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+// utility.h
+//
+// (c) Mark Johnson, 24th January 2005
+//
+// modified 6th May 2002 to ensure write/read consistency, fixed 18th July 2002
+// modified 14th July 2002 to include insert() (generic inserter)
+// modified 26th September 2003 to use mapped_type instead of data_type
+// 25th August 2004 added istream >> const char*
+// 24th January 2005 added insert_newkey()
+//
+// Defines:
+// loop macros foreach, cforeach
+// dfind (default find function)
+// afind (find function that asserts key exists)
+// insert_newkey (inserts a new key into a map)
+// insert (generic inserter into standard data structures)
+// disjoint (set operation)
+// first_lessthan and second_lessthan (compares elements of pairs)
+//
+// Simplified interfaces to STL routines:
+//
+// includes (simplified interface)
+// set_intersection (simplified interface)
+// inserter (simplified interface)
+// max_element (simplified interface)
+// min_element (simplified interface)
+// hash functions for pairs, vectors, lists, slists and maps
+// input and output for pairs and vectors
+// resource_usage (interface improved)
+
+
+#ifndef UTILITY_H
+#define UTILITY_H
+
+#include <algorithm>
+// #include <boost/smart_ptr.hpp> // Comment out this line if boost is not used
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cctype>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <ext/slist>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <list>
+#include <map>
+#include <set>
+#include <string>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+#include <memory>
+
+#if (__GNUC__ > 3) || (__GNUC__ >= 3 && __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 1)
+#define EXT_NAMESPACE __gnu_cxx
+#else
+#define EXT_NAMESPACE std
+#endif
+
+namespace ext = EXT_NAMESPACE;
+
+inline float power(float x, float y) { return powf(x, y); }
+inline double power(double x, double y) { return pow(x, y); }
+inline long double power(long double x, long double y) { return powl(x, y); }
+
+typedef unsigned U;
+typedef long double F; // slower than double, but underflows less
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// //
+// Looping constructs //
+// //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// foreach is a simple loop construct
+//
+// STORE should be an STL container
+// TYPE is the typename of STORE
+// VAR will be defined as a local variable of type TYPE::iterator
+//
+#define foreach(TYPE, VAR, STORE) \
+ for (TYPE::iterator VAR = (STORE).begin(); VAR != (STORE).end(); ++VAR)
+
+// cforeach is just like foreach, except that VAR is a const_iterator
+//
+// STORE should be an STL container
+// TYPE is the typename of STORE
+// VAR will be defined as a local variable of type TYPE::const_iterator
+//
+#define cforeach(TYPE, VAR, STORE) \
+ for (TYPE::const_iterator VAR = (STORE).begin(); VAR != (STORE).end(); ++VAR)
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// //
+// Map searching //
+// //
+// dfind(map, key) returns the key's value in map, or map's default //
+// value if no such key exists (the default value is not inserted) //
+// //
+// afind(map, key) returns a reference to the key's value in map, and //
+// asserts that this value exists //
+// //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+// dfind(Map, Key) returns the value Map associates with Key, or the
+// Map's default value if no such Key exists
+//
+template <class Map, class Key>
+inline typename Map::mapped_type dfind(Map& m, const Key& k)
+{
+ typename Map::iterator i = m.find(k);
+ if (i == m.end())
+ return typename Map::mapped_type();
+ else
+ return i->second;
+}
+
+template <class Map, class Key>
+inline const typename Map::mapped_type dfind(const Map& m, const Key& k)
+{
+ typename Map::const_iterator i = m.find(k);
+ if (i == m.end())
+ return typename Map::mapped_type();
+ else
+ return i->second;
+}
+
+
+// afind(map, key) returns a reference to the value associated
+// with key in map. It uses assert to check that the key's value
+// is defined.
+//
+template <class Map, class Key>
+inline typename Map::mapped_type& afind(Map& m, const Key& k)
+{
+ typename Map::iterator i = m.find(k);
+ assert(i != m.end());
+ return i->second;
+}
+
+template <class Map, class Key>
+inline const typename Map::mapped_type& afind(const Map& m, const Key& k)
+{
+ typename Map::const_iterator i = m.find(k);
+ assert(i != m.end());
+ return i->second;
+}
+
+//! insert_newkey(map, key, value) checks that map does not contain
+//! key, and binds key to value.
+//
+template <class Map, class Key, class Value>
+inline typename Map::value_type&
+insert_newkey(Map& m, const Key& k,const Value& v)
+{
+ std::pair<typename Map::iterator, bool> itb
+ = m.insert(Map::value_type(k, v));
+ assert(itb.second);
+ return *(itb.first);
+} // insert_newkey()
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// //
+// Insert operations //
+// //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+
+template <typename T>
+void insert(std::list<T>& xs, const T& x) {
+ xs.push_back(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void insert(std::set<T>& xs, const T& x) {
+ xs.insert(x);
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+void insert(std::vector<T>& xs, const T& x) {
+ xs.push_back(x);
+}
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// //
+// Additional versions of standard algorithms //
+// //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+template <typename Set1, typename Set2>
+inline bool includes(const Set1& set1, const Set2& set2)
+{
+ return std::includes(set1.begin(), set1.end(), set2.begin(), set2.end());
+}
+
+template <typename Set1, typename Set2, typename Compare>
+inline bool includes(const Set1& set1, const Set2& set2, Compare comp)
+{
+ return std::includes(set1.begin(), set1.end(), set2.begin(), set2.end(), comp);
+}
+
+
+template <typename InputIter1, typename InputIter2>
+bool disjoint(InputIter1 first1, InputIter1 last1,
+ InputIter2 first2, InputIter2 last2)
+{
+ while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
+ if (*first1 < *first2)
+ ++first1;
+ else if (*first2 < *first1)
+ ++first2;
+ else // *first1 == *first2
+ return false;
+ return true;
+}
+
+template <typename InputIter1, typename InputIter2, typename Compare>
+bool disjoint(InputIter1 first1, InputIter1 last1,
+ InputIter2 first2, InputIter2 last2, Compare comp)
+{
+ while (first1 != last1 && first2 != last2)
+ if (comp(*first1, *first2))
+ ++first1;
+ else if (comp(*first2, *first1))
+ ++first2;
+ else // *first1 == *first2
+ return false;
+ return true;
+}
+
+template <typename Set1, typename Set2>
+inline bool disjoint(const Set1& set1, const Set2& set2)
+{
+ return disjoint(set1.begin(), set1.end(), set2.begin(), set2.end());
+}
+
+template <typename Set1, typename Set2, typename Compare>
+inline bool disjoint(const Set1& set1, const Set2& set2, Compare comp)
+{
+ return disjoint(set1.begin(), set1.end(), set2.begin(), set2.end(), comp);
+}
+
+
+template <typename Set1, typename Set2, typename OutputIterator>
+inline OutputIterator set_intersection(const Set1& set1, const Set2& set2,
+ OutputIterator result)
+{
+ return set_intersection(set1.begin(), set1.end(), set2.begin(), set2.end(), result);
+}
+
+template <typename Set1, typename Set2, typename OutputIterator, typename Compare>
+inline OutputIterator set_intersection(const Set1& set1, const Set2& set2,
+ OutputIterator result, Compare comp)
+{
+ return set_intersection(set1.begin(), set1.end(), set2.begin(), set2.end(), result, comp);
+}
+
+
+template <typename Container>
+inline std::insert_iterator<Container> inserter(Container& container)
+{
+ return std::inserter(container, container.begin());
+}
+
+// max_element
+//
+template <class Es> inline typename Es::iterator max_element(Es& es)
+{
+ return std::max_element(es.begin(), es.end());
+}
+
+template <class Es> inline typename Es::const_iterator max_element(const Es& es)
+{
+ return std::max_element(es.begin(), es.end());
+}
+
+template <class Es, class BinaryPredicate>
+inline typename Es::iterator max_element(Es& es, BinaryPredicate comp)
+{
+ return std::max_element(es.begin(), es.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class Es, class BinaryPredicate>
+inline typename Es::const_iterator max_element(const Es& es, BinaryPredicate comp)
+{
+ return std::max_element(es.begin(), es.end(), comp);
+}
+
+// min_element
+//
+template <class Es> inline typename Es::iterator min_element(Es& es)
+{
+ return std::min_element(es.begin(), es.end());
+}
+
+template <class Es> inline typename Es::const_iterator min_element(const Es& es)
+{
+ return std::min_element(es.begin(), es.end());
+}
+
+template <class Es, class BinaryPredicate>
+inline typename Es::iterator min_element(Es& es, BinaryPredicate comp)
+{
+ return std::min_element(es.begin(), es.end(), comp);
+}
+
+template <class Es, class BinaryPredicate>
+inline typename Es::const_iterator min_element(const Es& es, BinaryPredicate comp)
+{
+ return std::min_element(es.begin(), es.end(), comp);
+}
+
+// first_lessthan and second_lessthan
+//
+struct first_lessthan {
+ template <typename T1, typename T2>
+ bool operator() (const T1& e1, const T2& e2) {
+ return e1.first < e2.first;
+ }
+};
+
+struct second_lessthan {
+ template <typename T1, typename T2>
+ bool operator() (const T1& e1, const T2& e2) {
+ return e1.second < e2.second;
+ }
+};
+
+// first_greaterthan and second_greaterthan
+//
+struct first_greaterthan {
+ template <typename T1, typename T2>
+ bool operator() (const T1& e1, const T2& e2) {
+ return e1.first > e2.first;
+ }
+};
+
+struct second_greaterthan {
+ template <typename T1, typename T2>
+ bool operator() (const T1& e1, const T2& e2) {
+ return e1.second > e2.second;
+ }
+};
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// //
+// hash<> specializations //
+// //
+// These must be in namespace std. They permit the corresponding STL //
+// container to be used as a key in an STL hash table. //
+// //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+//namespace EXT_NAMESPACE {
+namespace std {
+ /*
+ // hash function for bool
+ //
+ template <> struct hash<bool>
+ {
+ size_t operator() (bool b) const
+ {
+ return b;
+ } // operator()
+ }; // hash<bool>{}
+
+ // hash function for double
+ //
+ template <> struct hash<double>
+ {
+ size_t operator() (double d) const
+ {
+ int exponent;
+ double fraction = frexp(d, &exponent);
+ return size_t(exponent) ^ size_t(1000000.0*(fabs(fraction-0.5)));
+ } // operator()
+ }; // hash<double>{}
+
+ // hash function for strings
+ //
+ template <> struct hash<std::string>
+ {
+ size_t operator()(const std::string& s) const
+ {
+ typedef std::string::const_iterator CI;
+
+ unsigned long h = 0;
+ unsigned long g;
+ CI p = s.begin();
+ CI end = s.end();
+
+ while (p!=end) {
+ h = (h << 4) + (*p++);
+ if ((g = h&0xf0000000)) {
+ h = h ^ (g >> 24);
+ h = h ^ g;
+ }}
+ return size_t(h);
+ } // operator()
+ }; // hash<string>{}
+
+*/
+ // hash function for arbitrary pairs
+ //
+ template<class T1, class T2> struct hash<std::pair<T1,T2> > {
+ size_t operator()(const std::pair<T1,T2>& p) const
+ {
+ size_t h1 = hash<T1>()(p.first);
+ size_t h2 = hash<T2>()(p.second);
+ return h1 ^ (h1 >> 1) ^ h2 ^ (h2 << 1);
+ }
+ };
+
+
+ // hash function for vectors
+ //
+ template<class T> struct hash<std::vector<T> >
+ { // This is the fn hashpjw of Aho, Sethi and Ullman, p 436.
+ size_t operator()(const std::vector<T>& s) const
+ {
+ typedef typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator CI;
+
+ unsigned long h = 0;
+ unsigned long g;
+ CI p = s.begin();
+ CI end = s.end();
+
+ while (p!=end) {
+ h = (h << 5) + hash<T>()(*p++);
+ if ((g = h&0xff000000)) {
+ h = h ^ (g >> 23);
+ h = h ^ g;
+ }}
+ return size_t(h);
+ }
+ };
+
+ // hash function for slists
+ //
+ template<class T> struct hash<ext::slist<T> >
+ { // This is the fn hashpjw of Aho, Sethi and Ullman, p 436.
+ size_t operator()(const ext::slist<T>& s) const
+ {
+ typedef typename ext::slist<T>::const_iterator CI;
+
+ unsigned long h = 0;
+ unsigned long g;
+ CI p = s.begin();
+ CI end = s.end();
+
+ while (p!=end) {
+ h = (h << 7) + hash<T>()(*p++);
+ if ((g = h&0xff000000)) {
+ h = h ^ (g >> 23);
+ h = h ^ g;
+ }}
+ return size_t(h);
+ }
+ };
+
+ // hash function for maps
+ //
+ template<typename T1, typename T2> struct hash<std::map<T1,T2> >
+ {
+ size_t operator()(const std::map<T1,T2>& m) const
+ {
+ typedef typename std::map<T1,T2> M;
+ typedef typename M::const_iterator CI;
+
+ unsigned long h = 0;
+ unsigned long g;
+ CI p = m.begin();
+ CI end = m.end();
+
+ while (p != end) {
+ h = (h << 11) + hash<typename M::value_type>()(*p++);
+ if ((g = h&0xff000000)) {
+ h = h ^ (g >> 23);
+ h = h ^ g;
+ }}
+ return size_t(h);
+ }
+ };
+
+} // namespace EXT_NAMESPACE
+
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// //
+// Write/Read code //
+// //
+// These routines should possess write/read invariance IF their elements //
+// also have write-read invariance. Whitespace, '(' and ')' are used as //
+// delimiters. //
+// //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+
+// Define istream >> const char* so that it consumes the characters from the
+// istream. Just as in scanf, a space consumes an arbitrary amount of whitespace.
+//
+inline std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, const char* cp)
+{
+ if (*cp == '\0')
+ return is;
+ else if (*cp == ' ') {
+ char c;
+ if (is.get(c)) {
+ if (isspace(c))
+ return is >> cp;
+ else {
+ is.unget();
+ return is >> (cp+1);
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit); // clear failbit
+ return is >> (cp+1);
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ char c;
+ if (is.get(c)) {
+ if (c == *cp)
+ return is >> (cp+1);
+ else {
+ is.unget();
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit);
+ }
+ }
+ return is;
+ }
+}
+
+
+// Write out an auto_ptr object just as you would write out the pointer object
+//
+template <typename T>
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const std::auto_ptr<T>& sp)
+{
+ return os << sp.get();
+}
+
+
+// Pairs
+//
+template <class T1, class T2>
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const std::pair<T1,T2>& p)
+{
+ return os << '(' << p.first << ' ' << p.second << ')';
+}
+
+template <class T1, class T2>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, std::pair<T1,T2>& p)
+{
+ char c;
+ if (is >> c) {
+ if (c == '(') {
+ if (is >> p.first >> p.second >> c && c == ')')
+ return is;
+ else
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit);
+ }
+ else
+ is.putback(c);
+ }
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit);
+ return is;
+}
+
+// Lists
+//
+template <class T>
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const std::list<T>& xs)
+{
+ os << '(';
+ for (typename std::list<T>::const_iterator xi = xs.begin(); xi != xs.end(); ++xi) {
+ if (xi != xs.begin())
+ os << ' ';
+ os << *xi;
+ }
+ return os << ')';
+}
+
+template <class T>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, std::list<T>& xs)
+{
+ char c; // This code avoids unnecessary copy
+ if (is >> c) { // read the initial '('
+ if (c == '(') {
+ xs.clear(); // clear the list
+ do {
+ xs.push_back(T()); // create a new elt in list
+ is >> xs.back(); // read element
+ }
+ while (is.good()); // read as long as possible
+ xs.pop_back(); // last read failed; pop last elt
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit); // clear failbit
+ if (is >> c && c == ')') // read terminating ')'
+ return is; // successful return
+ else
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit); // something went wrong, set badbit
+ }
+ else // c is not '('
+ is.putback(c); // put c back into input
+ }
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit); // read failed, set failbit
+ return is;
+}
+
+// Vectors
+//
+template <class T>
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const std::vector<T>& xs)
+{
+ os << '(';
+ for (typename std::vector<T>::const_iterator xi = xs.begin(); xi != xs.end(); ++xi) {
+ if (xi != xs.begin())
+ os << ' ';
+ os << *xi;
+ }
+ return os << ')';
+}
+
+template <class T>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, std::vector<T>& xs)
+{
+ char c; // This code avoids unnecessary copy
+ if (is >> c) { // read the initial '('
+ if (c == '(') {
+ xs.clear(); // clear the list
+ do {
+ xs.push_back(T()); // create a new elt in list
+ is >> xs.back(); // read element
+ }
+ while (is.good()); // read as long as possible
+ xs.pop_back(); // last read failed; pop last elt
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit); // clear failbit
+ if (is >> c && c == ')') // read terminating ')'
+ return is; // successful return
+ else
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit); // something went wrong, set badbit
+ }
+ else // c is not '('
+ is.putback(c); // put c back into input
+ }
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit); // read failed, set failbit
+ return is;
+}
+
+// Slists
+//
+template <class T>
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const ext::slist<T>& xs)
+{
+ os << '(';
+ for (typename ext::slist<T>::const_iterator xi = xs.begin(); xi != xs.end(); ++xi) {
+ if (xi != xs.begin())
+ os << ' ';
+ os << *xi;
+ }
+ return os << ')';
+}
+
+template <class T>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, ext::slist<T>& xs)
+{
+ char c;
+ if (is >> c) {
+ if (c == '(') {
+ xs.clear();
+ T e;
+ if (is >> e) {
+ xs.push_front(e);
+ typename ext::slist<T>::iterator xi = xs.begin();
+ while (is >> e)
+ xi = xs.insert_after(xi, e);
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit);
+ if (is >> c && c == ')')
+ return is;
+ else
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit);
+ }
+ else { // empty list
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit);
+ if (is >> c && c == ')')
+ return is;
+ else // didn't see closing ')'
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit);
+ }
+ }
+ else // didn't read '('
+ is.putback(c);
+ }
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit);
+ return is;
+}
+
+// Sets
+//
+template <class T>
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const std::set<T>& s)
+{
+ os << '(';
+ for (typename std::set<T>::const_iterator i = s.begin(); i != s.end(); ++i) {
+ if (i != s.begin())
+ os << ' ';
+ os << *i;
+ }
+ return os << ')';
+}
+
+template <class T>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, std::set<T>& s)
+{
+ char c;
+ if (is >> c) {
+ if (c == '(') {
+ s.clear();
+ T e;
+ while (is >> e)
+ s.insert(e);
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit);
+ if (is >> c && c == ')')
+ return is;
+ else
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit);
+ }
+ else
+ is.putback(c);
+ }
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit);
+ return is;
+}
+
+// Hash_sets
+//
+template <class T>
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const std::unordered_set<T>& s)
+{
+ os << '(';
+ for (typename std::unordered_set<T>::const_iterator i = s.begin(); i != s.end(); ++i) {
+ if (i != s.begin())
+ os << ' ';
+ os << *i;
+ }
+ return os << ')';
+}
+
+template <class T>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, std::unordered_set<T>& s)
+{
+ char c;
+ if (is >> c) {
+ if (c == '(') {
+ s.clear();
+ T e;
+ while (is >> e)
+ s.insert(e);
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit);
+ if (is >> c && c == ')')
+ return is;
+ else
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit);
+ }
+ else
+ is.putback(c);
+ }
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit);
+ return is;
+}
+
+
+// Maps
+//
+template <class Key, class Value>
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const std::map<Key,Value>& m)
+{
+ typedef std::map<Key,Value> M;
+ os << '(';
+ for (typename M::const_iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); ++it) {
+ if (it != m.begin())
+ os << ' ';
+ os << *it;
+ }
+ return os << ")";
+}
+
+template <class Key, class Value>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, std::map<Key,Value>& m)
+{
+ char c;
+ if (is >> c) {
+ if (c == '(') {
+ m.clear();
+ std::pair<Key,Value> e;
+ while (is >> e)
+ m.insert(e);
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit);
+ if (is >> c && c == ')')
+ return is;
+ else
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit);
+ }
+ else
+ is.putback(c);
+ }
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit);
+ return is;
+}
+
+// Hash_maps
+//
+template <class Key, class Value>
+std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const std::unordered_map<Key,Value>& m)
+{
+ typedef std::unordered_map<Key,Value> M;
+ os << '(';
+ for (typename M::const_iterator it = m.begin(); it != m.end(); ++it) {
+ if (it != m.begin())
+ os << ' ';
+ os << *it;
+ }
+ return os << ")";
+}
+
+template <class Key, class Value>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is, std::unordered_map<Key,Value>& m)
+{
+ char c;
+ if (is >> c) {
+ if (c == '(') {
+ m.clear();
+ std::pair<Key,Value> e;
+ while (is >> e)
+ m.insert(e);
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit);
+ if (is >> c && c == ')')
+ return is;
+ else
+ is.setstate(std::ios::badbit);
+ }
+ else
+ is.putback(c);
+ }
+ is.setstate(std::ios::failbit);
+ return is;
+}
+
+
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// //
+// Boost library additions //
+// //
+///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+
+#ifdef BOOST_SHARED_PTR_HPP_INCLUDED
+
+// enhancements to boost::shared_ptr so it can be used with hash
+//
+namespace std {
+ template <typename T> struct equal_to<boost::shared_ptr<T> >
+ : public binary_function<boost::shared_ptr<T>, boost::shared_ptr<T>, bool> {
+ bool operator() (const boost::shared_ptr<T>& p1, const boost::shared_ptr<T>& p2) const {
+ return equal_to<T*>()(p1.get(), p2.get());
+ }
+ };
+} // namespace std
+
+//namespace EXT_NAMESPACE {
+namespace std {
+ template <typename T> struct hash<boost::shared_ptr<T> > {
+ size_t operator() (const boost::shared_ptr<T>& a) const {
+ return hash<T*>()(a.get());
+ }
+ };
+} // namespace ext
+
+template <typename T>
+inline std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, const boost::shared_ptr<T>& sp)
+{
+ return os << sp.get();
+}
+
+#endif // BOOST_SHARED_PTR_HPP_INCLUDED
+
+struct resource_usage { };
+
+#ifndef __i386
+inline std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, resource_usage r)
+{
+ return os;
+}
+#else // Assume we are on a 586 linux
+inline std::ostream& operator<< (std::ostream& os, resource_usage r)
+{
+ FILE* fp = fopen("/proc/self/stat", "r");
+ assert(fp);
+ int utime;
+ int stime;
+ unsigned int vsize;
+ unsigned int rss;
+ int result =
+ fscanf(fp, "%*d %*s %*c %*d %*d %*d %*d %*d %*u %*u %*u %*u %*u %d %d %*d %*d %*d %*d"
+ "%*u %*u %*d %u %u", &utime, &stime, &vsize, &rss);
+ assert(result == 4);
+ fclose(fp);
+ // s << "utime = " << utime << ", stime = " << stime << ", vsize = " << vsize << ", rss = " << rss
+ ;
+ // return s << "utime = " << utime << ", vsize = " << vsize;
+ return os << "utime " << float(utime)/1.0e2 << "s, vsize "
+ << float(vsize)/1048576.0 << " Mb.";
+}
+#endif
+
+//! A default_value_type{} object is used to read an object from a stream,
+//! assigning a default value if the read fails. Users should not need to
+//! construct such objects, but should use default_value() instead.
+//
+template <typename object_type, typename default_type>
+struct default_value_type {
+ object_type& object;
+ const default_type defaultvalue;
+ default_value_type(object_type& object, const default_type defaultvalue)
+ : object(object), defaultvalue(defaultvalue) { }
+};
+
+//! default_value() is used to read an object from a stream, assigning a
+//! default value if the read fails. It returns a default_value_type{}
+//! object, which does the actual reading.
+//
+template <typename object_type, typename default_type>
+default_value_type<object_type,default_type>
+default_value(object_type& object, const default_type defaultvalue=default_type()) {
+ return default_value_type<object_type,default_type>(object, defaultvalue);
+}
+
+//! This version of operator>>() reads default_value_type{} from an input stream.
+//
+template <typename object_type, typename default_type>
+std::istream& operator>> (std::istream& is,
+ default_value_type<object_type, default_type> dv) {
+ if (is) {
+ if (is >> dv.object)
+ ;
+ else {
+ is.clear(is.rdstate() & ~std::ios::failbit); // clear failbit
+ dv.object = dv.defaultvalue;
+ }
+ }
+ return is;
+}
+
+// inline F random1() { return rand()/(RAND_MAX+1.0); }
+inline F random1() { return mt_genrand_res53(); }
+
+#endif // UTILITY_H
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