Merge remote-tracking branch 'upstream/master'

2 files changed, 4218 insertions, 4550 deletions

diff --git a/python/src/sa/_sa.c b/python/src/sa/_sa.c
index 20eecf38..15544970 100644
--- a/python/src/sa/_sa.c
+++ b/python/src/sa/_sa.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* Generated by Cython 0.17.1 on Fri Dec 28 02:41:30 2012 */
+/* Generated by Cython 0.17.1 on Mon Jan  7 22:31:38 2013 */
 
 #define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
 #include "Python.h"
@@ -360,7 +360,7 @@ static const char *__pyx_f[] = {
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_3_compute_stats;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr;
@@ -603,14 +603,14 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2086
- *         return rules
+/* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1992
  * 
- *     def new_rule(self, f_sym, e_sym, links):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         f = Phrase(f_sym)
- *         e = Phrase(e_sym)
+ *     # Create a rule from source, target, non-terminals, and alignments
+ *     def form_rule(self, f_i, e_i, f_span, e_span, nt, al):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *         # Substitute in non-terminals
  */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule {
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule {
   PyObject_HEAD
   PyObject *__pyx_v_links;
   struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self;
@@ -665,16 +665,16 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2089
+/* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2053
  *         f = Phrase(f_sym)
  *         e = Phrase(e_sym)
  *         a = tuple(self.alignment.link(i, j) for (i, j) in links)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         return (f, e, a)
+ *         return (f, e, a, lex_f_i, lex_f_j)
  * 
  */
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr {
   PyObject_HEAD
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *__pyx_outer_scope;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_i;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_j;
   PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
@@ -840,12 +840,14 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Precomputation {
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_add_instance {
   PyObject_HEAD
   PyObject *__pyx_v_al;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_al_span;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_cover;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_e_nt_cover;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_e_words;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_ef_span;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_extract;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_f_len;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_f_words;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_fe_span;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_rules;
   struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self;
 };
@@ -1008,9 +1010,9 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2092
- *         return (f, e, a)
+/* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2057
  * 
+ *     # Rule string from rule
  *     def fmt_rule(self, f, e, a):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         a_str = ' '.join('{0}-{1}'.format(*self.alignment.unlink(packed)) for packed in a)
  *         return '[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}'.format(f, e, a_str)
@@ -1022,8 +1024,8 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_fmt_rule {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2093
- * 
+/* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2058
+ *     # Rule string from rule
  *     def fmt_rule(self, f, e, a):
  *         a_str = ' '.join('{0}-{1}'.format(*self.alignment.unlink(packed)) for packed in a)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         return '[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}'.format(f, e, a_str)
@@ -2369,7 +2371,7 @@ static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_add_instance = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_fmt_rule = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_genexpr = 0;
@@ -2642,17 +2644,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda5(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self
 static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda4(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda6(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_x); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_22input(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_fwords, PyObject *__pyx_v_meta); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_12add_instance_extract(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_j, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_j, PyObject *__pyx_v_wc, PyObject *__pyx_v_links, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt_open); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_12add_instance_extract(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_j, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_j, PyObject *__pyx_v_min_bound, PyObject *__pyx_v_wc, PyObject *__pyx_v_links, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt_open); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_25add_instance(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_words, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_words, PyObject *__pyx_v_alignment); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda7(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_x, PyObject *__pyx_v_y); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_27form_rules(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_span, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_span, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt, PyObject *__pyx_v_al); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8new_rule_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_29new_rule(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_sym, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_sym, PyObject *__pyx_v_links); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda8(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_x, PyObject *__pyx_v_y); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_9form_rule_2genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_27form_rule(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_span, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_span, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt, PyObject *__pyx_v_al); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8fmt_rule_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_31fmt_rule(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f, PyObject *__pyx_v_e, PyObject *__pyx_v_a); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_33dump_online_stats(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_29fmt_rule(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f, PyObject *__pyx_v_e, PyObject *__pyx_v_a); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_31dump_online_stats(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_12span_check(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_vec, PyObject *__pyx_v_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_j); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_14span_flip(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_vec, PyObject *__pyx_v_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_j); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_14span_inc(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_vec, PyObject *__pyx_v_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_j); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_16span_dec(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_vec, PyObject *__pyx_v_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_j); /* proto */
 static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_13FeatureVector___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_13FeatureVector_2set(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self, unsigned int __pyx_v_name, float __pyx_v_value); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_13FeatureVector_4__iter__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
@@ -2762,7 +2765,7 @@ static char __pyx_k_137[] = "{0}-{1}";
 static char __pyx_k_138[] = "[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}";
 static char __pyx_k_139[] = "------------------------------";
 static char __pyx_k_141[] = "         Online Stats         ";
-static char __pyx_k_148[] = " : ";
+static char __pyx_k_145[] = " : ";
 static char __pyx_k_151[] = "%s=%s";
 static char __pyx_k_154[] = "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/_sa.pyx";
 static char __pyx_k_155[] = "cdec.sa";
@@ -2808,7 +2811,6 @@ static char __pyx_k__link[] = "link";
 static char __pyx_k__meta[] = "meta";
 static char __pyx_k__name[] = "name";
 static char __pyx_k__open[] = "open";
-static char __pyx_k__rule[] = "rule";
 static char __pyx_k__seek[] = "seek";
 static char __pyx_k__side[] = "side";
 static char __pyx_k__size[] = "size";
@@ -2821,9 +2823,7 @@ static char __pyx_k___SEP_[] = "_SEP_";
 static char __pyx_k__arity[] = "arity";
 static char __pyx_k__chain[] = "chain";
 static char __pyx_k__debug[] = "debug";
-static char __pyx_k__e_sym[] = "e_sym";
 static char __pyx_k__eword[] = "eword";
-static char __pyx_k__f_sym[] = "f_sym";
 static char __pyx_k__fword[] = "fword";
 static char __pyx_k__ifrom[] = "ifrom";
 static char __pyx_k__index[] = "index";
@@ -2905,19 +2905,20 @@ static char __pyx_k__get_f_id[] = "get_f_id";
 static char __pyx_k__get_word[] = "get_word";
 static char __pyx_k__getchunk[] = "getchunk";
 static char __pyx_k__min_dist[] = "min_dist";
-static char __pyx_k__new_rule[] = "new_rule";
 static char __pyx_k__resource[] = "resource";
 static char __pyx_k__ru_stime[] = "ru_stime";
 static char __pyx_k__ru_utime[] = "ru_utime";
 static char __pyx_k__shortest[] = "shortest";
+static char __pyx_k__span_dec[] = "span_dec";
+static char __pyx_k__span_inc[] = "span_inc";
 static char __pyx_k__word_ids[] = "word_ids";
 static char __pyx_k__Exception[] = "Exception";
 static char __pyx_k__INCREMENT[] = "INCREMENT";
 static char __pyx_k__TypeError[] = "TypeError";
 static char __pyx_k____enter__[] = "__enter__";
 static char __pyx_k__alignment[] = "alignment";
-static char __pyx_k__collision[] = "collision";
 static char __pyx_k__enumerate[] = "enumerate";
+static char __pyx_k__form_rule[] = "form_rule";
 static char __pyx_k__from_data[] = "from_data";
 static char __pyx_k__from_text[] = "from_text";
 static char __pyx_k__getLogger[] = "getLogger";
@@ -2925,15 +2926,14 @@ static char __pyx_k__getrusage[] = "getrusage";
 static char __pyx_k__increment[] = "increment";
 static char __pyx_k__iteritems[] = "iteritems";
 static char __pyx_k__itertools[] = "itertools";
+static char __pyx_k__min_bound[] = "min_bound";
 static char __pyx_k__paircount[] = "paircount";
 static char __pyx_k__partition[] = "partition";
 static char __pyx_k__reachable[] = "reachable";
 static char __pyx_k__read_text[] = "read_text";
-static char __pyx_k__span_flip[] = "span_flip";
 static char __pyx_k__use_index[] = "use_index";
 static char __pyx_k__IndexError[] = "IndexError";
 static char __pyx_k__alignments[] = "alignments";
-static char __pyx_k__form_rules[] = "form_rules";
 static char __pyx_k__from_stats[] = "from_stats";
 static char __pyx_k__input_span[] = "input_span";
 static char __pyx_k__itervalues[] = "itervalues";
@@ -2966,10 +2966,12 @@ static char __pyx_k__encode_words[] = "encode_words";
 static char __pyx_k__gzip_or_text[] = "gzip_or_text";
 static char __pyx_k__make_lattice[] = "make_lattice";
 static char __pyx_k__min_gap_size[] = "min_gap_size";
+static char __pyx_k__nt_collision[] = "nt_collision";
 static char __pyx_k__StopIteration[] = "StopIteration";
 static char __pyx_k__alphabet_size[] = "alphabet_size";
 static char __pyx_k__from_iterable[] = "from_iterable";
 static char __pyx_k__fsample_count[] = "fsample_count";
+static char __pyx_k__new_min_bound[] = "new_min_bound";
 static char __pyx_k__test_sentence[] = "test_sentence";
 static char __pyx_k__tight_phrases[] = "tight_phrases";
 static char __pyx_k__FeatureContext[] = "FeatureContext";
@@ -3032,7 +3034,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_138;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_139;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_14;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_141;
-static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_148;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_145;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_151;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_154;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_155;
@@ -3131,7 +3133,6 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__cmp;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__col;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__collect;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__collections;
-static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__collision;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__curr_idx;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__debug;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__decode_lattice;
@@ -3143,7 +3144,6 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_i;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_j;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_span;
-static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_sym;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_text;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_words;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__earray;
@@ -3160,14 +3160,13 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_i;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_j;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_span;
-static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_sym;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_text;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_words;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fcount;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fe;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__filename;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fmt_rule;
-static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__form_rules;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__form_rule;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__format;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fphrase;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__from_binary;
@@ -3234,15 +3233,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__max_target_chunks;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__max_target_length;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__merge;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__meta;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__min_bound;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__min_dist;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__min_gap_size;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__name;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__namedtuple;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_e_i;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_e_j;
-static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_rule;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_min_bound;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__next_states;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__nt;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__nt_collision;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__nt_open;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__num_subpatterns;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__offset;
@@ -3275,7 +3276,6 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__reset;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__resource;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__ru_stime;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__ru_utime;
-static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__rule;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__sa;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__sa_high;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__sa_low;
@@ -3294,7 +3294,8 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__skip;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__sorted;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__source;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__span_check;
-static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__span_flip;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__span_dec;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__span_inc;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__spanlen;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__split;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__start;
@@ -3390,9 +3391,9 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_140;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_142;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_143;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_144;
-static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_145;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_146;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_147;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_148;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_149;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_150;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_152;
@@ -3404,6 +3405,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_164;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_166;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_169;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_171;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_173;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_135;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_153;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_158;
@@ -3413,6 +3415,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_165;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_167;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_170;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_172;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_174;
 
 /* "_sa.pyx":5
  * import gzip
@@ -56865,6 +56868,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_12add_instance_1extract
   PyObject *__pyx_v_f_j = 0;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_e_i = 0;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_e_j = 0;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_min_bound = 0;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_wc = 0;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_links = 0;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_nt = 0;
@@ -56873,12 +56877,13 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_12add_instance_1extract
   __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("extract (wrapper)", 0);
   {
-    static PyObject **__pyx_pyargnames[] = {&__pyx_n_s__f_i,&__pyx_n_s__f_j,&__pyx_n_s__e_i,&__pyx_n_s__e_j,&__pyx_n_s__wc,&__pyx_n_s__links,&__pyx_n_s__nt,&__pyx_n_s__nt_open,0};
-    PyObject* values[8] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
+    static PyObject **__pyx_pyargnames[] = {&__pyx_n_s__f_i,&__pyx_n_s__f_j,&__pyx_n_s__e_i,&__pyx_n_s__e_j,&__pyx_n_s__min_bound,&__pyx_n_s__wc,&__pyx_n_s__links,&__pyx_n_s__nt,&__pyx_n_s__nt_open,0};
+    PyObject* values[9] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
     if (unlikely(__pyx_kwds)) {
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   p->__pyx_v_f_words = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
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+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_fe_span);
+  p->__pyx_v_fe_span = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_rules);
   p->__pyx_v_rules = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
@@ -75348,26 +75005,26 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_add_instance = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *)o);
   p->__pyx_v_links = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *)o;
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_links);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *)o;
   if (p->__pyx_v_links) {
     e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_links, a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -75377,8 +75034,8 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule(PyObject *o, vi
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_links);
   p->__pyx_v_links = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -75389,11 +75046,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -75451,7 +75108,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -75464,13 +75121,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -75491,12 +75148,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -75506,24 +75163,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -75533,7 +75190,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -75590,7 +75247,7 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
   struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope);
-  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_i);
   p->__pyx_v_i = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -76814,7 +76471,7 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_kp_s_139, __pyx_k_139, sizeof(__pyx_k_139), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_14, __pyx_k_14, sizeof(__pyx_k_14), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_141, __pyx_k_141, sizeof(__pyx_k_141), 0, 0, 1, 0},
-  {&__pyx_kp_s_148, __pyx_k_148, sizeof(__pyx_k_148), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_145, __pyx_k_145, sizeof(__pyx_k_145), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_151, __pyx_k_151, sizeof(__pyx_k_151), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_154, __pyx_k_154, sizeof(__pyx_k_154), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_155, __pyx_k_155, sizeof(__pyx_k_155), 0, 0, 1, 0},
@@ -76913,7 +76570,6 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__col, __pyx_k__col, sizeof(__pyx_k__col), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__collect, __pyx_k__collect, sizeof(__pyx_k__collect), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__collections, __pyx_k__collections, sizeof(__pyx_k__collections), 0, 0, 1, 1},
-  {&__pyx_n_s__collision, __pyx_k__collision, sizeof(__pyx_k__collision), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__curr_idx, __pyx_k__curr_idx, sizeof(__pyx_k__curr_idx), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__debug, __pyx_k__debug, sizeof(__pyx_k__debug), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__decode_lattice, __pyx_k__decode_lattice, sizeof(__pyx_k__decode_lattice), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -76925,7 +76581,6 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__e_i, __pyx_k__e_i, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_i), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__e_j, __pyx_k__e_j, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_j), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__e_span, __pyx_k__e_span, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_span), 0, 0, 1, 1},
-  {&__pyx_n_s__e_sym, __pyx_k__e_sym, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_sym), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__e_text, __pyx_k__e_text, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_text), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__e_words, __pyx_k__e_words, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_words), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__earray, __pyx_k__earray, sizeof(__pyx_k__earray), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -76942,14 +76597,13 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__f_i, __pyx_k__f_i, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_i), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__f_j, __pyx_k__f_j, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_j), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__f_span, __pyx_k__f_span, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_span), 0, 0, 1, 1},
-  {&__pyx_n_s__f_sym, __pyx_k__f_sym, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_sym), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__f_text, __pyx_k__f_text, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_text), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__f_words, __pyx_k__f_words, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_words), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__fcount, __pyx_k__fcount, sizeof(__pyx_k__fcount), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__fe, __pyx_k__fe, sizeof(__pyx_k__fe), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__filename, __pyx_k__filename, sizeof(__pyx_k__filename), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__fmt_rule, __pyx_k__fmt_rule, sizeof(__pyx_k__fmt_rule), 0, 0, 1, 1},
-  {&__pyx_n_s__form_rules, __pyx_k__form_rules, sizeof(__pyx_k__form_rules), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__form_rule, __pyx_k__form_rule, sizeof(__pyx_k__form_rule), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__format, __pyx_k__format, sizeof(__pyx_k__format), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__fphrase, __pyx_k__fphrase, sizeof(__pyx_k__fphrase), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__from_binary, __pyx_k__from_binary, sizeof(__pyx_k__from_binary), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -77016,15 +76670,17 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__max_target_length, __pyx_k__max_target_length, sizeof(__pyx_k__max_target_length), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__merge, __pyx_k__merge, sizeof(__pyx_k__merge), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__meta, __pyx_k__meta, sizeof(__pyx_k__meta), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__min_bound, __pyx_k__min_bound, sizeof(__pyx_k__min_bound), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__min_dist, __pyx_k__min_dist, sizeof(__pyx_k__min_dist), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__min_gap_size, __pyx_k__min_gap_size, sizeof(__pyx_k__min_gap_size), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__name, __pyx_k__name, sizeof(__pyx_k__name), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__namedtuple, __pyx_k__namedtuple, sizeof(__pyx_k__namedtuple), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__new_e_i, __pyx_k__new_e_i, sizeof(__pyx_k__new_e_i), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__new_e_j, __pyx_k__new_e_j, sizeof(__pyx_k__new_e_j), 0, 0, 1, 1},
-  {&__pyx_n_s__new_rule, __pyx_k__new_rule, sizeof(__pyx_k__new_rule), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__new_min_bound, __pyx_k__new_min_bound, sizeof(__pyx_k__new_min_bound), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__next_states, __pyx_k__next_states, sizeof(__pyx_k__next_states), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__nt, __pyx_k__nt, sizeof(__pyx_k__nt), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__nt_collision, __pyx_k__nt_collision, sizeof(__pyx_k__nt_collision), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__nt_open, __pyx_k__nt_open, sizeof(__pyx_k__nt_open), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__num_subpatterns, __pyx_k__num_subpatterns, sizeof(__pyx_k__num_subpatterns), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__offset, __pyx_k__offset, sizeof(__pyx_k__offset), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -77057,7 +76713,6 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__resource, __pyx_k__resource, sizeof(__pyx_k__resource), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__ru_stime, __pyx_k__ru_stime, sizeof(__pyx_k__ru_stime), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__ru_utime, __pyx_k__ru_utime, sizeof(__pyx_k__ru_utime), 0, 0, 1, 1},
-  {&__pyx_n_s__rule, __pyx_k__rule, sizeof(__pyx_k__rule), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__sa, __pyx_k__sa, sizeof(__pyx_k__sa), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__sa_high, __pyx_k__sa_high, sizeof(__pyx_k__sa_high), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__sa_low, __pyx_k__sa_low, sizeof(__pyx_k__sa_low), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -77076,7 +76731,8 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__sorted, __pyx_k__sorted, sizeof(__pyx_k__sorted), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__source, __pyx_k__source, sizeof(__pyx_k__source), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__span_check, __pyx_k__span_check, sizeof(__pyx_k__span_check), 0, 0, 1, 1},
-  {&__pyx_n_s__span_flip, __pyx_k__span_flip, sizeof(__pyx_k__span_flip), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__span_dec, __pyx_k__span_dec, sizeof(__pyx_k__span_dec), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__span_inc, __pyx_k__span_inc, sizeof(__pyx_k__span_inc), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__spanlen, __pyx_k__spanlen, sizeof(__pyx_k__spanlen), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__split, __pyx_k__split, sizeof(__pyx_k__split), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__start, __pyx_k__start, sizeof(__pyx_k__start), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -77883,14 +77539,14 @@ static int __Pyx_InitCachedConstants(void) {
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_121));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_122));
 
-  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1850
- *         # Extract all possible hierarchical phrases starting at a source index
+  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1861
  *         # f_ i and j are current, e_ i and j are previous
- *         def extract(f_i, f_j, e_i, e_j, wc, links, nt, nt_open):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         # We care _considering_ f_j, so it is not yet in counts
+ *         def extract(f_i, f_j, e_i, e_j, min_bound, wc, links, nt, nt_open):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             # Phrase extraction limits
- *             if wc + len(nt) > self.max_length or (f_j + 1) > f_len or \
+ *             if f_j > (f_len - 1) or (f_j - f_i) + 1 > self.max_initial_size:
  */
-  __pyx_k_tuple_134 = PyTuple_New(17); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_tuple_134)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1850; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_k_tuple_134 = PyTuple_New(19); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_tuple_134)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1861; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_k_tuple_134);
   __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__f_i));
   PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__f_i));
@@ -77904,172 +77560,178 @@ static int __Pyx_InitCachedConstants(void) {
   __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__e_j));
   PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 3, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__e_j));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__e_j));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__min_bound));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__min_bound));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__min_bound));
   __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__wc));
-  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__wc));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__wc));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__wc));
   __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__links));
-  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__links));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 6, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__links));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__links));
   __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__nt));
-  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 6, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__nt));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_134, 7, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__nt));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__nt));
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  *         logger.info('         Online Stats         ')
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+  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2079
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+  __pyx_k_codeobj_170 = (PyObject*)__Pyx_PyCode_New(3, 0, 4, 0, 0, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_k_tuple_169, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_136, __pyx_n_s__span_check, 2088, __pyx_empty_bytes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_codeobj_170)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2088; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
 
-  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2132
+  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2096
  *     return True
  * 
- * def span_flip(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * def span_inc(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     k = i
  *     while k <= j:
  */
-  __pyx_k_tuple_171 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_tuple_171)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2132; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_k_tuple_171 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_tuple_171)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2096; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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   PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_171, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__vec));
@@ -78260,7 +77922,31 @@ static int __Pyx_InitCachedConstants(void) {
   PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_171, 3, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__k));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__k));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_171));
-  __pyx_k_codeobj_172 = (PyObject*)__Pyx_PyCode_New(3, 0, 4, 0, 0, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_k_tuple_171, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_136, __pyx_n_s__span_flip, 2132, __pyx_empty_bytes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_codeobj_172)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2132; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_k_codeobj_172 = (PyObject*)__Pyx_PyCode_New(3, 0, 4, 0, 0, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_k_tuple_171, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_136, __pyx_n_s__span_inc, 2096, __pyx_empty_bytes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_codeobj_172)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2096; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+
+  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2102
+ *         k += 1
+ * 
+ * def span_dec(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     k = i
+ *     while k <= j:
+ */
+  __pyx_k_tuple_173 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_tuple_173)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2102; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_k_tuple_173);
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__vec));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_173, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__vec));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__vec));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__i));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_173, 1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__i));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__i));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__j));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_173, 2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__j));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__j));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__k));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_k_tuple_173, 3, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__k));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__k));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_173));
+  __pyx_k_codeobj_174 = (PyObject*)__Pyx_PyCode_New(3, 0, 4, 0, 0, __pyx_empty_bytes, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_k_tuple_173, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_empty_tuple, __pyx_kp_s_136, __pyx_n_s__span_dec, 2102, __pyx_empty_bytes); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_codeobj_174)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2102; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext();
   return 0;
   __pyx_L1_error:;
@@ -78568,13 +78254,13 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input;
   if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_add_instance) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1829; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_add_instance = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_add_instance;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2086; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_new_rule;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2089; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1992; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_form_rule;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2053; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_genexpr;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_fmt_rule) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2092; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_fmt_rule) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2057; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_fmt_rule = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_fmt_rule;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2093; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2058; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_genexpr;
   if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25___iter__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25___iter__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25___iter__;
@@ -78972,28 +78658,40 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2124
+  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2088
+ * 
  * # Spans are _inclusive_ on both ends [i, j]
- * # Could be more efficient but probably not a bottleneck
  * def span_check(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     k = i
  *     while k <= j:
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_13span_check, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2124; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_13span_check, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2088; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__span_check, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2124; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__span_check, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2088; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2132
+  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2096
  *     return True
  * 
- * def span_flip(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * def span_inc(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     k = i
+ *     while k <= j:
+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_15span_inc, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2096; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__span_inc, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2096; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+  /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2102
+ *         k += 1
+ * 
+ * def span_dec(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     k = i
  *     while k <= j:
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_15span_flip, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2132; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_17span_dec, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2102; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__span_flip, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2132; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__span_dec, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2102; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
   /* "/home/m/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":1
diff --git a/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi b/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi
index c26f5c43..b10d25dd 100644
--- a/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi
+++ b/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi
@@ -1829,6 +1829,10 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
     def add_instance(self, f_words, e_words, alignment):
 
         # Rules extracted from this instance
+        # Track span of lexical items (terminals) to make
+        # sure we don't extract the same rule for the same
+        # span more than once.
+        # (f, e, al, lex_f_i, lex_f_j)
         rules = set()
 
         f_len = len(f_words)
@@ -1836,85 +1840,85 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
 
         # Pre-compute alignment info
         al = [[] for i in range(f_len)]
-        al_span = [[f_len + 1, -1] for i in range(f_len)]
+        fe_span = [[e_len + 1, -1] for i in range(f_len)]
+        ef_span = [[f_len + 1, -1] for i in range(e_len)]
         for (f, e) in alignment:
             al[f].append(e)
-            al_span[f][0] = min(al_span[f][0], e)
-            al_span[f][1] = max(al_span[f][1], e)
+            fe_span[f][0] = min(fe_span[f][0], e)
+            fe_span[f][1] = max(fe_span[f][1], e)
+            ef_span[e][0] = min(ef_span[e][0], f)
+            ef_span[e][1] = max(ef_span[e][1], f)
 
         # Target side word coverage
         cover = [0] * e_len
-
+        # Non-terminal coverage
+        f_nt_cover = [0] * f_len
+        e_nt_cover = [0] * e_len
+        
         # Extract all possible hierarchical phrases starting at a source index
         # f_ i and j are current, e_ i and j are previous
-        def extract(f_i, f_j, e_i, e_j, wc, links, nt, nt_open):
+        # We care _considering_ f_j, so it is not yet in counts
+        def extract(f_i, f_j, e_i, e_j, min_bound, wc, links, nt, nt_open):
             # Phrase extraction limits
-            if wc + len(nt) > self.max_length or (f_j + 1) > f_len or \
-                    (f_j - f_i) + 1 > self.max_initial_size:
+            if f_j > (f_len - 1) or (f_j - f_i) + 1 > self.max_initial_size:
                 return
             # Unaligned word
             if not al[f_j]:
-                # Open non-terminal: extend
-                if nt_open:
+                # Adjacent to non-terminal: extend (non-terminal now open)
+                if nt and nt[-1][2] == f_j - 1:
                     nt[-1][2] += 1
-                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, e_i, e_j, wc, links, nt, True)
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, e_i, e_j, min_bound, wc, links, nt, True)
                     nt[-1][2] -= 1
-                # No open non-terminal: extend with word
-                else:
-                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, e_i, e_j, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
+                # Unless non-terminal already open, always extend with word
+                # Make sure adding a word doesn't exceed length
+                if not nt_open and wc < self.max_length:
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, e_i, e_j, min_bound, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
                 return
             # Aligned word
-            link_i = al_span[f_j][0]
-            link_j = al_span[f_j][1]
+            link_i = fe_span[f_j][0]
+            link_j = fe_span[f_j][1]
             new_e_i = min(link_i, e_i)
             new_e_j = max(link_j, e_j)
-            # Open non-terminal: close, extract, extend
-            if nt_open:
-                # Close non-terminal, checking for collisions
-                old_last_nt = nt[-1][:]
-                nt[-1][2] = f_j
-                if link_i < nt[-1][3]:
-                    if not span_check(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1):
-                        nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+            # Check reverse links of newly covered words to see if they violate left
+            # bound (return) or extend minimum right bound for chunk
+            new_min_bound = min_bound
+            # First aligned word creates span
+            if e_j == -1: 
+                for i from new_e_i <= i <= new_e_j:
+                    if ef_span[i][0] < f_i:
                         return
-                    span_flip(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
-                    nt[-1][3] = link_i
-                if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
-                    if not span_check(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j):
-                        nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                    new_min_bound = max(new_min_bound, ef_span[i][1])
+            # Other aligned words extend span
+            else:
+                for i from new_e_i <= i < e_i:
+                    if ef_span[i][0] < f_i:
                         return
-                    span_flip(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
-                    nt[-1][4] = link_j
-                for rule in self.form_rules(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links):
-                    rules.add(rule)
-                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, wc, links, nt, False)
-                nt[-1] = old_last_nt
-                if link_i < nt[-1][3]:
-                    span_flip(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
-                if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
-                    span_flip(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
-                return
-            # No open non-terminal
-            # Extract, extend with word
-            collision = False
-            for link in al[f_j]:
-                if cover[link]:
-                    collision = True
-            # Collisions block extraction and extension, but may be okay for
-            # continuing non-terminals
-            if not collision:
-                plus_links = []
-                for link in al[f_j]:
-                    plus_links.append((f_j, link))
-                    cover[link] = ~cover[link]
-                links.append(plus_links)
-                for rule in self.form_rules(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links):
-                    rules.add(rule)
-                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
-                links.pop()
+                    new_min_bound = max(new_min_bound, ef_span[i][1])
+                for i from e_j < i <= new_e_j:
+                    if ef_span[i][0] < f_i:
+                        return
+                    new_min_bound = max(new_min_bound, ef_span[i][1])
+            # Extract, extend with word (unless non-terminal open)
+            if not nt_open:
+                nt_collision = False
                 for link in al[f_j]:
-                    cover[link] = ~cover[link]
-            # Try to add a word to a (closed) non-terminal, extract, extend
+                    if e_nt_cover[link]:
+                        nt_collision = True
+                # Non-terminal collisions block word extraction and extension, but
+                # may be okay for continuing non-terminals
+                if not nt_collision and wc < self.max_length:
+                    plus_links = []
+                    for link in al[f_j]:
+                        plus_links.append((f_j, link))
+                        cover[link] += 1
+                    links.append(plus_links)
+                    if links and f_j >= new_min_bound:
+                        rules.add(self.form_rule(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links))
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, new_min_bound, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
+                    links.pop()
+                    for link in al[f_j]:
+                        cover[link] -= 1
+            # Try to add a word to current non-terminal (if any), extract, extend
             if nt and nt[-1][2] == f_j - 1:
                 # Add to non-terminal, checking for collisions
                 old_last_nt = nt[-1][:]
@@ -1923,65 +1927,57 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
                     if not span_check(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1):
                         nt[-1] = old_last_nt
                         return
-                    span_flip(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                    span_inc(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                    span_inc(e_nt_cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
                     nt[-1][3] = link_i
                 if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
                     if not span_check(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j):
                         nt[-1] = old_last_nt
                         return
-                    span_flip(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    span_inc(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    span_inc(e_nt_cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
                     nt[-1][4] = link_j
-                # Require at least one word in phrase
-                if links:
-                    for rule in self.form_rules(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links):
-                        rules.add(rule)
-                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, wc, links, nt, False)
+                if links and f_j >= new_min_bound:
+                    rules.add(self.form_rule(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links))
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, new_min_bound, wc, links, nt, False)
                 nt[-1] = old_last_nt
-                if new_e_i < nt[-1][3]:
-                    span_flip(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                if link_i < nt[-1][3]:
+                    span_dec(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                    span_dec(e_nt_cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
                 if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
-                    span_flip(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    span_dec(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    span_dec(e_nt_cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
             # Try to start a new non-terminal, extract, extend
-            if (not nt or f_j - nt[-1][2] > 1) and len(nt) < self.max_nonterminals:
+            if (not nt or f_j - nt[-1][2] > 1) and wc < self.max_length and len(nt) < self.max_nonterminals:
                 # Check for collisions
                 if not span_check(cover, link_i, link_j):
                     return
-                span_flip(cover, link_i, link_j)
+                span_inc(cover, link_i, link_j)
+                span_inc(e_nt_cover, link_i, link_j)
                 nt.append([(nt[-1][0] + 1) if nt else 1, f_j, f_j, link_i, link_j])
                 # Require at least one word in phrase
-                if links:
-                    for rule in self.form_rules(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links):
-                        rules.add(rule)
-                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, wc, links, nt, False)
+                if links and f_j >= new_min_bound:
+                    rules.add(self.form_rule(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links))
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, new_min_bound, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
                 nt.pop()
-                span_flip(cover, link_i, link_j)
+                span_dec(cover, link_i, link_j)
+                span_dec(e_nt_cover, link_i, link_j)
 
         # Try to extract phrases from every f index
-        f_i = 0
-        while f_i < f_len:
+        for f_i from 0 <= f_i < f_len:
             # Skip if phrases won't be tight on left side
             if not al[f_i]:
-                f_i += 1
                 continue
-            extract(f_i, f_i, f_len + 1, -1, 1, [], [], False)
-            f_i += 1
-
-        for rule in sorted(rules):
-            logger.info(self.fmt_rule(*rule))
+            extract(f_i, f_i, f_len + 1, -1, f_i, 0, [], [], False)
         
         # Update phrase counts
-        f_set = set()
-        e_set = set()
-        for (f_ph, e_ph, al) in rules:
-            f_set.add(f_ph)
-            e_set.add(e_ph)
+        for rule in rules:
+            (f_ph, e_ph, al) = rule[:3]
+            self.phrases_f[f_ph] += 1
+            self.phrases_e[e_ph] += 1 
             self.phrases_fe[f_ph][e_ph] += 1
             if not self.phrases_al[f_ph][e_ph]:
                 self.phrases_al[f_ph][e_ph] = al
-        for f_ph in f_set:
-            self.phrases_f[f_ph] += 1
-        for e_ph in e_set:
-            self.phrases_e[e_ph] += 1
             
         # Update Bilexical counts
         for e_w in e_words:
@@ -1993,14 +1989,10 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
 
 
     # Create a rule from source, target, non-terminals, and alignments
-    def form_rules(self, f_i, e_i, f_span, e_span, nt, al):
-    
-        # This could be more efficient but is unlikely to be the bottleneck
-    
-        rules = []
+    def form_rule(self, f_i, e_i, f_span, e_span, nt, al):
     
+        # Substitute in non-terminals
         nt_inv = sorted(nt, cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(x[3], y[3]))
-    
         f_sym = list(f_span[:])
         off = f_i
         for next_nt in nt:
@@ -2011,7 +2003,6 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
                 i += 1
             f_sym.insert(next_nt[1] - off, sym_setindex(self.category, next_nt[0]))
             off += (nt_len - 1)
-    
         e_sym = list(e_span[:])
         off = e_i
         for next_nt in nt_inv:
@@ -2025,6 +2016,7 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
     
         # Adjusting alignment links takes some doing
         links = [list(link) for sub in al for link in sub]
+        links_inv = sorted(links, cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(x[1], y[1]))
         links_len = len(links)
         nt_len = len(nt)
         nt_i = 0
@@ -2040,55 +2032,28 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
         off = e_i
         i = 0
         while i < links_len:
-            while nt_i < nt_len and links[i][1] > nt_inv[nt_i][3]:
+            while nt_i < nt_len and links_inv[i][1] > nt_inv[nt_i][3]:
                 off += (nt_inv[nt_i][4] - nt_inv[nt_i][3])
                 nt_i += 1
-            links[i][1] -= off
+            links_inv[i][1] -= off
             i += 1
-    
-        # Rule
-        rules.append(self.new_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links))
-        if len(f_sym) >= self.max_length or len(nt) >= self.max_nonterminals:
-            return rules
-        last_index = nt[-1][0] if nt else 0
-        # Rule [X]
-        if not nt or not sym_isvar(f_sym[-1]):
-            f_sym.append(sym_setindex(self.category, last_index + 1))
-            e_sym.append(sym_setindex(self.category, last_index + 1))
-            rules.append(self.new_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links))
-            f_sym.pop()
-            e_sym.pop()
-        # [X] Rule
-        f_len = len(f_sym)
-        e_len = len(e_sym)
-        if not nt or not sym_isvar(f_sym[0]):
-            for i from 0 <= i < f_len:
-                if sym_isvar(f_sym[i]):
-                    f_sym[i] = sym_setindex(self.category, sym_getindex(f_sym[i]) + 1)
-            for i from 0 <= i < e_len:
-                if sym_isvar(e_sym[i]):
-                    e_sym[i] = sym_setindex(self.category, sym_getindex(e_sym[i]) + 1)
-            for link in links:
-                link[0] += 1
-                link[1] += 1
-            f_sym.insert(0, sym_setindex(self.category, 1))
-            e_sym.insert(0, sym_setindex(self.category, 1))
-            rules.append(self.new_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links))
-        if len(f_sym) >= self.max_length or len(nt) + 1 >= self.max_nonterminals:
-            return rules
-        # [X] Rule [X]
-        if not nt or not sym_isvar(f_sym[-1]):
-            f_sym.append(sym_setindex(self.category, last_index + 2))
-            e_sym.append(sym_setindex(self.category, last_index + 2))
-            rules.append(self.new_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links))
-        return rules
-
-    def new_rule(self, f_sym, e_sym, links):
+        
+        # Find lexical span
+        lex_f_i = f_i
+        lex_f_j = f_i + (len(f_span) - 1)
+        if nt:
+            if nt[0][1] == lex_f_i:
+                lex_f_i += (nt[0][2] - nt[0][1]) + 1
+            if nt[-1][2] == lex_f_j:
+                lex_f_j -= (nt[-1][2] - nt[-1][1]) + 1
+
+        # Create rule (f_phrase, e_phrase, links, f_link_min, f_link_max)
         f = Phrase(f_sym)
         e = Phrase(e_sym)
         a = tuple(self.alignment.link(i, j) for (i, j) in links)
-        return (f, e, a)
-    
+        return (f, e, a, lex_f_i, lex_f_j)
+
+    # Rule string from rule
     def fmt_rule(self, f, e, a):
         a_str = ' '.join('{0}-{1}'.format(*self.alignment.unlink(packed)) for packed in a)
         return '[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}'.format(f, e, a_str)
@@ -2098,16 +2063,6 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
         logger.info('------------------------------')
         logger.info('         Online Stats         ')
         logger.info('------------------------------')
-        logger.info('F')
-        for ph in self.phrases_f:
-            logger.info(str(ph) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_f[ph]))
-        logger.info('E')
-        for ph in self.phrases_e:
-            logger.info(str(ph) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_e[ph]))
-        logger.info('FE')
-        for ph in self.phrases_fe:
-            for ph2 in self.phrases_fe[ph]:
-                logger.info(str(ph) + ' ||| ' + str(ph2) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_fe[ph][ph2]))
         logger.info('f')
         for w in self.bilex_f:
             logger.info(sym_tostring(w) + ' : ' + str(self.bilex_f[w]))
@@ -2118,9 +2073,18 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
         for w in self.bilex_fe:
             for w2 in self.bilex_fe[w]:
                 logger.info(sym_tostring(w) + ' : ' + sym_tostring(w2) + ' : ' + str(self.bilex_fe[w][w2]))
+        logger.info('F')
+        for ph in self.phrases_f:
+            logger.info(str(ph) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_f[ph]))
+        logger.info('E')
+        for ph in self.phrases_e:
+            logger.info(str(ph) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_e[ph]))
+        logger.info('FE')
+        for ph in self.phrases_fe:
+            for ph2 in self.phrases_fe[ph]:
+                logger.info(self.fmt_rule(str(ph), str(ph2), self.phrases_al[ph][ph2]) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_fe[ph][ph2]))
         
 # Spans are _inclusive_ on both ends [i, j]
-# Could be more efficient but probably not a bottleneck
 def span_check(vec, i, j):
     k = i
     while k <= j:
@@ -2129,8 +2093,14 @@ def span_check(vec, i, j):
         k += 1
     return True
 
-def span_flip(vec, i, j):
+def span_inc(vec, i, j):
     k = i
     while k <= j:
-        vec[k] = ~vec[k]
-        k += 1
\ No newline at end of file
+        vec[k] += 1
+        k += 1
+
+def span_dec(vec, i, j):
+    k = i
+    while k <= j:
+        vec[k] -= 1
+        k += 1