadNextSentence(pszLine, &iLen) == true) {
+      if (iLen == 0) continue;
+
+      char *p = strchr(pszLine, ' ');
+      assert(p != NULL);
+      p[0] = '\0';
+      p++;
+      if (pProb) (*pProb) = atof(pszLine);
+
+      pTree = SParsedTree::fnConvertFromString(p);
+      if (m_bFlattened)
+        fnPostProcessingFlattenedParse(pTree);
+      else {
+        pTree->fnSetSpanInfo();
+        pTree->fnSetHeadWord();
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+
+    delete[] pszLine;
+    return pTree;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  /*
+   * since to the parse tree is a flattened tree, use the head mark to identify
+   * head info.
+   * the head node will be marked as "*XP*"
+   */
+  void fnSetParseTreeHeadInfo(SParsedTree *pTree) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < pTree->m_vecTerminals.size(); i++)
+      pTree->m_vecTerminals[i]->m_iHeadWord = i;
+    fnSuffixTraverseSetHeadWord(pTree->m_ptRoot);
+  }
+
+  void fnSuffixTraverseSetHeadWord(STreeItem *pTreeItem) {
+    if (pTreeItem->m_vecChildren.size() == 0) return;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < pTreeItem->m_vecChildren.size(); i++)
+      fnSuffixTraverseSetHeadWord(pTreeItem->m_vecChildren[i]);
+
+    std::vector<std::string> vecRight;
+
+    int iHeadchild;
+
+    if (pTreeItem->fnIsPreTerminal()) {
+      iHeadchild = 0;
+    } else {
+      size_t i;
+      for (i = 0; i < pTreeItem->m_vecChildren.size(); i++) {
+        char *p = pTreeItem->m_vecChildren[i]->m_pszTerm;
+        if (p[0] == '*' && p[strlen(p) - 1] == '*') {
+          iHeadchild = i;
+          p[strlen(p) - 1] = '\0';
+          std::string str = p + 1;
+          strcpy(p, str.c_str());  // erase the "*..*"
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      assert(i < pTreeItem->m_vecChildren.size());
+    }
+
+    pTreeItem->m_iHeadChild = iHeadchild;
+    pTreeItem->m_iHeadWord = pTreeItem->m_vecChildren[iHeadchild]->m_iHeadWord;
+  }
+  void fnPostProcessingFlattenedParse(SParsedTree *pTree) {
+    pTree->fnSetSpanInfo();
+    fnSetParseTreeHeadInfo(pTree);
+  }
+  bool fnReadNextSentence(char *pszLine, int *piLength) {
+    if (feof(m_fpIn) == true) return false;
+
+    int iLen;
+
+    pszLine[0] = '\0';
+
+    fgets(pszLine, 10001, m_fpIn);
+    iLen = strlen(pszLine);
+    while (iLen > 0 && pszLine[iLen - 1] > 0 && pszLine[iLen - 1] < 33) {
+      pszLine[iLen - 1] = '\0';
+      iLen--;
+    }
+
+    if (piLength != NULL) (*piLength) = iLen;
+
+    return true;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  FILE *m_fpIn;
+  const bool m_bFlattened;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Note:
+ *      m_vec_s_align.size() may not be equal to the length of source side
+ *sentence
+ *                           due to the last words may not be aligned
+ *
+ */
+struct SAlignment {
+  typedef std::vector<int> SingleAlign;
+  SAlignment(const char* pszAlign) { fnInitializeAlignment(pszAlign); }
+  ~SAlignment() {}
+
+  bool fnIsAligned(int i, bool s) const {
+    const std::vector<SingleAlign>* palign;
+    if (s == true)
+      palign = &m_vec_s_align;
+    else
+      palign = &m_vec_t_align;
+    if ((*palign)[i].size() == 0) return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * return true if [b, e] is aligned phrases on source side (if s==true) or on
+   * the target side (if s==false);
+   * return false, otherwise.
+   */
+  bool fnIsAlignedPhrase(int b, int e, bool s, int* pob, int* poe) const {
+    int ob, oe;  //[b, e] on the other side
+    if (s == true)
+      fnGetLeftRightMost(b, e, m_vec_s_align, ob, oe);
+    else
+      fnGetLeftRightMost(b, e, m_vec_t_align, ob, oe);
+
+    if (ob == -1) {
+      if (pob != NULL) (*pob) = -1;
+      if (poe != NULL) (*poe) = -1;
+      return false;  // no aligned word among [b, e]
+    }
+    if (pob != NULL) (*pob) = ob;
+    if (poe != NULL) (*poe) = oe;
+
+    int bb, be;  //[b, e] back given [ob, oe] on the other side
+    if (s == true)
+      fnGetLeftRightMost(ob, oe, m_vec_t_align, bb, be);
+    else
+      fnGetLeftRightMost(ob, oe, m_vec_s_align, bb, be);
+
+    if (bb < b || be > e) return false;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  bool fnIsAlignedTightPhrase(int b, int e, bool s, int* pob, int* poe) const {
+    const std::vector<SingleAlign>* palign;
+    if (s == true)
+      palign = &m_vec_s_align;
+    else
+      palign = &m_vec_t_align;
+
+    if ((*palign).size() <= e || (*palign)[b].size() == 0 ||
+        (*palign)[e].size() == 0)
+      return false;
+
+    return fnIsAlignedPhrase(b, e, s, pob, poe);
+  }
+
+  void fnGetLeftRightMost(int b, int e, bool s, int& ob, int& oe) const {
+    if (s == true)
+      fnGetLeftRightMost(b, e, m_vec_s_align, ob, oe);
+    else
+      fnGetLeftRightMost(b, e, m_vec_t_align, ob, oe);
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * look the translation of source[b, e] is continuous or not
+   * 1) return "Unaligned": if the source[b, e] is translated silently;
+   * 2) return "Con't": if none of target words in target[.., ..] is exclusively
+   * aligned to any word outside source[b, e]
+   * 3) return "Discon't": otherwise;
+   */
+  std::string fnIsContinuous(int b, int e) const {
+    int ob, oe;
+    fnGetLeftRightMost(b, e, true, ob, oe);
+    if (ob == -1) return "Unaligned";
+
+    for (int i = ob; i <= oe; i++) {
+      if (!fnIsAligned(i, false)) continue;
+      const SingleAlign& a = m_vec_t_align[i];
+      int j;
+      for (j = 0; j < a.size(); j++)
+        if (a[j] >= b && a[j] <= e) break;
+      if (j == a.size()) return "Discon't";
+    }
+    return "Con't";
+  }
+
+  const SingleAlign* fnGetSingleWordAlign(int i, bool s) const {
+    if (s == true) {
+      if (i >= m_vec_s_align.size()) return NULL;
+      return &(m_vec_s_align[i]);
+    } else {
+      if (i >= m_vec_t_align.size()) return NULL;
+      return &(m_vec_t_align[i]);
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  void fnGetLeftRightMost(int b, int e, const std::vector<SingleAlign>& align,
+                          int& ob, int& oe) const {
+    ob = oe = -1;
+    for (int i = b; i <= e && i < align.size(); i++) {
+      if (align[i].size() > 0) {
+        if (align[i][0] < ob || ob == -1) ob = align[i][0];
+        if (oe < align[i][align[i].size() - 1])
+          oe = align[i][align[i].size() - 1];
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  void fnInitializeAlignment(const char* pszAlign) {
+    m_vec_s_align.clear();
+    m_vec_t_align.clear();
+
+    std::vector<std::string> terms = SplitOnWhitespace(std::string(pszAlign));
+    int si, ti;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < terms.size(); i++) {
+      sscanf(terms[i].c_str(), "%d-%d", &si, &ti);
+
+      while (m_vec_s_align.size() <= si) {
+        SingleAlign sa;
+        m_vec_s_align.push_back(sa);
+      }
+      while (m_vec_t_align.size() <= ti) {
+        SingleAlign sa;
+        m_vec_t_align.push_back(sa);
+      }
+
+      m_vec_s_align[si].push_back(ti);
+      m_vec_t_align[ti].push_back(si);
+    }
+
+    // sort
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_vec_s_align.size(); i++) {
+      std::sort(m_vec_s_align[i].begin(), m_vec_s_align[i].end());
+    }
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_vec_t_align.size(); i++) {
+      std::sort(m_vec_t_align[i].begin(), m_vec_t_align[i].end());
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::vector<SingleAlign> m_vec_s_align;  // source side words' alignment
+  std::vector<SingleAlign> m_vec_t_align;  // target side words' alignment
+};
+
+struct SAlignmentReader {
+  SAlignmentReader(const char* pszFname) {
+    m_fpIn = fopen(pszFname, "r");
+    assert(m_fpIn != NULL);
+  }
+  ~SAlignmentReader() {
+    if (m_fpIn != NULL) fclose(m_fpIn);
+  }
+  SAlignment* fnReadNextAlignment() {
+    if (feof(m_fpIn) == true) return NULL;
+    char* pszLine = new char[100001];
+    pszLine[0] = '\0';
+    fgets(pszLine, 10001, m_fpIn);
+    int iLen = strlen(pszLine);
+    if (iLen == 0) return NULL;
+    while (iLen > 0 && pszLine[iLen - 1] > 0 && pszLine[iLen - 1] < 33) {
+      pszLine[iLen - 1] = '\0';
+      iLen--;
+    }
+    SAlignment* pAlign = new SAlignment(pszLine);
+    delete[] pszLine;
+    return pAlign;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  FILE* m_fpIn;
+};
+
+struct SArgument {
+  SArgument(const char* pszRole, int iBegin, int iEnd, float fProb) {
+    m_pszRole = new char[strlen(pszRole) + 1];
+    strcpy(m_pszRole, pszRole);
+    m_iBegin = iBegin;
+    m_iEnd = iEnd;
+    m_fProb = fProb;
+    m_pTreeItem = NULL;
+  }
+  ~SArgument() { delete[] m_pszRole; }
+
+  void fnSetTreeItem(STreeItem* pTreeItem) {
+    m_pTreeItem = pTreeItem;
+    if (m_pTreeItem != NULL && m_pTreeItem->m_iBegin != -1) {
+      assert(m_pTreeItem->m_iBegin == m_iBegin);
+      assert(m_pTreeItem->m_iEnd == m_iEnd);
+    }
+  }
+
+  char* m_pszRole;  // argument rule, e.g., ARG0, ARGM-TMP
+  int m_iBegin;
+  int m_iEnd;     // the span of the argument, [m_iBegin, m_iEnd]
+  float m_fProb;  // the probability of this role,
+  STreeItem* m_pTreeItem;
+};
+
+struct SPredicate {
+  SPredicate(const char* pszLemma, int iPosition) {
+    if (pszLemma != NULL) {
+      m_pszLemma = new char[strlen(pszLemma) + 1];
+      strcpy(m_pszLemma, pszLemma);
+    } else
+      m_pszLemma = NULL;
+    m_iPosition = iPosition;
+  }
+  ~SPredicate() {
+    if (m_pszLemma != NULL) delete[] m_pszLemma;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_vecArgt.size(); i++) delete m_vecArgt[i];
+  }
+  int fnAppend(const char* pszRole, int iBegin, int iEnd) {
+    SArgument* pArgt = new SArgument(pszRole, iBegin, iEnd, 1.0);
+    return fnAppend(pArgt);
+  }
+  int fnAppend(SArgument* pArgt) {
+    m_vecArgt.push_back(pArgt);
+    int iPosition = m_vecArgt.size() - 1;
+    return iPosition;
+  }
+
+  char* m_pszLemma;  // lemma of the predicate, for Chinese, it's always as same
+                     // as the predicate itself
+  int m_iPosition;   // the position in sentence
+  std::vector<SArgument*> m_vecArgt;  // arguments associated to the predicate
+};
+
+struct SSrlSentence {
+  SSrlSentence() { m_pTree = NULL; }
+  ~SSrlSentence() {
+    if (m_pTree != NULL) delete m_pTree;
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < m_vecPred.size(); i++) delete m_vecPred[i];
+  }
+  int fnAppend(const char* pszLemma, int iPosition) {
+    SPredicate* pPred = new SPredicate(pszLemma, iPosition);
+    return fnAppend(pPred);
+  }
+  int fnAppend(SPredicate* pPred) {
+    m_vecPred.push_back(pPred);
+    int iPosition = m_vecPred.size() - 1;
+    return iPosition;
+  }
+  int GetPredicateNum() { return m_vecPred.size(); }
+
+  SParsedTree* m_pTree;
+  std::vector<SPredicate*> m_vecPred;
+};
+
+struct SSrlSentenceReader {
+  SSrlSentenceReader(const char* pszSrlFname) {
+    m_fpIn = fopen(pszSrlFname, "r");
+    assert(m_fpIn != NULL);
+  }
+  ~SSrlSentenceReader() {
+    if (m_fpIn != NULL) fclose(m_fpIn);
+  }
+
+  inline void fnReplaceAll(std::string& str, const std::string& from,
+                           const std::string& to) {
+    size_t start_pos = 0;
+    while ((start_pos = str.find(from, start_pos)) != std::string::npos) {
+      str.replace(start_pos, from.length(), to);
+      start_pos += to.length();  // In case 'to' contains 'from', like replacing
+                                 // 'x' with 'yx'
+    }
+  }
+
+  // TODO: here only considers flat predicate-argument structure
+  //      i.e., no overlap among them
+  SSrlSentence* fnReadNextSrlSentence() {
+    std::vector<std::vector<std::string> > vecContent;
+    if (fnReadNextContent(vecContent) == false) return NULL;
+
+    SSrlSentence* pSrlSentence = new SSrlSentence();
+    int iSize = vecContent.size();
+    // put together syntactic text
+    std::ostringstream ostr;
+    for (int i = 0; i < iSize; i++) {
+      std::string strSynSeg =
+          vecContent[i][5];  // the 5th column is the syntactic segment
+      size_t iPosition = strSynSeg.find_first_of('*');
+      assert(iPosition != std::string::npos);
+      std::ostringstream ostrTmp;
+      ostrTmp << "(" << vecContent[i][2] << " " << vecContent[i][0]
+              << ")";  // the 2th column is POS-tag, and the 0th column is word
+      strSynSeg.replace(iPosition, 1, ostrTmp.str());
+      fnReplaceAll(strSynSeg, "(", " (");
+      ostr << strSynSeg;
+    }
+    std::string strSyn = ostr.str();
+    pSrlSentence->m_pTree = SParsedTree::fnConvertFromString(strSyn.c_str());
+    pSrlSentence->m_pTree->fnSetHeadWord();
+    pSrlSentence->m_pTree->fnSetSpanInfo();
+
+    // read predicate-argument structure
+    int iNumPred = vecContent[0].size() - 8;
+    for (int i = 0; i < iNumPred; i++) {
+      std::vector<std::string> vecRole;
+      std::vector<int> vecBegin;
+      std::vector<int> vecEnd;
+      int iPred = -1;
+      for (int j = 0; j < iSize; j++) {
+        const char* p = vecContent[j][i + 8].c_str();
+        const char* q;
+        if (p[0] == '(') {
+          // starting position of an argument(or predicate)
+          vecBegin.push_back(j);
+          q = strchr(p, '*');
+          assert(q != NULL);
+          vecRole.push_back(vecContent[j][i + 8].substr(1, q - p - 1));
+          if (vecRole.back().compare("V") == 0) {
+            assert(iPred == -1);
+            iPred = vecRole.size() - 1;
+          }
+        }
+        if (p[strlen(p) - 1] == ')') {
+          // end position of an argument(or predicate)
+          vecEnd.push_back(j);
+          assert(vecBegin.size() == vecEnd.size());
+        }
+      }
+      assert(iPred != -1);
+      SPredicate* pPred = new SPredicate(
+          pSrlSentence->m_pTree->m_vecTerminals[vecBegin[iPred]]->m_pszTerm,
+          vecBegin[iPred]);
+      pSrlSentence->fnAppend(pPred);
+      for (size_t j = 0; j < vecBegin.size(); j++) {
+        if (j == iPred) continue;
+        pPred->fnAppend(vecRole[j].c_str(), vecBegin[j], vecEnd[j]);
+        pPred->m_vecArgt.back()->fnSetTreeItem(
+            pSrlSentence->m_pTree->fnFindNodeForSpan(vecBegin[j], vecEnd[j],
+                                                     false));
+      }
+    }
+    return pSrlSentence;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  bool fnReadNextContent(std::vector<std::vector<std::string> >& vecContent) {
+    vecContent.clear();
+    if (feof(m_fpIn) == true) return false;
+    char* pszLine;
+    pszLine = new char[100001];
+    pszLine[0] = '\0';
+    int iLen;
+    while (!feof(m_fpIn)) {
+      fgets(pszLine, 10001, m_fpIn);
+      iLen = strlen(pszLine);
+      while (iLen > 0 && pszLine[iLen - 1] > 0 && pszLine[iLen - 1] < 33) {
+        pszLine[iLen - 1] = '\0';
+        iLen--;
+      }
+      if (iLen == 0) break;  // end of this sentence
+
+      std::vector<std::string> terms = SplitOnWhitespace(std::string(pszLine));
+      assert(terms.size() > 7);
+      vecContent.push_back(terms);
+    }
+    delete[] pszLine;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  FILE* m_fpIn;
+};
+
+typedef std::unordered_map<std::string, int> Map;
+typedef std::unordered_map<std::string, int>::iterator Iterator;
+
+struct Tsuruoka_Maxent {
+  Tsuruoka_Maxent(const char* pszModelFName) {
+    if (pszModelFName != NULL) {
+      m_pModel = new maxent::ME_Model();
+      m_pModel->load_from_file(pszModelFName);
+    } else
+      m_pModel = NULL;
+  }
+
+  ~Tsuruoka_Maxent() {
+    if (m_pModel != NULL) delete m_pModel;
+  }
+
+  void fnEval(const char* pszContext, std::vector<double>& vecOutput) const {
+    std::vector<std::string> vecContext;
+    maxent::ME_Sample* pmes = new maxent::ME_Sample();
+    SplitOnWhitespace(std::string(pszContext), &vecContext);
+
+    vecOutput.clear();
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vecContext.size(); i++)
+      pmes->add_feature(vecContext[i]);
+    std::vector<double> vecProb = m_pModel->classify(*pmes);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < vecProb.size(); i++) {
+      std::string label = m_pModel->get_class_label(i);
+      vecOutput.push_back(vecProb[i]);
+    }
+    delete pmes;
+  }
+  int fnGetClassId(const std::string& strLabel) const {
+    return m_pModel->get_class_id(strLabel);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  maxent::ME_Model* m_pModel;
+};
+
+// an argument item or a predicate item (the verb itself)
+struct SSRLItem {
+  SSRLItem(const STreeItem *tree_item, std::string role)
+      : tree_item_(tree_item), role_(role) {}
+  ~SSRLItem() {}
+  const STreeItem *tree_item_;
+  const std::string role_;
+};
+
+struct SPredicateItem {
+  SPredicateItem(const SParsedTree *tree, const SPredicate *pred)
+      : pred_(pred) {
+    vec_items_.reserve(pred->m_vecArgt.size() + 1);
+    for (int i = 0; i < pred->m_vecArgt.size(); i++) {
+      vec_items_.push_back(
+          new SSRLItem(pred->m_vecArgt[i]->m_pTreeItem,
+                       std::string(pred->m_vecArgt[i]->m_pszRole)));
+    }
+    vec_items_.push_back(
+        new SSRLItem(tree->m_vecTerminals[pred->m_iPosition]->m_ptParent,
+                     std::string("Pred")));
+    sort(vec_items_.begin(), vec_items_.end(), SortFunction);
+
+    begin_ = vec_items_[0]->tree_item_->m_iBegin;
+    end_ = vec_items_[vec_items_.size() - 1]->tree_item_->m_iEnd;
+  }
+
+  ~SPredicateItem() { vec_items_.clear(); }
+
+  static bool SortFunction(SSRLItem *i, SSRLItem *j) {
+    return (i->tree_item_->m_iBegin < j->tree_item_->m_iBegin);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<SSRLItem *> vec_items_;
+  int begin_;
+  int end_;
+  const SPredicate *pred_;
+};
+
+struct SArgumentReorderModel {
+ public:
+  static std::string fnGetBlockOutcome(int iBegin, int iEnd,
+                                       SAlignment *pAlign) {
+    return pAlign->fnIsContinuous(iBegin, iEnd);
+  }
+  static void fnGetReorderType(SPredicateItem *pPredItem, SAlignment *pAlign,
+                               std::vector<std::string> &vecStrLeftReorder,
+                               std::vector<std::string> &vecStrRightReorder) {
+    std::vector<int> vecLeft, vecRight;
+    for (int i = 0; i < pPredItem->vec_items_.size(); i++) {
+      const STreeItem *pCon1 = pPredItem->vec_items_[i]->tree_item_;
+      int iLeft1, iRight1;
+      pAlign->fnGetLeftRightMost(pCon1->m_iBegin, pCon1->m_iEnd, true, iLeft1,
+                                 iRight1);
+      vecLeft.push_back(iLeft1);
+      vecRight.push_back(iRight1);
+    }
+    std::vector<int> vecLeftPosition;
+    fnGetRelativePosition(vecLeft, vecLeftPosition);
+    std::vector<int> vecRightPosition;
+    fnGetRelativePosition(vecRight, vecRightPosition);
+
+    vecStrLeftReorder.clear();
+    vecStrRightReorder.clear();
+    for (int i = 1; i < vecLeftPosition.size(); i++) {
+      std::string strOutcome;
+      fnGetOutcome(vecLeftPosition[i - 1], vecLeftPosition[i], strOutcome);
+      vecStrLeftReorder.push_back(strOutcome);
+      fnGetOutcome(vecRightPosition[i - 1], vecRightPosition[i], strOutcome);
+      vecStrRightReorder.push_back(strOutcome);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * features:
+   * f1: (left_label, right_label, parent_label)
+   * f2: (left_label, right_label, parent_label, other_right_sibling_label)
+   * f3: (left_label, right_label, parent_label, other_left_sibling_label)
+   * f4: (left_label, right_label, left_head_pos)
+   * f5: (left_label, right_label, left_head_word)
+   * f6: (left_label, right_label, right_head_pos)
+   * f7: (left_label, right_label, right_head_word)
+   * f8: (left_label, right_label, left_chunk_status)
+   * f9: (left_label, right_label, right_chunk_status)
+   * f10: (left_label, parent_label)
+   * f11: (right_label, parent_label)
+   *
+   * f1: (left_role, right_role, predicate_term)
+   * f2: (left_role, right_role, predicate_term, other_right_role)
+   * f3: (left_role, right_role, predicate_term, other_left_role)
+   * f4: (left_role, right_role, left_head_pos)
+   * f5: (left_role, right_role, left_head_word)
+   * f6: (left_role, right_role, left_syntactic_label)
+   * f7: (left_role, right_role, right_head_pos)
+   * f8: (left_role, right_role, right_head_word)
+   * f8: (left_role, right_role, right_syntactic_label)
+   * f8: (left_role, right_role, left_chunk_status)
+   * f9: (left_role, right_role, right_chunk_status)
+   * f10: (left_role, right_role, left_chunk_status)
+   * f11: (left_role, right_role, right_chunk_status)
+   * f12: (left_label, parent_label)
+   * f13: (right_label, parent_label)
+   */
+  static void fnGenerateFeature(const SParsedTree *pTree,
+                                const SPredicate *pPred,
+                                const SPredicateItem *pPredItem, int iPos,
+                                const std::string &strBlock1,
+                                const std::string &strBlock2,
+                                std::ostringstream &ostr) {
+    SSRLItem *pSRLItem1 = pPredItem->vec_items_[iPos - 1];
+    SSRLItem *pSRLItem2 = pPredItem->vec_items_[iPos];
+    const STreeItem *pCon1 = pSRLItem1->tree_item_;
+    const STreeItem *pCon2 = pSRLItem2->tree_item_;
+
+    std::string left_role = pSRLItem1->role_;
+    std::string right_role = pSRLItem2->role_;
+
+    std::string predicate_term =
+        pTree->m_vecTerminals[pPred->m_iPosition]->m_pszTerm;
+
+    std::vector<std::string> vec_other_right_sibling;
+    for (int i = iPos + 1; i < pPredItem->vec_items_.size(); i++)
+      vec_other_right_sibling.push_back(
+          std::string(pPredItem->vec_items_[i]->role_));
+    if (vec_other_right_sibling.size() == 0)
+      vec_other_right_sibling.push_back(std::string("NULL"));
+
+    std::vector<std::string> vec_other_left_sibling;
+    for (int i = 0; i < iPos - 1; i++)
+      vec_other_right_sibling.push_back(
+          std::string(pPredItem->vec_items_[i]->role_));
+    if (vec_other_left_sibling.size() == 0)
+      vec_other_left_sibling.push_back(std::string("NULL"));
+
+    // generate features
+    // f1
+    ostr << "f1=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_" << predicate_term;
+    ostr << "f1=" << left_role << "_" << right_role;
+
+    // f2
+    for (int i = 0; i < vec_other_right_sibling.size(); i++) {
+      ostr << " f2=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_" << predicate_term
+           << "_" << vec_other_right_sibling[i];
+      ostr << " f2=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_"
+           << vec_other_right_sibling[i];
+    }
+    // f3
+    for (int i = 0; i < vec_other_left_sibling.size(); i++) {
+      ostr << " f3=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_" << predicate_term
+           << "_" << vec_other_left_sibling[i];
+      ostr << " f3=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_"
+           << vec_other_left_sibling[i];
+    }
+    // f4
+    ostr << " f4=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_"
+         << pTree->m_vecTerminals[pCon1->m_iHeadWord]->m_ptParent->m_pszTerm;
+    // f5
+    ostr << " f5=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_"
+         << pTree->m_vecTerminals[pCon1->m_iHeadWord]->m_pszTerm;
+    // f6
+    ostr << " f6=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_" << pCon2->m_pszTerm;
+    // f7
+    ostr << " f7=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_"
+         << pTree->m_vecTerminals[pCon2->m_iHeadWord]->m_ptParent->m_pszTerm;
+    // f8
+    ostr << " f8=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_"
+         << pTree->m_vecTerminals[pCon2->m_iHeadWord]->m_pszTerm;
+    // f9
+    ostr << " f9=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_" << pCon2->m_pszTerm;
+    // f10
+    ostr << " f10=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_" << strBlock1;
+    // f11
+    ostr << " f11=" << left_role << "_" << right_role << "_" << strBlock2;
+    // f12
+    ostr << " f12=" << left_role << "_" << predicate_term;
+    ostr << " f12=" << left_role;
+    // f13
+    ostr << " f13=" << right_role << "_" << predicate_term;
+    ostr << " f13=" << right_role;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static void fnGetOutcome(int i1, int i2, std::string &strOutcome) {
+    assert(i1 != i2);
+    if (i1 < i2) {
+      if (i2 > i1 + 1)
+        strOutcome = std::string("DM");
+      else
+        strOutcome = std::string("M");
+    } else {
+      if (i1 > i2 + 1)
+        strOutcome = std::string("DS");
+      else
+        strOutcome = std::string("S");
+    }
+  }
+
+  static void fnGetRelativePosition(const std::vector<int> &vecLeft,
+                                    std::vector<int> &vecPosition) {
+    vecPosition.clear();
+
+    std::vector<float> vec;
+    for (int i = 0; i < vecLeft.size(); i++) {
+      if (vecLeft[i] == -1) {
+        if (i == 0)
+          vec.push_back(-1);
+        else
+          vec.push_back(vecLeft[i - 1] + 0.1);
+      } else
+        vec.push_back(vecLeft[i]);
+    }
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < vecLeft.size(); i++) {
+      int count = 0;
+
+      for (int j = 0; j < vecLeft.size(); j++) {
+        if (j == i) continue;
+        if (vec[j] < vec[i]) {
+          count++;
+        } else if (vec[j] == vec[i] && j < i) {
+          count++;
+        }
+      }
+      vecPosition.push_back(count);
+    }
+  }
+};
+}  // namespace const_reorder
+
+#endif  // _FF_CONST_REORDER_COMMON_H