Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/pauldb89/cdec

186 files changed, 34026 insertions, 3990 deletions

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 56372ad4..bde0f6a5 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 example_extff/ff_example.lo
 example_extff/libff_example.la
 mteval/meteor_jar.cc
+training/utils/grammar_convert
 *.a
+*.trs
 *.aux
 *.bbl
 *.blg
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
index f3c418b5..d2d25903 100644
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ b/.travis.yml
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ language: python
 python:
  - "2.7"
 before_script:
- - sudo apt-get install libboost-program-options-dev
- - sudo apt-get install libboost-serialization-dev
- - sudo apt-get install libboost-regex-dev
- - sudo apt-get install libboost-test-dev
- - sudo apt-get install libboost-system-dev
+ - sudo apt-get install libboost-program-options1.48-dev
+ - sudo apt-get install libboost-serialization1.48-dev
+ - sudo apt-get install libboost-regex1.48-dev
+ - sudo apt-get install libboost-test1.48-dev
+ - sudo apt-get install libboost-system1.48-dev
+ - sudo apt-get install libboost-thread1.48-dev
  - sudo apt-get install flex
  - autoreconf -ifv
  - ./configure
diff --git a/Makefile.am b/Makefile.am
index dbf604a1..6038effa 100644
--- a/Makefile.am
+++ b/Makefile.am
@@ -4,8 +4,11 @@
 SUBDIRS = \
   utils \
   mteval \
+  klm/util/double-conversion \
   klm/util \
+  klm/util/stream \
   klm/lm \
+  klm/lm/builder \
   klm/search \
   decoder \
   training \
@@ -15,6 +18,7 @@ SUBDIRS = \
 
 #gi/pyp-topics/src gi/clda/src gi/posterior-regularisation/prjava
 
+EXTRA_DIST = corpus tests python/pkg python/src python/tests python/examples compound-split environment
 AUTOMAKE_OPTIONS = foreign
 ACLOCAL_AMFLAGS = -I m4
 AM_CPPFLAGS =  -D_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 21ea5c70..ba1a83ea 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-AC_INIT
-AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(cdec,0.1)
+AC_INIT([cdec],[2013-01-20])
+AC_CONFIG_SRCDIR([decoder/cdec.cc])
+AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE
 AC_CONFIG_HEADERS(config.h)
 AC_PROG_LIBTOOL
 AC_PROG_LEX
@@ -11,11 +12,12 @@ AC_PROG_CC
 AC_PROG_CXX
 AC_LANG_CPLUSPLUS
 BOOST_REQUIRE([1.44])
+BOOST_FILESYSTEM
 BOOST_PROGRAM_OPTIONS
 BOOST_SYSTEM
 BOOST_SERIALIZATION
 BOOST_TEST
-BOOST_FILESYSTEM
+BOOST_THREADS
 AM_PATH_PYTHON
 AC_CHECK_HEADER(dlfcn.h,AC_DEFINE(HAVE_DLFCN_H))
 AC_CHECK_LIB(dl, dlopen)
@@ -192,9 +194,12 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES([extractor/Makefile])
 AC_CONFIG_FILES([word-aligner/Makefile])
 
 # KenLM stuff
+AC_CONFIG_FILES([klm/util/double-conversion/Makefile])
+AC_CONFIG_FILES([klm/util/stream/Makefile])
 AC_CONFIG_FILES([klm/util/Makefile])
 AC_CONFIG_FILES([klm/lm/Makefile])
 AC_CONFIG_FILES([klm/search/Makefile])
+AC_CONFIG_FILES([klm/lm/builder/Makefile])
 
 # training stuff
 AC_CONFIG_FILES([training/Makefile])
diff --git a/corpus/add-self-translations.pl b/corpus/add-self-translations.pl
index 153bc454..d707ce29 100755
--- a/corpus/add-self-translations.pl
+++ b/corpus/add-self-translations.pl
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use strict;
 my %df;
 my %def;
 while(<>) {
-  print;
+#  print;
   chomp;
   my ($sf, $se) = split / \|\|\| /;
   die "Format error: $_\n" unless defined $sf && defined $se;
diff --git a/corpus/cut-corpus.pl b/corpus/cut-corpus.pl
index 7daac0e2..0af3b23c 100755
--- a/corpus/cut-corpus.pl
+++ b/corpus/cut-corpus.pl
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ for my $ff (@ind) {
 
 while(<>) {
   chomp;
-  my @fields = split / \|\|\| /;
+  my @fields = split /\s*\|\|\|\s*/;
   my @sf;
   for my $i (@o) {
     my $y = $fields[$i];
diff --git a/corpus/filter-length.pl b/corpus/filter-length.pl
index 70032ca7..2e257cda 100755
--- a/corpus/filter-length.pl
+++ b/corpus/filter-length.pl
@@ -3,20 +3,30 @@ use strict;
 use utf8;
 
 ##### EDIT THESE SETTINGS ####################################################
-my $MAX_LENGTH = 99;  # discard a sentence if it is longer than this
-my $AUTOMATIC_INCLUDE_IF_SHORTER_THAN = 6; # if both are shorter, include
+my $AUTOMATIC_INCLUDE_IF_SHORTER_THAN = 7; # if both are shorter, include
 my $MAX_ZSCORE = 1.8; # how far from the mean can the (log)ratio be?
 ##############################################################################
 
-die "Usage: $0 corpus.fr-en\n\n  Filter sentence pairs containing sentences longer than $MAX_LENGTH words\n  or whose log length ratios are $MAX_ZSCORE stddevs away from the mean log ratio.\n\n" unless scalar @ARGV == 1;
+die "Usage: $0 [-NNN] corpus.fr-en\n\n  Filter sentence pairs containing sentences longer than NNN words (where NNN\n  is 150 by default) or whose log length ratios are $MAX_ZSCORE stddevs away from the\n  mean log ratio.\n\n" unless scalar @ARGV == 1 || scalar @ARGV == 2;
 binmode(STDOUT,":utf8");
 binmode(STDERR,":utf8");
 
+my $MAX_LENGTH = 150;  # discard a sentence if it is longer than this
+if (scalar @ARGV == 2) {
+  my $fp = shift @ARGV;
+  die "Expected -NNN for first parameter, but got $fp\n" unless $fp =~ /^-(\d+)$/;
+  $MAX_LENGTH=$1;
+}
+
 my $corpus = shift @ARGV;
+
 die "Cannot read from STDIN\n" if $corpus eq '-';
 my $ff = "<$corpus";
 $ff = "gunzip -c $corpus|" if $ff =~ /\.gz$/;
 
+print STDERR "Max line length (monolingual): $MAX_LENGTH\n";
+print STDERR "              Parallel corpus: $corpus\n";
+
 open F,$ff or die "Can't read $corpus: $!";
 binmode(F,":utf8");
 
@@ -34,11 +44,11 @@ while(<F>) {
   $lines++;
   if ($lines % 100000 == 0) { print STDERR " [$lines]\n"; }
   elsif ($lines % 2500 == 0) { print STDERR "."; }
-  my ($sf, $se, @d) = split / \|\|\| /;
+  my ($sf, $se, @d) = split /\s*\|\|\|\s*/;
   if (scalar @d != 0 or !defined $se) {
     $bad_format++;
     if ($bad_format > 100 && ($bad_format / $lines) > 0.02) {
-      die "Corpus appears to be incorretly formatted, example: $_";
+      die "$bad_format / $lines : Corpus appears to be incorretly formatted, example: $_";
     }
     next;
   }
@@ -128,6 +138,8 @@ while(<F>) {
       next;
     }
     print;
+  } else {
+    print;
   }
   $to++;
 }
diff --git a/corpus/paste-files.pl b/corpus/paste-files.pl
index 24c70599..4cb424ad 100755
--- a/corpus/paste-files.pl
+++ b/corpus/paste-files.pl
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ for my $file (@ARGV) {
 binmode(STDOUT,":utf8");
 binmode(STDERR,":utf8");
 
+my $bad = 0;
 my $lc = 0;
 my $done = 0;
 my $fl = 0;
@@ -34,7 +35,15 @@ while(1) {
       last;
     }
     chomp $r;
-    die "$ARGV[$anum]:$lc contains a ||| symbol - please remove.\n" if $r =~ /\|\|\|/;
+    if ($r =~ /\|\|\|/) {
+      $r = '';
+      $bad++;
+    }
+    warn "$ARGV[$anum]:$lc contains a ||| symbol - please remove.\n" if $r =~ /\|\|\|/;
+    $r =~ s/\|\|\|/ /g;
+    $r =~ s/\s+/ /g;
+    $r =~ s/^ +//;
+    $r =~ s/ +$//;
     $anum++;
     push @line, $r;
   }
@@ -47,4 +56,5 @@ for (my $i = 1; $i < scalar @fhs; $i++) {
   my $r = <$fh>;
   die "Mismatched number of lines.\n" if defined $r;
 }
+print STDERR "Number of lines containing ||| was: $bad\n" if $bad > 0;
 
diff --git a/corpus/support/quote-norm.pl b/corpus/support/quote-norm.pl
index 72b0064d..e4e5055e 100755
--- a/corpus/support/quote-norm.pl
+++ b/corpus/support/quote-norm.pl
@@ -27,6 +27,20 @@ while(<STDIN>) {
   s/¨/"/g;
   s/¡/ ¡ /g;
   s/¿/ ¿ /g;
+
+  s/ п. п. / п.п. /g;
+  s/ ст. л. / ст.л. /g;
+  s/ т. е. / т.е. /g;
+  s/ т. к. / т.к. /g;
+  s/ т. ч. / т.ч. /g;
+  s/ т. д. / т.д. /g;
+  s/ т. п. / т.п. /g;
+  s/ и. о. / и.о. /g;
+  s/ с. г. / с.г. /g;
+  s/ г. р. / г.р. /g;
+  s/ т. н. / т.н. /g;
+  s/ т. ч. / т.ч. /g;
+  s/ н. э. / н.э. /g;
   # â<U+0080><U+0099>
   s/â(\x{80}\x{99}|\x{80}\x{98})/'/g;
   s/â(\x{80}\x{9c}|\x{80}\x{9d})/"/g;
diff --git a/corpus/support/token_list b/corpus/support/token_list
index 28eb4396..d470cb22 100644
--- a/corpus/support/token_list
+++ b/corpus/support/token_list
@@ -210,3 +210,85 @@ W.
 X.
 Y.
 Z.
+А.
+Б.
+В.
+Г.
+Д.
+Е.
+Ё.
+Ж.
+З.
+И.
+Й.
+К.
+Л.
+М.
+Н.
+О.
+П.
+Р.
+С.
+Т.
+У.
+Ф.
+Х.
+Ц.
+Ч.
+Ш.
+Щ.
+Ъ.
+Ы.
+Ь.
+Э.
+Ю.
+Я.
+л.
+г.
+обл.
+гг.
+в.
+вв.
+мин.
+ч.
+тыс.
+млн.
+млрд.
+трлн.
+кв.
+куб.
+руб.
+коп.
+долл.
+Прим.
+прим.
+чел.
+грн.
+мин.
+им.
+проф.
+акад.
+ред.
+авт.
+корр.
+соб.
+спец.
+см.
+тж.
+др.
+пр.
+букв.
+# Two-letter abbreviations - can be written with space
+п.п.
+ст.л.
+т.е.
+т.к.
+т.ч.
+т.д.
+т.п.
+и.о.
+с.г.
+г.р.
+т.н.
+т.ч.
+н.э.
diff --git a/corpus/support/token_patterns b/corpus/support/token_patterns
index 8e69432b..de64fb2a 100644
--- a/corpus/support/token_patterns
+++ b/corpus/support/token_patterns
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
 /^(al|el|ul|e)\-[a-z]+$/
+/^((а|А)(ль|ш)|уль)-\p{Cyrillic}+$/
+/^\p{Cyrillic}\.\p{Cyrillic}\.$/
 /^(\d|\d\d|\d\d\d)\.$/
 
diff --git a/corpus/support/tokenizer.pl b/corpus/support/tokenizer.pl
index e9c3a37d..0350a894 100755
--- a/corpus/support/tokenizer.pl
+++ b/corpus/support/tokenizer.pl
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ my $dict_file = "$workdir/token_list";
 my $word_patt_file = "$workdir/token_patterns";
 
 open(my $dict_fp, "$dict_file") or die;
+binmode($dict_fp, ":utf8");
 
 # read in the list of words that should not be segmented, 
 ##  e.g.,"I.B.M.", co-operation.
@@ -89,6 +90,7 @@ while(<$dict_fp>){
 }
 
 open(my $patt_fp, "$word_patt_file") or die;
+binmode($patt_fp, ":utf8");
 my @word_patts = ();
 my $word_patt_num = 0;
 while(<$patt_fp>){
@@ -147,7 +149,6 @@ while(<STDIN>){
 
     print STDOUT " $new_line\n";
 }
-print STDERR "\n";
 
 ########################################################################
    
diff --git a/decoder/Makefile.am b/decoder/Makefile.am
index 88a6116c..6499b38b 100644
--- a/decoder/Makefile.am
+++ b/decoder/Makefile.am
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ noinst_PROGRAMS = \
   hg_test \
   parser_test \
   grammar_test
- 
+
 TESTS = trule_test parser_test grammar_test hg_test
 parser_test_SOURCES = parser_test.cc
 parser_test_LDADD = $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LDFLAGS) $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LIBS) libcdec.a ../mteval/libmteval.a ../utils/libutils.a
@@ -17,16 +17,86 @@ trule_test_SOURCES = trule_test.cc
 trule_test_LDADD = $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LDFLAGS) $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LIBS) libcdec.a ../mteval/libmteval.a ../utils/libutils.a
 
 cdec_SOURCES = cdec.cc
-cdec_LDADD = libcdec.a ../mteval/libmteval.a ../utils/libutils.a ../klm/search/libksearch.a ../klm/lm/libklm.a ../klm/util/libklm_util.a
+cdec_LDADD = libcdec.a ../mteval/libmteval.a ../utils/libutils.a ../klm/search/libksearch.a ../klm/lm/libklm.a ../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wno-sign-compare $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I.. -I../mteval -I../utils -I../klm
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -DTEST_DATA=\"$(top_srcdir)/decoder/test_data\" -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir) -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/klm
 
 rule_lexer.cc: rule_lexer.ll
 	$(LEX) -s -CF -8 -o$@ $<
 
 noinst_LIBRARIES = libcdec.a
 
+EXTRA_DIST = test_data rule_lexer.ll
+
 libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
+  JSON_parser.h \
+  aligner.h \
+  apply_fsa_models.h \
+  apply_models.h \
+  bottom_up_parser.h \
+  cfg.h \
+  cfg_binarize.h \
+  cfg_format.h \
+  cfg_options.h \
+  csplit.h \
+  decoder.h \
+  dwarf.h \
+  earley_composer.h \
+  exp_semiring.h \
+  factored_lexicon_helper.h \
+  ff.h \
+  ff_basic.h \
+  ff_bleu.h \
+  ff_charset.h \
+  ff_context.h \
+  ff_csplit.h \
+  ff_dwarf.h \
+  ff_external.h \
+  ff_factory.h \
+  ff_klm.h \
+  ff_lm.h \
+  ff_ngrams.h \
+  ff_register.h \
+  ff_rules.h \
+  ff_ruleshape.h \
+  ff_sample_fsa.h \
+  ff_source_syntax.h \
+  ff_spans.h \
+  ff_tagger.h \
+  ff_wordalign.h \
+  ff_wordset.h \
+  ffset.h \
+  forest_writer.h \
+  freqdict.h \
+  grammar.h \
+  hg.h \
+  hg_cfg.h \
+  hg_intersect.h \
+  hg_io.h \
+  hg_remove_eps.h \
+  hg_sampler.h \
+  hg_test.h \
+  hg_union.h \
+  incremental.h \
+  inside_outside.h \
+  json_parse.h \
+  kbest.h \
+  lattice.h \
+  lexalign.h \
+  lextrans.h \
+  nt_span.h \
+  oracle_bleu.h \
+  phrasebased_translator.h \
+  phrasetable_fst.h \
+  program_options.h \
+  rule_lexer.h \
+  sentence_metadata.h \
+  sentences.h \
+  tagger.h \
+  translator.h \
+  tromble_loss.h \
+  trule.h \
+  viterbi.h \
   forest_writer.cc \
   maxtrans_blunsom.cc \
   cdec_ff.cc \
diff --git a/decoder/cfg_test.cc b/decoder/cfg_test.cc
index 316c6d16..cbe7d0be 100644
--- a/decoder/cfg_test.cc
+++ b/decoder/cfg_test.cc
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ struct CFGTest : public TestWithParam<HgW> {
     istringstream ws(wts);
     EXPECT_TRUE(ws>>featw);
     CSHOW(featw)
-    std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : "test_data");
+    std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
     HGSetup::JsonTestFile(&hg,path,file);
     hg.Reweight(featw);
     cfg.Init(hg,true,true,false);
diff --git a/decoder/grammar_test.cc b/decoder/grammar_test.cc
index 912f4f12..6d2c6e67 100644
--- a/decoder/grammar_test.cc
+++ b/decoder/grammar_test.cc
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ using namespace std;
 
 struct GrammarTest {
   GrammarTest() {
-    std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : "test_data");
+    std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
     Weights::InitFromFile(path + "/weights.gt", &wts);
   }
   vector<weight_t> wts;
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestTextGrammar) {
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestTextGrammarFile) {
-  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : "test_data");
+  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
   GrammarPtr g(new TextGrammar(path + "/grammar.prune"));
   vector<GrammarPtr> grammars(1, g);
 
diff --git a/decoder/hg_test.cc b/decoder/hg_test.cc
index 37469748..8519e559 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_test.cc
+++ b/decoder/hg_test.cc
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestAddExpectations) {
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Small) {
   Hypergraph hg;
-  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : "test_data");
+  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
   CreateSmallHG(&hg, path);
   SparseVector<double> wts;
   wts.set_value(FD::Convert("Model_0"), -2.0);
diff --git a/example_extff/Makefile.am b/example_extff/Makefile.am
index 7b7c34b5..6abfe6c5 100644
--- a/example_extff/Makefile.am
+++ b/example_extff/Makefile.am
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I.. -I../mteval -I../utils -I../klm -I../decoder
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir) -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/klm -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder
 
 lib_LTLIBRARIES = libff_example.la
 libff_example_la_SOURCES = ff_example.cc
diff --git a/klm/LICENSE b/klm/LICENSE
index 20b76c13..38b6865c 100644
--- a/klm/LICENSE
+++ b/klm/LICENSE
@@ -1,16 +1,18 @@
 Most of the code here is licensed under the LGPL.  There are exceptions which have their own licenses, listed below.  See comments in those files for more details.  
 
 util/murmur_hash.cc is under the MIT license.  
-util/string_piece.hh and util/string_piece.cc are Google code and contains its own license.  
+util/string_piece.hh, util/string_piece.cc, and util/double-conversion are from Google; see the licenses in the code or util/double-conversion/LICENSE
+util/file.cc contains a modified implementation of mkstemp under the LGPL. 
+jam-files/LICENSE_1_0.txt covers most of that directory (except sanity.jam which is mine).
 
 For the rest:
 
-    Avenue code is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+    KenLM is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
     it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published
     by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
     (at your option) any later version.
 
-    Avenue code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+    KenLM is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
     but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
     MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
     GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
diff --git a/klm/README b/klm/README
deleted file mode 100644
index 8d1050a8..00000000
--- a/klm/README
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-Language model inference code by Kenneth Heafield <infer at kheafield.com>
-See LICENSE for list of files by other people and their licenses.  
-
-Compile:             ./compile.sh 
-Run:                 ./query lm/test.arpa <text
-Build binary format: ./build_binary lm/test.arpa test.binary
-Use binary format:   ./query test.binary <text
-
-Test (uses Boost):   ./test.sh
-
-Currently, it loads an ARPA file in 2/3 the time SRI takes and uses 6.5 GB when SRI takes 11 GB.  These are compared to the default SRI build (i.e. without their smaller structures).  I'm working on optimizing this even further.  
-
-Binary format via mmap is supported.  Run ./build_binary to make one then pass the binary file name instead.  
-
-Currently, it assumes POSIX APIs for errno, sterror_r, open, close, mmap, munmap, ftruncate, fstat, and read.  This is tested on Linux and the non-UNIX Mac OS X.  I welcome submissions porting (via #ifdef) to other systems (e.g. Windows) but proudly have no machine on which to test it.  
-
-A brief note to Mac OS X users: your gcc is too old to recognize the pack pragma.  The warning effectively means that, on 64-bit machines, the model will use 16 bytes instead of 12 bytes per n-gram of maximum order.  
-
-It does not depend on Boost or ICU.  However, if you use Boost and/or ICU in the rest of your code, you should define USE_BOOST and/or USE_ICU in util/string_piece.hh.  Defining USE_BOOST will let you hash StringPiece.  Defining USE_ICU will use ICU's StringPiece to prevent a conflict with the one provided here.  By the way, ICU's StringPiece is buggy and I reported this bug: http://bugs.icu-project.org/trac/ticket/7924 .  
-
-The recommend way to use this:
-Copy the code and distribute with your decoder.  
-Set USE_ICU and USE_BOOST at the top of util/string_piece.hh as instructed above.  
-Look at compile.sh and reimplement using your build system.  
-Use either the interface in lm/ngram.hh or lm/virtual_interface.hh
-Interface documentation is in comments of lm/virtual_interface.hh (including for lm/ngram.hh).  
-
-I recommend copying the code and distributing it with your decoder.  However, please send improvements to me so that they can be integrated into the package.  
-
-Also included:
-A wrapper to SRI with the same interface.  
diff --git a/klm/README.md b/klm/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11befb4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# kenlm
+
+Language model inference code by Kenneth Heafield (kenlm at kheafield.com)
+
+I do development in master on https://github.com/kpu/kenlm/.  Normally, it works, but I do not guarantee it will compile, give correct answers, or generate non-broken binary files.  For a more stable release, get http://kheafield.com/code/kenlm.tar.gz .  
+
+The website http://kheafield.com/code/kenlm/ has more documentation.  If you're a decoder developer, please download the latest version from there instead of copying from another decoder.  
+
+## Compiling
+
+For estimating and filtering, you need Boost >= 1.36.0 (and preferably newer).  Compile with
+```bash
+./bjam
+```
+If you don't have boost and only need the query code, compile with
+```bash
+./compile_query_only.sh
+```
+
+## Estimation
+lmplz estimates unpruned language models with modified Kneser-Ney smoothing.  After compiling with bjam, run
+```bash
+bin/lmplz -o 5 <text >text.arpa
+```
+The algorithm is on-disk, using an amount of memory that you specify.  See http://kheafield.com/code/kenlm/estimation/ for more.  
+
+MT Marathon 2012 team members Ivan Pouzyrevsky and Mohammed Mediani contributed to the computation design and early implementation. Jon Clark contributed to the design, clarified points about smoothing, and added logging. 
+
+## Filtering
+
+filter takes an ARPA or count file and removes entries that will never be queried.  The filter criterion can be corpus-level vocabulary, sentence-level vocabulary, or sentence-level phrases.  Run
+```bash
+bin/filter
+```
+and see http://kheafield.com/code/kenlm/filter.html for more documentation.
+
+## Querying
+
+Two data structures are supported: probing and trie.  Probing is a probing hash table with keys that are 64-bit hashes of n-grams and floats as values.  Trie is a fairly standard trie but with bit-level packing so it uses the minimum number of bits to store word indices and pointers.  The trie node entries are sorted by word index.  Probing is the fastest and uses the most memory.  Trie uses the least memory and a bit slower.  
+
+With trie, resident memory is 58% of IRST's smallest version and 21% of SRI's compact version.  Simultaneously, trie CPU's use is 81% of IRST's fastest version and 84% of SRI's fast version.  KenLM's probing hash table implementation goes even faster at the expense of using more memory.  See http://kheafield.com/code/kenlm/benchmark/.  
+
+Binary format via mmap is supported.  Run `./build_binary` to make one then pass the binary file name to the appropriate Model constructor.   
+
+## Platforms
+`murmur_hash.cc` and `bit_packing.hh` perform unaligned reads and writes that make the code architecture-dependent.  
+It has been sucessfully tested on x86\_64, x86, and PPC64.  
+ARM support is reportedly working, at least on the iphone.   
+
+Runs on Linux, OS X, Cygwin, and MinGW.  
+
+Hideo Okuma and Tomoyuki Yoshimura from NICT contributed ports to ARM and MinGW.  
+
+## Compile-time configuration
+There are a number of macros you can set on the g++ command line or in util/have.hh .  
+
+* `KENLM_MAX_ORDER` is the maximum order that can be loaded.  This is done to make state an efficient POD rather than a vector.  
+* `HAVE_BOOST` enables Boost-style hashing of StringPiece.  This is only needed if you intend to hash StringPiece in your code.  
+* `HAVE_ICU` If your code links against ICU, define this to disable the internal StringPiece and replace it with ICU's copy of StringPiece, avoiding naming conflicts.  
+
+ARPA files can be read in compressed format with these options:
+* `HAVE_ZLIB` Supports gzip.  Link with -lz.  I have enabled this by default.  
+* `HAVE_BZLIB` Supports bzip2.  Link with -lbz2.
+* `HAVE_XZLIB` Supports xz.  Link with -llzma.
+
+Note that these macros impact only `read_compressed.cc` and `read_compressed_test.cc`.  The bjam build system will auto-detect bzip2 and xz support.  
+
+## Decoder developers
+- I recommend copying the code and distributing it with your decoder.  However, please send improvements upstream.  
+
+- Omit the lm/filter directory if you do not want the language model filter.  Only that and tests depend on Boost.  
+
+- Select the macros you want, listed in the previous section.  
+
+- There are two build systems: compile.sh and Jamroot+Jamfile.  They're pretty simple and are intended to be reimplemented in your build system.  
+
+- Use either the interface in `lm/model.hh` or `lm/virtual_interface.hh`.  Interface documentation is in comments of `lm/virtual_interface.hh` and `lm/model.hh`.  
+
+- There are several possible data structures in `model.hh`.  Use `RecognizeBinary` in `binary_format.hh` to determine which one a user has provided.  You probably already implement feature functions as an abstract virtual base class with several children.  I suggest you co-opt this existing virtual dispatch by templatizing the language model feature implementation on the KenLM model identified by `RecognizeBinary`.  This is the strategy used in Moses and cdec.
+
+- See `lm/config.hh` for run-time tuning options.
+
+## Contributors
+Contributions to KenLM are welcome.  Please base your contributions on https://github.com/kpu/kenlm and send pull requests (or I might give you commit access).  Downstream copies in Moses and cdec are maintained by overwriting them so do not make changes there.  
+
+## Python module
+Contributed by Victor Chahuneau.
+
+### Installation
+
+```bash
+pip install -e git+https://github.com/kpu/kenlm.git#egg=kenlm
+```
+
+### Basic Usage
+```python
+import kenlm
+model = kenlm.LanguageModel('lm/test.arpa')
+sentence = 'this is a sentence .'
+print(model.score(sentence))
+```
+
+---
+
+The name was Hieu Hoang's idea, not mine.  
diff --git a/klm/clean.sh b/klm/clean.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index e8c6dbde..00000000
--- a/klm/clean.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-rm -rf */*.o query build_binary */*_test lm/test.binary* lm/test.arpa?????? util/file_piece.cc.gz
diff --git a/klm/compile.sh b/klm/compile.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 55759f97..00000000
--- a/klm/compile.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,15 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-#This is just an example compilation.  You should integrate these files into your build system.  I can provide boost jam if you want.  
-#If your code uses ICU, edit util/string_piece.hh and uncomment #define USE_ICU
-#I use zlib by default.  If you don't want to depend on zlib, remove #define USE_ZLIB from util/file_piece.hh
-
-#don't need to use if compiling with moses Makefiles already
-
-set -e
-
-rm {lm,util}/*.o
-for i in util/{bit_packing,ersatz_progress,exception,file_piece,murmur_hash,file,mmap,usage} lm/{bhiksha,binary_format,config,lm_exception,model,quantize,read_arpa,search_hashed,search_trie,trie,trie_sort,value_build,virtual_interface,vocab}; do
-  g++ -I. -O3 -DNDEBUG $CXXFLAGS -c $i.cc -o $i.o
-done
-g++ -I. -O3 -DNDEBUG $CXXFLAGS lm/build_binary.cc {lm,util}/*.o -lz -o build_binary
-g++ -I. -O3 -DNDEBUG $CXXFLAGS lm/ngram_query.cc {lm,util}/*.o -lz -o query
diff --git a/klm/lm/Makefile.am b/klm/lm/Makefile.am
index a12c5f03..48b0ba34 100644
--- a/klm/lm/Makefile.am
+++ b/klm/lm/Makefile.am
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-bin_PROGRAMS = build_binary
+bin_PROGRAMS = build_binary ngram_query
 
-build_binary_SOURCES = build_binary.cc
-build_binary_LDADD = libklm.a ../util/libklm_util.a -lz
+build_binary_SOURCES = build_binary_main.cc
+build_binary_LDADD = libklm.a ../util/libklm_util.a ../util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
+
+ngram_query_SOURCES = query_main.cc
+ngram_query_LDADD = libklm.a ../util/libklm_util.a ../util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
 
 #noinst_PROGRAMS = \
 #  ngram_test
@@ -12,21 +15,49 @@ build_binary_LDADD = libklm.a ../util/libklm_util.a -lz
 noinst_LIBRARIES = libklm.a
 
 libklm_a_SOURCES = \
+  bhiksha.hh \
+  binary_format.hh \
+  blank.hh \
+  config.hh \
+  enumerate_vocab.hh \
+  facade.hh \
+  left.hh \
+  lm_exception.hh \
+  max_order.hh \
+  model.hh \
+  model_type.hh \
+  ngram_query.hh \
+  partial.hh \
+  quantize.hh \
+  read_arpa.hh \
+  return.hh \
+  search_hashed.hh \
+  search_trie.hh \
+  sizes.hh \
+  state.hh \
+  trie.hh \
+  trie_sort.hh \
+  value.hh \
+  value_build.hh \
+  virtual_interface.hh \
+  vocab.hh \
+  weights.hh \
+  word_index.hh \
   bhiksha.cc \
   binary_format.cc \
   config.cc \
   lm_exception.cc \
 	quantize.cc \
   model.cc \
-  ngram_query.cc \
   read_arpa.cc \
   search_hashed.cc \
   search_trie.cc \
+  sizes.cc \
   trie.cc \
 	trie_sort.cc \
 	value_build.cc \
   virtual_interface.cc \
   vocab.cc
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I..
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir)/klm
 
diff --git a/klm/lm/build_binary.cc b/klm/lm/build_binary_main.cc
index 2b8c9d5b..ab2c0c32 100644
--- a/klm/lm/build_binary.cc
+++ b/klm/lm/build_binary_main.cc
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 #include "lm/model.hh"
+#include "lm/sizes.hh"
 #include "util/file_piece.hh"
+#include "util/usage.hh"
 
+#include <algorithm>
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <exception>
 #include <iostream>
 #include <iomanip>
+#include <limits>
 
 #include <math.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -19,8 +23,8 @@ namespace lm {
 namespace ngram {
 namespace {
 
-void Usage(const char *name) {
-  std::cerr << "Usage: " << name << " [-u log10_unknown_probability] [-s] [-i] [-w mmap|after] [-p probing_multiplier] [-t trie_temporary] [-m trie_building_megabytes] [-q bits] [-b bits] [-a bits] [type] input.arpa [output.mmap]\n\n"
+void Usage(const char *name, const char *default_mem) {
+  std::cerr << "Usage: " << name << " [-u log10_unknown_probability] [-s] [-i] [-w mmap|after] [-p probing_multiplier] [-T trie_temporary] [-S trie_building_mem] [-q bits] [-b bits] [-a bits] [type] input.arpa [output.mmap]\n\n"
 "-u sets the log10 probability for <unk> if the ARPA file does not have one.\n"
 "   Default is -100.  The ARPA file will always take precedence.\n"
 "-s allows models to be built even if they do not have <s> and </s>.\n"
@@ -38,8 +42,11 @@ void Usage(const char *name) {
 "trie is a straightforward trie with bit-level packing.  It uses the least\n"
 "memory and is still faster than SRI or IRST.  Building the trie format uses an\n"
 "on-disk sort to save memory.\n"
-"-t is the temporary directory prefix.  Default is the output file name.\n"
-"-m limits memory use for sorting.  Measured in MB.  Default is 1024MB.\n"
+"-T is the temporary directory prefix.  Default is the output file name.\n"
+"-S determines memory use for sorting.  Default is " << default_mem << ".  This is compatible\n"
+"   with GNU sort.  The number is followed by a unit: \% for percent of physical\n"
+"   memory, b for bytes, K for Kilobytes, M for megabytes, then G,T,P,E,Z,Y.  \n"
+"   Default unit is K for Kilobytes.\n"
 "-q turns quantization on and sets the number of bits (e.g. -q 8).\n"
 "-b sets backoff quantization bits.  Requires -q and defaults to that value.\n"
 "-a compresses pointers using an array of offsets.  The parameter is the\n"
@@ -83,47 +90,6 @@ void ParseFileList(const char *from, std::vector<std::string> &to) {
   }
 }
 
-void ShowSizes(const char *file, const lm::ngram::Config &config) {
-  std::vector<uint64_t> counts;
-  util::FilePiece f(file);
-  lm::ReadARPACounts(f, counts);
-  uint64_t sizes[6];
-  sizes[0] = ProbingModel::Size(counts, config);
-  sizes[1] = RestProbingModel::Size(counts, config);
-  sizes[2] = TrieModel::Size(counts, config);
-  sizes[3] = QuantTrieModel::Size(counts, config);
-  sizes[4] = ArrayTrieModel::Size(counts, config);
-  sizes[5] = QuantArrayTrieModel::Size(counts, config);
-  uint64_t max_length = *std::max_element(sizes, sizes + sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(uint64_t));
-  uint64_t min_length = *std::min_element(sizes, sizes + sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(uint64_t));
-  uint64_t divide;
-  char prefix;
-  if (min_length < (1 << 10) * 10) {
-    prefix = ' ';
-    divide = 1;
-  } else if (min_length < (1 << 20) * 10) {
-    prefix = 'k';
-    divide = 1 << 10;
-  } else if (min_length < (1ULL << 30) * 10) {
-    prefix = 'M';
-    divide = 1 << 20;
-  } else {
-    prefix = 'G';
-    divide = 1 << 30;
-  }
-  long int length = std::max<long int>(2, static_cast<long int>(ceil(log10((double) max_length / divide))));
-  std::cout << "Memory estimate:\ntype    ";
-  // right align bytes.  
-  for (long int i = 0; i < length - 2; ++i) std::cout << ' ';
-  std::cout << prefix << "B\n"
-    "probing " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[0] / divide) << " assuming -p " << config.probing_multiplier << "\n"
-    "probing " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[1] / divide) << " assuming -r models -p " << config.probing_multiplier << "\n"
-    "trie    " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[2] / divide) << " without quantization\n"
-    "trie    " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[3] / divide) << " assuming -q " << (unsigned)config.prob_bits << " -b " << (unsigned)config.backoff_bits << " quantization \n"
-    "trie    " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[4] / divide) << " assuming -a " << (unsigned)config.pointer_bhiksha_bits << " array pointer compression\n"
-    "trie    " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[5] / divide) << " assuming -a " << (unsigned)config.pointer_bhiksha_bits << " -q " << (unsigned)config.prob_bits << " -b " << (unsigned)config.backoff_bits<< " array pointer compression and quantization\n";
-}
-
 void ProbingQuantizationUnsupported() {
   std::cerr << "Quantization is only implemented in the trie data structure." << std::endl;
   exit(1);
@@ -136,11 +102,14 @@ void ProbingQuantizationUnsupported() {
 int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
   using namespace lm::ngram;
 
+  const char *default_mem = util::GuessPhysicalMemory() ? "80%" : "1G";
+
   try {
     bool quantize = false, set_backoff_bits = false, bhiksha = false, set_write_method = false, rest = false;
     lm::ngram::Config config;
+    config.building_memory = util::ParseSize(default_mem);
     int opt;
-    while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "q:b:a:u:p:t:m:w:sir:")) != -1) {
+    while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "q:b:a:u:p:t:T:m:S:w:sir:")) != -1) {
       switch(opt) {
         case 'q':
           config.prob_bits = ParseBitCount(optarg);
@@ -161,12 +130,16 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         case 'p':
           config.probing_multiplier = ParseFloat(optarg);
           break;
-        case 't':
+        case 't': // legacy
+        case 'T':
           config.temporary_directory_prefix = optarg;
           break;
-        case 'm':
+        case 'm': // legacy
           config.building_memory = ParseUInt(optarg) * 1048576;
           break;
+        case 'S':
+          config.building_memory = std::min(static_cast<uint64_t>(std::numeric_limits<std::size_t>::max()), util::ParseSize(optarg));
+          break;
         case 'w':
           set_write_method = true;
           if (!strcmp(optarg, "mmap")) {
@@ -174,7 +147,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
           } else if (!strcmp(optarg, "after")) {
             config.write_method = Config::WRITE_AFTER;
           } else {
-            Usage(argv[0]);
+            Usage(argv[0], default_mem);
           }
           break;
         case 's':
@@ -189,7 +162,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
           config.rest_function = Config::REST_LOWER;
           break;
         default:
-          Usage(argv[0]);
+          Usage(argv[0], default_mem);
       }
     }
     if (!quantize && set_backoff_bits) {
@@ -212,7 +185,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
       from_file = argv[optind + 1];
       config.write_mmap = argv[optind + 2];
     } else {
-      Usage(argv[0]);
+      Usage(argv[0], default_mem);
     }
     if (!strcmp(model_type, "probing")) {
       if (!set_write_method) config.write_method = Config::WRITE_AFTER;
@@ -242,7 +215,7 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
         }
       }
     } else {
-      Usage(argv[0]);
+      Usage(argv[0], default_mem);
     }
   }
   catch (const std::exception &e) {
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/Makefile.am b/klm/lm/builder/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..317e03ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+bin_PROGRAMS = builder
+
+builder_SOURCES = \
+  lmplz_main.cc \
+  adjust_counts.cc \
+  adjust_counts.hh \
+  corpus_count.cc \
+  corpus_count.hh \
+  discount.hh \
+  header_info.hh \
+  initial_probabilities.cc \
+  initial_probabilities.hh \
+  interpolate.cc \
+  interpolate.hh \
+  joint_order.hh \
+  multi_stream.hh \
+  ngram.hh \
+  ngram_stream.hh \
+  pipeline.cc \
+  pipeline.hh \
+  print.cc \
+  print.hh \
+  sort.hh
+
+builder_LDADD = ../libklm.a ../../util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a ../../util/stream/libklm_util_stream.a ../../util/libklm_util.a $(BOOST_THREAD_LIBS)
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -I$(top_srcdir)/klm
+
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/README.md b/klm/lm/builder/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..be0d35e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+Dependencies
+============
+
+Boost >= 1.42.0 is required.  
+
+For Ubuntu,
+```bash
+sudo apt-get install libboost1.48-all-dev
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can download, compile, and install it yourself:
+
+```bash
+wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/boost/files/boost/1.52.0/boost_1_52_0.tar.gz/download -O boost_1_52_0.tar.gz
+tar -xvzf boost_1_52_0.tar.gz
+cd boost_1_52_0
+./bootstrap.sh
+./b2
+sudo ./b2 install
+```
+
+Local install options (in a user-space prefix directory) are also possible. See http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_52_0/doc/html/bbv2/installation.html.
+
+
+Building
+========
+
+```bash
+bjam
+```
+Your distribution might package bjam and boost-build separately from Boost.  Both are required.   
+
+Usage
+=====
+
+Run
+```bash
+$ bin/lmplz
+```
+to see command line arguments
+
+Running
+=======
+
+```bash
+bin/lmplz -o 5 <text >text.arpa
+```
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/TODO b/klm/lm/builder/TODO
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cb5aef3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/TODO
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+More tests!
+Sharding.
+Some way to manage all the crazy config options.
+Option to build the binary file directly.  
+Interpolation of different orders.  
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts.cc b/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a6f48011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+#include "lm/builder/adjust_counts.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/multi_stream.hh"
+#include "util/stream/timer.hh"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+BadDiscountException::BadDiscountException() throw() {}
+BadDiscountException::~BadDiscountException() throw() {}
+
+namespace {
+// Return last word in full that is different.  
+const WordIndex* FindDifference(const NGram &full, const NGram &lower_last) {
+  const WordIndex *cur_word = full.end() - 1;
+  const WordIndex *pre_word = lower_last.end() - 1;
+  // Find last difference.  
+  for (; pre_word >= lower_last.begin() && *pre_word == *cur_word; --cur_word, --pre_word) {}
+  return cur_word;
+}
+
+class StatCollector {
+  public:
+    StatCollector(std::size_t order, std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, std::vector<Discount> &discounts) 
+      : orders_(order), full_(orders_.back()), counts_(counts), discounts_(discounts) {
+      memset(&orders_[0], 0, sizeof(OrderStat) * order);
+    }
+
+    ~StatCollector() {}
+
+    void CalculateDiscounts() {
+      counts_.resize(orders_.size());
+      discounts_.resize(orders_.size());
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < orders_.size(); ++i) {
+        const OrderStat &s = orders_[i];
+        counts_[i] = s.count;
+
+        for (unsigned j = 1; j < 4; ++j) {
+          // TODO: Specialize error message for j == 3, meaning 3+
+          UTIL_THROW_IF(s.n[j] == 0, BadDiscountException, "Could not calculate Kneser-Ney discounts for "
+              << (i+1) << "-grams with adjusted count " << (j+1) << " because we didn't observe any "
+              << (i+1) << "-grams with adjusted count " << j << "; Is this small or artificial data?");
+        }
+
+        // See equation (26) in Chen and Goodman.
+        discounts_[i].amount[0] = 0.0;
+        float y = static_cast<float>(s.n[1]) / static_cast<float>(s.n[1] + 2.0 * s.n[2]);
+        for (unsigned j = 1; j < 4; ++j) {
+          discounts_[i].amount[j] = static_cast<float>(j) - static_cast<float>(j + 1) * y * static_cast<float>(s.n[j+1]) / static_cast<float>(s.n[j]);
+          UTIL_THROW_IF(discounts_[i].amount[j] < 0.0 || discounts_[i].amount[j] > j, BadDiscountException, "ERROR: " << (i+1) << "-gram discount out of range for adjusted count " << j << ": " << discounts_[i].amount[j]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Add(std::size_t order_minus_1, uint64_t count) {
+      OrderStat &stat = orders_[order_minus_1];
+      ++stat.count;
+      if (count < 5) ++stat.n[count];
+    }
+
+    void AddFull(uint64_t count) {
+      ++full_.count;
+      if (count < 5) ++full_.n[count];
+    }
+
+  private:
+    struct OrderStat {
+      // n_1 in equation 26 of Chen and Goodman etc
+      uint64_t n[5];
+      uint64_t count;
+    };
+
+    std::vector<OrderStat> orders_;
+    OrderStat &full_;
+
+    std::vector<uint64_t> &counts_;
+    std::vector<Discount> &discounts_;
+};
+
+// Reads all entries in order like NGramStream does.  
+// But deletes any entries that have <s> in the 1st (not 0th) position on the
+// way out by putting other entries in their place.  This disrupts the sort
+// order but we don't care because the data is going to be sorted again.  
+class CollapseStream {
+  public:
+    CollapseStream(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position) :
+      current_(NULL, NGram::OrderFromSize(position.GetChain().EntrySize())),
+      block_(position) {
+      StartBlock();
+    }
+
+    const NGram &operator*() const { return current_; }
+    const NGram *operator->() const { return &current_; }
+
+    operator bool() const { return block_; }
+
+    CollapseStream &operator++() {
+      assert(block_);
+      if (current_.begin()[1] == kBOS && current_.Base() < copy_from_) {
+        memcpy(current_.Base(), copy_from_, current_.TotalSize());
+        UpdateCopyFrom();
+      }
+      current_.NextInMemory();
+      uint8_t *block_base = static_cast<uint8_t*>(block_->Get());
+      if (current_.Base() == block_base + block_->ValidSize()) {
+        block_->SetValidSize(copy_from_ + current_.TotalSize() - block_base);
+        ++block_;
+        StartBlock();
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void StartBlock() {
+      for (; ; ++block_) {
+        if (!block_) return;
+        if (block_->ValidSize()) break;
+      }
+      current_.ReBase(block_->Get());
+      copy_from_ = static_cast<uint8_t*>(block_->Get()) + block_->ValidSize();
+      UpdateCopyFrom();
+    }
+
+    // Find last without bos.  
+    void UpdateCopyFrom() {
+      for (copy_from_ -= current_.TotalSize(); copy_from_ >= current_.Base(); copy_from_ -= current_.TotalSize()) {
+        if (NGram(copy_from_, current_.Order()).begin()[1] != kBOS) break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    NGram current_;
+
+    // Goes backwards in the block
+    uint8_t *copy_from_;
+
+    util::stream::Link block_;
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+void AdjustCounts::Run(const ChainPositions &positions) {
+  UTIL_TIMER("(%w s) Adjusted counts\n");
+
+  const std::size_t order = positions.size();
+  StatCollector stats(order, counts_, discounts_);
+  if (order == 1) {
+    // Only unigrams.  Just collect stats.  
+    for (NGramStream full(positions[0]); full; ++full) 
+      stats.AddFull(full->Count());
+    stats.CalculateDiscounts();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  NGramStreams streams;
+  streams.Init(positions, positions.size() - 1);
+  CollapseStream full(positions[positions.size() - 1]);
+
+  // Initialization: <unk> has count 0 and so does <s>.  
+  NGramStream *lower_valid = streams.begin();
+  streams[0]->Count() = 0;
+  *streams[0]->begin() = kUNK;
+  stats.Add(0, 0);
+  (++streams[0])->Count() = 0;
+  *streams[0]->begin() = kBOS;
+  // not in stats because it will get put in later.  
+
+  // iterate over full (the stream of the highest order ngrams)
+  for (; full; ++full) {
+    const WordIndex *different = FindDifference(*full, **lower_valid);
+    std::size_t same = full->end() - 1 - different;
+    // Increment the adjusted count.  
+    if (same) ++streams[same - 1]->Count();
+
+    // Output all the valid ones that changed.  
+    for (; lower_valid >= &streams[same]; --lower_valid) {
+      stats.Add(lower_valid - streams.begin(), (*lower_valid)->Count());
+      ++*lower_valid;
+    }
+
+    // This is here because bos is also const WordIndex *, so copy gets
+    // consistent argument types.  
+    const WordIndex *full_end = full->end();
+    // Initialize and mark as valid up to bos.  
+    const WordIndex *bos;
+    for (bos = different; (bos > full->begin()) && (*bos != kBOS); --bos) {
+      ++lower_valid;
+      std::copy(bos, full_end, (*lower_valid)->begin());
+      (*lower_valid)->Count() = 1;
+    }
+    // Now bos indicates where <s> is or is the 0th word of full.  
+    if (bos != full->begin()) {
+      // There is an <s> beyond the 0th word.  
+      NGramStream &to = *++lower_valid;
+      std::copy(bos, full_end, to->begin());
+      to->Count() = full->Count();  
+    } else {
+      stats.AddFull(full->Count());
+    }
+    assert(lower_valid >= &streams[0]);
+  }
+
+  // Output everything valid.
+  for (NGramStream *s = streams.begin(); s <= lower_valid; ++s) {
+    stats.Add(s - streams.begin(), (*s)->Count());
+    ++*s;
+  }
+  // Poison everyone!  Except the N-grams which were already poisoned by the input.   
+  for (NGramStream *s = streams.begin(); s != streams.end(); ++s)
+    s->Poison();
+
+  stats.CalculateDiscounts();
+
+  // NOTE: See special early-return case for unigrams near the top of this function
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts.hh b/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f38ff79d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_ADJUST_COUNTS__
+#define LM_BUILDER_ADJUST_COUNTS__
+
+#include "lm/builder/discount.hh"
+#include "util/exception.hh"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace builder {
+
+class ChainPositions;
+
+class BadDiscountException : public util::Exception {
+  public:
+    BadDiscountException() throw();
+    ~BadDiscountException() throw();
+};
+
+/* Compute adjusted counts.  
+ * Input: unique suffix sorted N-grams (and just the N-grams) with raw counts.
+ * Output: [1,N]-grams with adjusted counts.  
+ * [1,N)-grams are in suffix order
+ * N-grams are in undefined order (they're going to be sorted anyway).
+ */
+class AdjustCounts {
+  public:
+    AdjustCounts(std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, std::vector<Discount> &discounts)
+      : counts_(counts), discounts_(discounts) {}
+
+    void Run(const ChainPositions &positions);
+
+  private:
+    std::vector<uint64_t> &counts_;
+    std::vector<Discount> &discounts_;
+};
+
+} // namespace builder
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_ADJUST_COUNTS__
+
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts_test.cc b/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..68b5f33e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/adjust_counts_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#include "lm/builder/adjust_counts.hh"
+
+#include "lm/builder/multi_stream.hh"
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+
+#include <boost/thread/thread.hpp>
+#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE AdjustCounts
+#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder { namespace {
+
+class KeepCopy {
+  public:
+    KeepCopy() : size_(0) {}
+
+    void Run(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position) {
+      for (util::stream::Link link(position); link; ++link) {
+        mem_.call_realloc(size_ + link->ValidSize());
+        memcpy(static_cast<uint8_t*>(mem_.get()) + size_, link->Get(), link->ValidSize());
+        size_ += link->ValidSize();
+      }
+    }
+
+    uint8_t *Get() { return static_cast<uint8_t*>(mem_.get()); }
+    std::size_t Size() const { return size_; }
+
+  private:
+    util::scoped_malloc mem_;
+    std::size_t size_;
+};
+
+struct Gram4 {
+  WordIndex ids[4];
+  uint64_t count;
+};
+
+class WriteInput {
+  public:
+    void Run(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position) {
+      NGramStream input(position);
+      Gram4 grams[] = {
+        {{0,0,0,0},10},
+        {{0,0,3,0},3},
+        // bos
+        {{1,1,1,2},5},
+        {{0,0,3,2},5},
+      };
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < sizeof(grams) / sizeof(Gram4); ++i, ++input) {
+        memcpy(input->begin(), grams[i].ids, sizeof(WordIndex) * 4);
+        input->Count() = grams[i].count;
+      }
+      input.Poison();
+    }
+};
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Simple) {
+  KeepCopy outputs[4];
+  std::vector<uint64_t> counts;
+  std::vector<Discount> discount;
+  {
+    util::stream::ChainConfig config;
+    config.total_memory = 100;
+    config.block_count = 1;
+    Chains chains(4);
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+      config.entry_size = NGram::TotalSize(i + 1);
+      chains.push_back(config);
+    }
+
+    chains[3] >> WriteInput();
+    ChainPositions for_adjust(chains);
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
+      chains[i] >> boost::ref(outputs[i]);
+    }
+    chains >> util::stream::kRecycle;
+    BOOST_CHECK_THROW(AdjustCounts(counts, discount).Run(for_adjust), BadDiscountException);
+  }
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(4UL, counts.size());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(4UL, counts[0]);
+  // These are no longer set because the discounts are bad.  
+/*  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(4UL, counts[1]);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(3UL, counts[2]);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(3UL, counts[3]);*/
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(NGram::TotalSize(1) * 4, outputs[0].Size());
+  NGram uni(outputs[0].Get(), 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(kUNK, *uni.begin());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0ULL, uni.Count());
+  uni.NextInMemory();
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(kBOS, *uni.begin());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0ULL, uni.Count());
+  uni.NextInMemory();
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0UL, *uni.begin());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(2ULL, uni.Count());
+  uni.NextInMemory();
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(2ULL, uni.Count());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(2UL, *uni.begin());
+
+  BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(NGram::TotalSize(2) * 4, outputs[1].Size());
+  NGram bi(outputs[1].Get(), 2);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0UL, *bi.begin());
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0UL, *(bi.begin() + 1));
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(1ULL, bi.Count());
+  bi.NextInMemory();
+}
+
+}}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count.cc b/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..abea4ed0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+#include "lm/builder/corpus_count.hh"
+
+#include "lm/builder/ngram.hh"
+#include "lm/lm_exception.hh"
+#include "lm/word_index.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/file_piece.hh"
+#include "util/murmur_hash.hh"
+#include "util/probing_hash_table.hh"
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+#include "util/stream/timer.hh"
+#include "util/tokenize_piece.hh"
+
+#include <boost/unordered_set.hpp>
+#include <boost/unordered_map.hpp>
+
+#include <functional>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace builder {
+namespace {
+
+class VocabHandout {
+  public:
+    explicit VocabHandout(int fd) {
+      util::scoped_fd duped(util::DupOrThrow(fd));
+      word_list_.reset(util::FDOpenOrThrow(duped));
+      
+      Lookup("<unk>"); // Force 0
+      Lookup("<s>"); // Force 1
+      Lookup("</s>"); // Force 2
+    }
+
+    WordIndex Lookup(const StringPiece &word) {
+      uint64_t hashed = util::MurmurHashNative(word.data(), word.size());
+      std::pair<Seen::iterator, bool> ret(seen_.insert(std::pair<uint64_t, lm::WordIndex>(hashed, seen_.size())));
+      if (ret.second) {
+        char null_delimit = 0;
+        util::WriteOrThrow(word_list_.get(), word.data(), word.size());
+        util::WriteOrThrow(word_list_.get(), &null_delimit, 1);
+        UTIL_THROW_IF(seen_.size() >= std::numeric_limits<lm::WordIndex>::max(), VocabLoadException, "Too many vocabulary words.  Change WordIndex to uint64_t in lm/word_index.hh.");
+      }
+      return ret.first->second;
+    }
+
+    WordIndex Size() const {
+      return seen_.size();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    typedef boost::unordered_map<uint64_t, lm::WordIndex> Seen;
+
+    Seen seen_;
+
+    util::scoped_FILE word_list_;
+};
+
+class DedupeHash : public std::unary_function<const WordIndex *, bool> {
+  public:
+    explicit DedupeHash(std::size_t order) : size_(order * sizeof(WordIndex)) {}
+
+    std::size_t operator()(const WordIndex *start) const {
+      return util::MurmurHashNative(start, size_);
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    const std::size_t size_;
+};
+
+class DedupeEquals : public std::binary_function<const WordIndex *, const WordIndex *, bool> {
+  public:
+    explicit DedupeEquals(std::size_t order) : size_(order * sizeof(WordIndex)) {}
+    
+    bool operator()(const WordIndex *first, const WordIndex *second) const {
+      return !memcmp(first, second, size_);
+    } 
+    
+  private:
+    const std::size_t size_;
+};
+
+struct DedupeEntry {
+  typedef WordIndex *Key;
+  Key GetKey() const { return key; }
+  Key key;
+  static DedupeEntry Construct(WordIndex *at) {
+    DedupeEntry ret;
+    ret.key = at;
+    return ret;
+  }
+};
+
+typedef util::ProbingHashTable<DedupeEntry, DedupeHash, DedupeEquals> Dedupe;
+
+const float kProbingMultiplier = 1.5;
+
+class Writer {
+  public:
+    Writer(std::size_t order, const util::stream::ChainPosition &position, void *dedupe_mem, std::size_t dedupe_mem_size) 
+      : block_(position), gram_(block_->Get(), order),
+        dedupe_invalid_(order, std::numeric_limits<WordIndex>::max()),
+        dedupe_(dedupe_mem, dedupe_mem_size, &dedupe_invalid_[0], DedupeHash(order), DedupeEquals(order)),
+        buffer_(new WordIndex[order - 1]),
+        block_size_(position.GetChain().BlockSize()) {
+      dedupe_.Clear(DedupeEntry::Construct(&dedupe_invalid_[0]));
+      assert(Dedupe::Size(position.GetChain().BlockSize() / position.GetChain().EntrySize(), kProbingMultiplier) == dedupe_mem_size);
+      if (order == 1) {
+        // Add special words.  AdjustCounts is responsible if order != 1.    
+        AddUnigramWord(kUNK);
+        AddUnigramWord(kBOS);
+      }
+    }
+
+    ~Writer() {
+      block_->SetValidSize(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(gram_.begin()) - static_cast<const uint8_t*>(block_->Get()));
+      (++block_).Poison();
+    }
+
+    // Write context with a bunch of <s>
+    void StartSentence() {
+      for (WordIndex *i = gram_.begin(); i != gram_.end() - 1; ++i) {
+        *i = kBOS;
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Append(WordIndex word) {
+      *(gram_.end() - 1) = word;
+      Dedupe::MutableIterator at;
+      bool found = dedupe_.FindOrInsert(DedupeEntry::Construct(gram_.begin()), at);
+      if (found) {
+        // Already present.
+        NGram already(at->key, gram_.Order());
+        ++(already.Count());
+        // Shift left by one.
+        memmove(gram_.begin(), gram_.begin() + 1, sizeof(WordIndex) * (gram_.Order() - 1));
+        return;
+      }
+      // Complete the write.  
+      gram_.Count() = 1;
+      // Prepare the next n-gram.  
+      if (reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(gram_.begin()) + gram_.TotalSize() != static_cast<uint8_t*>(block_->Get()) + block_size_) {
+        NGram last(gram_);
+        gram_.NextInMemory();
+        std::copy(last.begin() + 1, last.end(), gram_.begin());
+        return;
+      }
+      // Block end.  Need to store the context in a temporary buffer.  
+      std::copy(gram_.begin() + 1, gram_.end(), buffer_.get());
+      dedupe_.Clear(DedupeEntry::Construct(&dedupe_invalid_[0]));
+      block_->SetValidSize(block_size_);
+      gram_.ReBase((++block_)->Get());
+      std::copy(buffer_.get(), buffer_.get() + gram_.Order() - 1, gram_.begin());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void AddUnigramWord(WordIndex index) {
+      *gram_.begin() = index;
+      gram_.Count() = 0;
+      gram_.NextInMemory();
+      if (gram_.Base() == static_cast<uint8_t*>(block_->Get()) + block_size_) {
+        block_->SetValidSize(block_size_);
+        gram_.ReBase((++block_)->Get());
+      }
+    }
+
+    util::stream::Link block_;
+
+    NGram gram_;
+
+    // This is the memory behind the invalid value in dedupe_.
+    std::vector<WordIndex> dedupe_invalid_;
+    // Hash table combiner implementation.
+    Dedupe dedupe_;
+
+    // Small buffer to hold existing ngrams when shifting across a block boundary.  
+    boost::scoped_array<WordIndex> buffer_;
+
+    const std::size_t block_size_;
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+float CorpusCount::DedupeMultiplier(std::size_t order) {
+  return kProbingMultiplier * static_cast<float>(sizeof(DedupeEntry)) / static_cast<float>(NGram::TotalSize(order));
+}
+
+CorpusCount::CorpusCount(util::FilePiece &from, int vocab_write, uint64_t &token_count, WordIndex &type_count, std::size_t entries_per_block) 
+  : from_(from), vocab_write_(vocab_write), token_count_(token_count), type_count_(type_count),
+    dedupe_mem_size_(Dedupe::Size(entries_per_block, kProbingMultiplier)),
+    dedupe_mem_(util::MallocOrThrow(dedupe_mem_size_)) {
+  token_count_ = 0;
+  type_count_ = 0;
+}
+
+void CorpusCount::Run(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position) {
+  UTIL_TIMER("(%w s) Counted n-grams\n");
+
+  VocabHandout vocab(vocab_write_);
+  const WordIndex end_sentence = vocab.Lookup("</s>");
+  Writer writer(NGram::OrderFromSize(position.GetChain().EntrySize()), position, dedupe_mem_.get(), dedupe_mem_size_);
+  uint64_t count = 0;
+  StringPiece delimiters("\0\t\r ", 4);
+  try {
+    while(true) {
+      StringPiece line(from_.ReadLine());
+      writer.StartSentence();
+      for (util::TokenIter<util::AnyCharacter, true> w(line, delimiters); w; ++w) {
+        WordIndex word = vocab.Lookup(*w);
+        UTIL_THROW_IF(word <= 2, FormatLoadException, "Special word " << *w << " is not allowed in the corpus.  I plan to support models containing <unk> in the future.");
+        writer.Append(word);
+        ++count;
+      }
+      writer.Append(end_sentence);
+    }
+  } catch (const util::EndOfFileException &e) {}
+  token_count_ = count;
+  type_count_ = vocab.Size();
+}
+
+} // namespace builder
+} // namespace lm
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count.hh b/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e255bad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_CORPUS_COUNT__
+#define LM_BUILDER_CORPUS_COUNT__
+
+#include "lm/word_index.hh"
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace util {
+class FilePiece;
+namespace stream {
+class ChainPosition;
+} // namespace stream
+} // namespace util
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace builder {
+
+class CorpusCount {
+  public:
+    // Memory usage will be DedupeMultipler(order) * block_size + total_chain_size + unknown vocab_hash_size
+    static float DedupeMultiplier(std::size_t order);
+
+    CorpusCount(util::FilePiece &from, int vocab_write, uint64_t &token_count, WordIndex &type_count, std::size_t entries_per_block);
+
+    void Run(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position);
+
+  private:
+    util::FilePiece &from_;
+    int vocab_write_;
+    uint64_t &token_count_;
+    WordIndex &type_count_;
+
+    std::size_t dedupe_mem_size_;
+    util::scoped_malloc dedupe_mem_;
+};
+
+} // namespace builder
+} // namespace lm
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_CORPUS_COUNT__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count_test.cc b/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8d53ca9d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/corpus_count_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#include "lm/builder/corpus_count.hh"
+
+#include "lm/builder/ngram.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/ngram_stream.hh"
+
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/file_piece.hh"
+#include "util/tokenize_piece.hh"
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+#include "util/stream/stream.hh"
+
+#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE CorpusCountTest
+#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder { namespace {
+
+#define Check(str, count) { \
+  BOOST_REQUIRE(stream); \
+  w = stream->begin(); \
+  for (util::TokenIter<util::AnyCharacter, true> t(str, " "); t; ++t, ++w) { \
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(*t, v[*w]); \
+  } \
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((uint64_t)count, stream->Count()); \
+  ++stream; \
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Short) {
+  util::scoped_fd input_file(util::MakeTemp("corpus_count_test_temp"));
+  const char input[] = "looking on a little more loin\non a little more loin\non foo little more loin\nbar\n\n";
+  // Blocks of 10 are
+  // looking on a little more loin </s> on a little[duplicate] more[duplicate] loin[duplicate] </s>[duplicate] on[duplicate] foo
+  // little more loin </s> bar </s> </s>
+
+  util::WriteOrThrow(input_file.get(), input, sizeof(input) - 1);
+  util::FilePiece input_piece(input_file.release(), "temp file");
+
+  util::stream::ChainConfig config;
+  config.entry_size = NGram::TotalSize(3);
+  config.total_memory = config.entry_size * 20;
+  config.block_count = 2;
+
+  util::scoped_fd vocab(util::MakeTemp("corpus_count_test_vocab"));
+
+  util::stream::Chain chain(config);
+  NGramStream stream;
+  uint64_t token_count;
+  WordIndex type_count;
+  CorpusCount counter(input_piece, vocab.get(), token_count, type_count, chain.BlockSize() / chain.EntrySize());
+  chain >> boost::ref(counter) >> stream >> util::stream::kRecycle;
+
+  const char *v[] = {"<unk>", "<s>", "</s>", "looking", "on", "a", "little", "more", "loin", "foo", "bar"};
+
+  WordIndex *w;
+
+  Check("<s> <s> looking", 1);
+  Check("<s> looking on", 1);
+  Check("looking on a", 1);
+  Check("on a little", 2);
+  Check("a little more", 2);
+  Check("little more loin", 2);
+  Check("more loin </s>", 2);
+  Check("<s> <s> on", 2);
+  Check("<s> on a", 1);
+  Check("<s> on foo", 1);
+  Check("on foo little", 1);
+  Check("foo little more", 1);
+  Check("little more loin", 1);
+  Check("more loin </s>", 1);
+  Check("<s> <s> bar", 1);
+  Check("<s> bar </s>", 1);
+  Check("<s> <s> </s>", 1);
+  BOOST_CHECK(!stream);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(sizeof(v) / sizeof(const char*), type_count);
+}
+
+}}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/discount.hh b/klm/lm/builder/discount.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4d0aa4fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/discount.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+#ifndef BUILDER_DISCOUNT__
+#define BUILDER_DISCOUNT__
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace builder {
+
+struct Discount {
+  float amount[4];
+
+  float Get(uint64_t count) const {
+    return amount[std::min<uint64_t>(count, 3)];
+  }
+
+  float Apply(uint64_t count) const {
+    return static_cast<float>(count) - Get(count);
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace builder
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // BUILDER_DISCOUNT__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/header_info.hh b/klm/lm/builder/header_info.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ccca1456
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/header_info.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_HEADER_INFO__
+#define LM_BUILDER_HEADER_INFO__
+
+#include <string>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+// Some configuration info that is used to add
+// comments to the beginning of an ARPA file
+struct HeaderInfo {
+  const std::string input_file;
+  const uint64_t token_count;
+
+  HeaderInfo(const std::string& input_file_in, uint64_t token_count_in)
+    : input_file(input_file_in), token_count(token_count_in) {}
+
+  // TODO: Add smoothing type
+  // TODO: More info if multiple models were interpolated
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/initial_probabilities.cc b/klm/lm/builder/initial_probabilities.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..58b42a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/initial_probabilities.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+#include "lm/builder/initial_probabilities.hh"
+
+#include "lm/builder/discount.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/ngram_stream.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/sort.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+#include "util/stream/io.hh"
+#include "util/stream/stream.hh"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+namespace {
+struct BufferEntry {
+  // Gamma from page 20 of Chen and Goodman.  
+  float gamma;
+  // \sum_w a(c w) for all w.  
+  float denominator;
+};
+
+// Extract an array of gamma from an array of BufferEntry.  
+class OnlyGamma {
+  public:
+    void Run(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position) {
+      for (util::stream::Link block_it(position); block_it; ++block_it) {
+        float *out = static_cast<float*>(block_it->Get());
+        const float *in = out;
+        const float *end = static_cast<const float*>(block_it->ValidEnd());
+        for (out += 1, in += 2; in < end; out += 1, in += 2) {
+          *out = *in;
+        }
+        block_it->SetValidSize(block_it->ValidSize() / 2);
+      }
+    }
+};
+
+class AddRight {
+  public:
+    AddRight(const Discount &discount, const util::stream::ChainPosition &input) 
+      : discount_(discount), input_(input) {}
+
+    void Run(const util::stream::ChainPosition &output) {
+      NGramStream in(input_);
+      util::stream::Stream out(output);
+
+      std::vector<WordIndex> previous(in->Order() - 1);
+      const std::size_t size = sizeof(WordIndex) * previous.size();
+      for(; in; ++out) {
+        memcpy(&previous[0], in->begin(), size);
+        uint64_t denominator = 0;
+        uint64_t counts[4];
+        memset(counts, 0, sizeof(counts));
+        do {
+          denominator += in->Count();
+          ++counts[std::min(in->Count(), static_cast<uint64_t>(3))];
+        } while (++in && !memcmp(&previous[0], in->begin(), size));
+        BufferEntry &entry = *reinterpret_cast<BufferEntry*>(out.Get());
+        entry.denominator = static_cast<float>(denominator);
+        entry.gamma = 0.0;
+        for (unsigned i = 1; i <= 3; ++i) {
+          entry.gamma += discount_.Get(i) * static_cast<float>(counts[i]);
+        }
+        entry.gamma /= entry.denominator;
+      }
+      out.Poison();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    const Discount &discount_;
+    const util::stream::ChainPosition input_;
+};
+
+class MergeRight {
+  public:
+    MergeRight(bool interpolate_unigrams, const util::stream::ChainPosition &from_adder, const Discount &discount)
+      : interpolate_unigrams_(interpolate_unigrams), from_adder_(from_adder), discount_(discount) {}
+
+    // calculate the initial probability of each n-gram (before order-interpolation)
+    // Run() gets invoked once for each order
+    void Run(const util::stream::ChainPosition &primary) {
+      util::stream::Stream summed(from_adder_);
+
+      NGramStream grams(primary);
+
+      // Without interpolation, the interpolation weight goes to <unk>.
+      if (grams->Order() == 1 && !interpolate_unigrams_) {
+        BufferEntry sums(*static_cast<const BufferEntry*>(summed.Get()));
+        assert(*grams->begin() == kUNK);
+        grams->Value().uninterp.prob = sums.gamma;
+        grams->Value().uninterp.gamma = 0.0;
+        while (++grams) {
+          grams->Value().uninterp.prob = discount_.Apply(grams->Count()) / sums.denominator;
+          grams->Value().uninterp.gamma = 0.0;
+        }
+        ++summed;
+        return;
+      }
+
+      std::vector<WordIndex> previous(grams->Order() - 1);
+      const std::size_t size = sizeof(WordIndex) * previous.size();
+      for (; grams; ++summed) {
+        memcpy(&previous[0], grams->begin(), size);
+        const BufferEntry &sums = *static_cast<const BufferEntry*>(summed.Get());
+        do {
+          Payload &pay = grams->Value();
+          pay.uninterp.prob = discount_.Apply(pay.count) / sums.denominator;
+          pay.uninterp.gamma = sums.gamma;
+        } while (++grams && !memcmp(&previous[0], grams->begin(), size));
+      }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    bool interpolate_unigrams_;
+    util::stream::ChainPosition from_adder_;
+    Discount discount_;
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+void InitialProbabilities(const InitialProbabilitiesConfig &config, const std::vector<Discount> &discounts, Chains &primary, Chains &second_in, Chains &gamma_out) {
+  util::stream::ChainConfig gamma_config = config.adder_out;
+  gamma_config.entry_size = sizeof(BufferEntry);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < primary.size(); ++i) {
+    util::stream::ChainPosition second(second_in[i].Add());
+    second_in[i] >> util::stream::kRecycle;
+    gamma_out.push_back(gamma_config);
+    gamma_out[i] >> AddRight(discounts[i], second);
+    primary[i] >> MergeRight(config.interpolate_unigrams, gamma_out[i].Add(), discounts[i]);
+    // Don't bother with the OnlyGamma thread for something to discard.  
+    if (i) gamma_out[i] >> OnlyGamma();
+  }
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/initial_probabilities.hh b/klm/lm/builder/initial_probabilities.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..626388eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/initial_probabilities.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_INITIAL_PROBABILITIES__
+#define LM_BUILDER_INITIAL_PROBABILITIES__
+
+#include "lm/builder/discount.hh"
+#include "util/stream/config.hh"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace builder {
+class Chains;
+
+struct InitialProbabilitiesConfig {
+  // These should be small buffers to keep the adder from getting too far ahead
+  util::stream::ChainConfig adder_in;
+  util::stream::ChainConfig adder_out;
+  // SRILM doesn't normally interpolate unigrams.  
+  bool interpolate_unigrams;
+};
+
+/* Compute initial (uninterpolated) probabilities
+ * primary: the normal chain of n-grams.  Incoming is context sorted adjusted
+ *   counts.  Outgoing has uninterpolated probabilities for use by Interpolate.
+ * second_in: a second copy of the primary input.  Discard the output.  
+ * gamma_out: Computed gamma values are output on these chains in suffix order.
+ *   The values are bare floats and should be buffered for interpolation to
+ *   use.  
+ */
+void InitialProbabilities(const InitialProbabilitiesConfig &config, const std::vector<Discount> &discounts, Chains &primary, Chains &second_in, Chains &gamma_out);
+
+} // namespace builder
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_INITIAL_PROBABILITIES__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/interpolate.cc b/klm/lm/builder/interpolate.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..50026806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/interpolate.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#include "lm/builder/interpolate.hh"
+
+#include "lm/builder/joint_order.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/multi_stream.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/sort.hh"
+#include "lm/lm_exception.hh"
+
+#include <assert.h>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+namespace {
+
+class Callback {
+  public:
+    Callback(float uniform_prob, const ChainPositions &backoffs) : backoffs_(backoffs.size()), probs_(backoffs.size() + 2) {
+      probs_[0] = uniform_prob;
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < backoffs.size(); ++i) {
+        backoffs_.push_back(backoffs[i]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    ~Callback() {
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < backoffs_.size(); ++i) {
+        if (backoffs_[i]) {
+          std::cerr << "Backoffs do not match for order " << (i + 1) << std::endl;
+          abort();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Enter(unsigned order_minus_1, NGram &gram) {
+      Payload &pay = gram.Value();
+      pay.complete.prob = pay.uninterp.prob + pay.uninterp.gamma * probs_[order_minus_1];
+      probs_[order_minus_1 + 1] = pay.complete.prob;
+      pay.complete.prob = log10(pay.complete.prob);
+      // TODO: this is a hack to skip n-grams that don't appear as context.  Pruning will require some different handling.  
+      if (order_minus_1 < backoffs_.size() && *(gram.end() - 1) != kUNK && *(gram.end() - 1) != kEOS) {
+        pay.complete.backoff = log10(*static_cast<const float*>(backoffs_[order_minus_1].Get()));
+        ++backoffs_[order_minus_1];
+      } else {
+        // Not a context.  
+        pay.complete.backoff = 0.0;
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Exit(unsigned, const NGram &) const {}
+
+  private:
+    FixedArray<util::stream::Stream> backoffs_;
+
+    std::vector<float> probs_;
+};
+} // namespace
+
+Interpolate::Interpolate(uint64_t unigram_count, const ChainPositions &backoffs) 
+  : uniform_prob_(1.0 / static_cast<float>(unigram_count - 1)), backoffs_(backoffs) {}
+
+// perform order-wise interpolation
+void Interpolate::Run(const ChainPositions &positions) {
+  assert(positions.size() == backoffs_.size() + 1);
+  Callback callback(uniform_prob_, backoffs_);
+  JointOrder<Callback, SuffixOrder>(positions, callback);
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/interpolate.hh b/klm/lm/builder/interpolate.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9268d404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/interpolate.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_INTERPOLATE__
+#define LM_BUILDER_INTERPOLATE__
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "lm/builder/multi_stream.hh"
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+ 
+/* Interpolate step.  
+ * Input: suffix sorted n-grams with (p_uninterpolated, gamma) from
+ * InitialProbabilities.
+ * Output: suffix sorted n-grams with complete probability
+ */
+class Interpolate {
+  public:
+    explicit Interpolate(uint64_t unigram_count, const ChainPositions &backoffs);
+
+    void Run(const ChainPositions &positions);
+
+  private:
+    float uniform_prob_;
+    ChainPositions backoffs_;
+};
+
+}} // namespaces
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_INTERPOLATE__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/joint_order.hh b/klm/lm/builder/joint_order.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b5620144
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/joint_order.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_JOINT_ORDER__
+#define LM_BUILDER_JOINT_ORDER__
+
+#include "lm/builder/multi_stream.hh"
+#include "lm/lm_exception.hh"
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+template <class Callback, class Compare> void JointOrder(const ChainPositions &positions, Callback &callback) {
+  // Allow matching to reference streams[-1].
+  NGramStreams streams_with_dummy;
+  streams_with_dummy.InitWithDummy(positions);
+  NGramStream *streams = streams_with_dummy.begin() + 1;
+
+  unsigned int order;
+  for (order = 0; order < positions.size() && streams[order]; ++order) {}
+  assert(order); // should always have <unk>.
+  unsigned int current = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    // Does the context match the lower one?  
+    if (!memcmp(streams[static_cast<int>(current) - 1]->begin(), streams[current]->begin() + Compare::kMatchOffset, sizeof(WordIndex) * current)) {
+      callback.Enter(current, *streams[current]);
+      // Transition to looking for extensions.  
+      if (++current < order) continue;
+    }
+    // No extension left.  
+    while(true) {
+      assert(current > 0);
+      --current;
+      callback.Exit(current, *streams[current]);
+      if (++streams[current]) break;
+      UTIL_THROW_IF(order != current + 1, FormatLoadException, "Detected n-gram without matching suffix");
+      order = current;
+      if (!order) return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
+
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_JOINT_ORDER__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/lmplz_main.cc b/klm/lm/builder/lmplz_main.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90b9dca2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/lmplz_main.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#include "lm/builder/pipeline.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/file_piece.hh"
+#include "util/usage.hh"
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+
+namespace {
+class SizeNotify {
+  public:
+    SizeNotify(std::size_t &out) : behind_(out) {}
+
+    void operator()(const std::string &from) {
+      behind_ = util::ParseSize(from);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::size_t &behind_;
+};
+
+boost::program_options::typed_value<std::string> *SizeOption(std::size_t &to, const char *default_value) {
+  return boost::program_options::value<std::string>()->notifier(SizeNotify(to))->default_value(default_value);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  try {
+    namespace po = boost::program_options;
+    po::options_description options("Language model building options");
+    lm::builder::PipelineConfig pipeline;
+
+    options.add_options()
+      ("order,o", po::value<std::size_t>(&pipeline.order)->required(), "Order of the model")
+      ("interpolate_unigrams", po::bool_switch(&pipeline.initial_probs.interpolate_unigrams), "Interpolate the unigrams (default: emulate SRILM by not interpolating)")
+      ("temp_prefix,T", po::value<std::string>(&pipeline.sort.temp_prefix)->default_value("/tmp/lm"), "Temporary file prefix")
+      ("memory,S", SizeOption(pipeline.sort.total_memory, util::GuessPhysicalMemory() ? "80%" : "1G"), "Sorting memory")
+      ("vocab_memory", SizeOption(pipeline.assume_vocab_hash_size, "50M"), "Assume that the vocabulary hash table will use this much memory for purposes of calculating total memory in the count step")
+      ("minimum_block", SizeOption(pipeline.minimum_block, "8K"), "Minimum block size to allow")
+      ("sort_block", SizeOption(pipeline.sort.buffer_size, "64M"), "Size of IO operations for sort (determines arity)")
+      ("block_count", po::value<std::size_t>(&pipeline.block_count)->default_value(2), "Block count (per order)")
+      ("vocab_file", po::value<std::string>(&pipeline.vocab_file)->default_value(""), "Location to write vocabulary file")
+      ("verbose_header", po::bool_switch(&pipeline.verbose_header), "Add a verbose header to the ARPA file that includes information such as token count, smoothing type, etc.");
+    if (argc == 1) {
+      std::cerr << 
+        "Builds unpruned language models with modified Kneser-Ney smoothing.\n\n"
+        "Please cite:\n"
+        "@inproceedings{kenlm,\n"
+        "author    = {Kenneth Heafield},\n"
+        "title     = {{KenLM}: Faster and Smaller Language Model Queries},\n"
+        "booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation},\n"
+        "month     = {July}, year={2011},\n"
+        "address   = {Edinburgh, UK},\n"
+        "publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},\n"
+        "}\n\n"
+        "Provide the corpus on stdin.  The ARPA file will be written to stdout.  Order of\n"
+        "the model (-o) is the only mandatory option.  As this is an on-disk program,\n"
+        "setting the temporary file location (-T) and sorting memory (-S) is recommended.\n\n"
+        "Memory sizes are specified like GNU sort: a number followed by a unit character.\n"
+        "Valid units are \% for percentage of memory (supported platforms only) and (in\n"
+        "increasing powers of 1024): b, K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y.  Default is K (*1024).\n\n";
+      std::cerr << options << std::endl;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    po::variables_map vm;
+    po::store(po::parse_command_line(argc, argv, options), vm);
+    po::notify(vm);
+
+    util::NormalizeTempPrefix(pipeline.sort.temp_prefix);
+
+    lm::builder::InitialProbabilitiesConfig &initial = pipeline.initial_probs;
+    // TODO: evaluate options for these.  
+    initial.adder_in.total_memory = 32768;
+    initial.adder_in.block_count = 2;
+    initial.adder_out.total_memory = 32768;
+    initial.adder_out.block_count = 2;
+    pipeline.read_backoffs = initial.adder_out;
+
+    // Read from stdin
+    try {
+      lm::builder::Pipeline(pipeline, 0, 1);
+    } catch (const util::MallocException &e) {
+      std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+      std::cerr << "Try rerunning with a more conservative -S setting than " << vm["memory"].as<std::string>() << std::endl;
+      return 1;
+    }
+    util::PrintUsage(std::cerr);
+  } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+    std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+    return 1;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/multi_stream.hh b/klm/lm/builder/multi_stream.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..707a98c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/multi_stream.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_MULTI_STREAM__
+#define LM_BUILDER_MULTI_STREAM__
+
+#include "lm/builder/ngram_stream.hh"
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <new>
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+template <class T> class FixedArray {
+  public:
+    explicit FixedArray(std::size_t count) {
+      Init(count);
+    }
+
+    FixedArray() : newed_end_(NULL) {}
+
+    void Init(std::size_t count) {
+      assert(!block_.get());
+      block_.reset(malloc(sizeof(T) * count));
+      if (!block_.get()) throw std::bad_alloc();
+      newed_end_ = begin();
+    }
+
+    FixedArray(const FixedArray &from) {
+      std::size_t size = from.newed_end_ - static_cast<const T*>(from.block_.get());
+      Init(size);
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
+        new(end()) T(from[i]);
+        Constructed();
+      }
+    }
+
+    ~FixedArray() { clear(); }
+
+    T *begin() { return static_cast<T*>(block_.get()); }
+    const T *begin() const { return static_cast<const T*>(block_.get()); }
+    // Always call Constructed after successful completion of new.  
+    T *end() { return newed_end_; }
+    const T *end() const { return newed_end_; }
+
+    T &back() { return *(end() - 1); }
+    const T &back() const { return *(end() - 1); }
+
+    std::size_t size() const { return end() - begin(); }
+    bool empty() const { return begin() == end(); }
+
+    T &operator[](std::size_t i) { return begin()[i]; }
+    const T &operator[](std::size_t i) const { return begin()[i]; }
+
+    template <class C> void push_back(const C &c) {
+      new (end()) T(c);
+      Constructed();
+    }
+
+    void clear() {
+      for (T *i = begin(); i != end(); ++i)
+        i->~T();
+      newed_end_ = begin();
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    void Constructed() {
+      ++newed_end_;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    util::scoped_malloc block_;
+
+    T *newed_end_;
+};
+
+class Chains;
+
+class ChainPositions : public FixedArray<util::stream::ChainPosition> {
+  public:
+    ChainPositions() {}
+
+    void Init(Chains &chains);
+
+    explicit ChainPositions(Chains &chains) {
+      Init(chains);
+    }
+};
+
+class Chains : public FixedArray<util::stream::Chain> {
+  private:
+    template <class T, void (T::*ptr)(const ChainPositions &) = &T::Run> struct CheckForRun {
+      typedef Chains type;
+    };
+
+  public:
+    explicit Chains(std::size_t limit) : FixedArray<util::stream::Chain>(limit) {}
+
+    template <class Worker> typename CheckForRun<Worker>::type &operator>>(const Worker &worker) {
+      threads_.push_back(new util::stream::Thread(ChainPositions(*this), worker));
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    template <class Worker> typename CheckForRun<Worker>::type &operator>>(const boost::reference_wrapper<Worker> &worker) {
+      threads_.push_back(new util::stream::Thread(ChainPositions(*this), worker));
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    Chains &operator>>(const util::stream::Recycler &recycler) {
+      for (util::stream::Chain *i = begin(); i != end(); ++i) 
+        *i >> recycler;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    void Wait(bool release_memory = true) {
+      threads_.clear();
+      for (util::stream::Chain *i = begin(); i != end(); ++i) {
+        i->Wait(release_memory);
+      }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    boost::ptr_vector<util::stream::Thread> threads_;
+
+    Chains(const Chains &);
+    void operator=(const Chains &);
+};
+
+inline void ChainPositions::Init(Chains &chains) {
+  FixedArray<util::stream::ChainPosition>::Init(chains.size());
+  for (util::stream::Chain *i = chains.begin(); i != chains.end(); ++i) {
+    new (end()) util::stream::ChainPosition(i->Add()); Constructed();
+  }
+}
+
+inline Chains &operator>>(Chains &chains, ChainPositions &positions) {
+  positions.Init(chains);
+  return chains;
+}
+
+class NGramStreams : public FixedArray<NGramStream> {
+  public:
+    NGramStreams() {}
+
+    // This puts a dummy NGramStream at the beginning (useful to algorithms that need to reference something at the beginning).
+    void InitWithDummy(const ChainPositions &positions) {
+      FixedArray<NGramStream>::Init(positions.size() + 1);
+      new (end()) NGramStream(); Constructed();
+      for (const util::stream::ChainPosition *i = positions.begin(); i != positions.end(); ++i) {
+        push_back(*i);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Limit restricts to positions[0,limit)
+    void Init(const ChainPositions &positions, std::size_t limit) {
+      FixedArray<NGramStream>::Init(limit);
+      for (const util::stream::ChainPosition *i = positions.begin(); i != positions.begin() + limit; ++i) {
+        push_back(*i);
+      }
+    }
+    void Init(const ChainPositions &positions) {
+      Init(positions, positions.size());
+    }
+
+    NGramStreams(const ChainPositions &positions) {
+      Init(positions);
+    }
+};
+
+inline Chains &operator>>(Chains &chains, NGramStreams &streams) {
+  ChainPositions positions;
+  chains >> positions;
+  streams.Init(positions);
+  return chains;
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_MULTI_STREAM__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/ngram.hh b/klm/lm/builder/ngram.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2984ed0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/ngram.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_NGRAM__
+#define LM_BUILDER_NGRAM__
+
+#include "lm/weights.hh"
+#include "lm/word_index.hh"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace builder {
+
+struct Uninterpolated {
+  float prob;  // Uninterpolated probability.
+  float gamma; // Interpolation weight for lower order.
+};
+
+union Payload {
+  uint64_t count;
+  Uninterpolated uninterp;
+  ProbBackoff complete;
+};
+
+class NGram {
+  public:
+    NGram(void *begin, std::size_t order) 
+      : begin_(static_cast<WordIndex*>(begin)), end_(begin_ + order) {}
+
+    const uint8_t *Base() const { return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(begin_); }
+    uint8_t *Base() { return reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(begin_); }
+
+    void ReBase(void *to) {
+      std::size_t difference = end_ - begin_;
+      begin_ = reinterpret_cast<WordIndex*>(to);
+      end_ = begin_ + difference;
+    }
+
+    // Would do operator++ but that can get confusing for a stream.  
+    void NextInMemory() {
+      ReBase(&Value() + 1);
+    }
+
+    // Lower-case in deference to STL.  
+    const WordIndex *begin() const { return begin_; }
+    WordIndex *begin() { return begin_; }
+    const WordIndex *end() const { return end_; }
+    WordIndex *end() { return end_; }
+
+    const Payload &Value() const { return *reinterpret_cast<const Payload *>(end_); }
+    Payload &Value() { return *reinterpret_cast<Payload *>(end_); }
+
+    uint64_t &Count() { return Value().count; }
+    const uint64_t Count() const { return Value().count; }
+
+    std::size_t Order() const { return end_ - begin_; }
+
+    static std::size_t TotalSize(std::size_t order) {
+      return order * sizeof(WordIndex) + sizeof(Payload);
+    }
+    std::size_t TotalSize() const {
+      // Compiler should optimize this.  
+      return TotalSize(Order());
+    }
+    static std::size_t OrderFromSize(std::size_t size) {
+      std::size_t ret = (size - sizeof(Payload)) / sizeof(WordIndex);
+      assert(size == TotalSize(ret));
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    WordIndex *begin_, *end_;
+};
+
+const WordIndex kUNK = 0;
+const WordIndex kBOS = 1;
+const WordIndex kEOS = 2;
+
+} // namespace builder
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_NGRAM__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/ngram_stream.hh b/klm/lm/builder/ngram_stream.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3c994664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/ngram_stream.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_NGRAM_STREAM__
+#define LM_BUILDER_NGRAM_STREAM__
+
+#include "lm/builder/ngram.hh"
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+#include "util/stream/stream.hh"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+class NGramStream {
+  public:
+    NGramStream() : gram_(NULL, 0) {}
+
+    NGramStream(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position) : gram_(NULL, 0) {
+      Init(position);
+    }
+
+    void Init(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position) {
+      stream_.Init(position);
+      gram_ = NGram(stream_.Get(), NGram::OrderFromSize(position.GetChain().EntrySize()));
+    }
+
+    NGram &operator*() { return gram_; }
+    const NGram &operator*() const { return gram_; }
+
+    NGram *operator->() { return &gram_; }
+    const NGram *operator->() const { return &gram_; }
+
+    void *Get() { return stream_.Get(); }
+    const void *Get() const { return stream_.Get(); }
+
+    operator bool() const { return stream_; }
+    bool operator!() const { return !stream_; }
+    void Poison() { stream_.Poison(); }
+
+    NGramStream &operator++() {
+      ++stream_;
+      gram_.ReBase(stream_.Get());
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    NGram gram_;
+    util::stream::Stream stream_;
+};
+
+inline util::stream::Chain &operator>>(util::stream::Chain &chain, NGramStream &str) {
+  str.Init(chain.Add());
+  return chain;
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_NGRAM_STREAM__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/pipeline.cc b/klm/lm/builder/pipeline.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..14a1f721
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/pipeline.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,320 @@
+#include "lm/builder/pipeline.hh"
+
+#include "lm/builder/adjust_counts.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/corpus_count.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/initial_probabilities.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/interpolate.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/print.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/sort.hh"
+
+#include "lm/sizes.hh"
+
+#include "util/exception.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/stream/io.hh"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+namespace {
+void PrintStatistics(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const std::vector<Discount> &discounts) {
+  std::cerr << "Statistics:\n";
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < counts.size(); ++i) {
+    std::cerr << (i + 1) << ' ' << counts[i];
+    for (size_t d = 1; d <= 3; ++d)
+      std::cerr << " D" << d << (d == 3 ? "+=" : "=") << discounts[i].amount[d];
+    std::cerr << '\n';
+  }
+}
+
+class Master {
+  public:
+    explicit Master(const PipelineConfig &config) 
+      : config_(config), chains_(config.order), files_(config.order) {
+      config_.minimum_block = std::max(NGram::TotalSize(config_.order), config_.minimum_block);
+    }
+
+    const PipelineConfig &Config() const { return config_; }
+
+    Chains &MutableChains() { return chains_; }
+
+    template <class T> Master &operator>>(const T &worker) {
+      chains_ >> worker;
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    // This takes the (partially) sorted ngrams and sets up for adjusted counts.
+    void InitForAdjust(util::stream::Sort<SuffixOrder, AddCombiner> &ngrams, WordIndex types) {
+      const std::size_t each_order_min = config_.minimum_block * config_.block_count;
+      // We know how many unigrams there are.  Don't allocate more than needed to them.
+      const std::size_t min_chains = (config_.order - 1) * each_order_min +
+        std::min(types * NGram::TotalSize(1), each_order_min);
+      // Do merge sort with calculated laziness.
+      const std::size_t merge_using = ngrams.Merge(std::min(config_.TotalMemory() - min_chains, ngrams.DefaultLazy()));
+
+      std::vector<uint64_t> count_bounds(1, types);
+      CreateChains(config_.TotalMemory() - merge_using, count_bounds);
+      ngrams.Output(chains_.back(), merge_using);
+
+      // Setup unigram file.  
+      files_.push_back(util::MakeTemp(config_.TempPrefix()));
+    }
+
+    // For initial probabilities, but this is generic.
+    void SortAndReadTwice(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, Sorts<ContextOrder> &sorts, Chains &second, util::stream::ChainConfig second_config) {
+      // Do merge first before allocating chain memory.
+      for (std::size_t i = 1; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        sorts[i - 1].Merge(0);
+      }
+      // There's no lazy merge, so just divide memory amongst the chains.
+      CreateChains(config_.TotalMemory(), counts);
+      chains_.back().ActivateProgress();
+      chains_[0] >> files_[0].Source();
+      second_config.entry_size = NGram::TotalSize(1);
+      second.push_back(second_config);
+      second.back() >> files_[0].Source();
+      for (std::size_t i = 1; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        util::scoped_fd fd(sorts[i - 1].StealCompleted());
+        chains_[i].SetProgressTarget(util::SizeOrThrow(fd.get()));
+        chains_[i] >> util::stream::PRead(util::DupOrThrow(fd.get()), true);
+        second_config.entry_size = NGram::TotalSize(i + 1);
+        second.push_back(second_config);
+        second.back() >> util::stream::PRead(fd.release(), true);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // There is no sort after this, so go for broke on lazy merging.
+    template <class Compare> void MaximumLazyInput(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, Sorts<Compare> &sorts) {
+      // Determine the minimum we can use for all the chains.
+      std::size_t min_chains = 0;
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        min_chains += std::min(counts[i] * NGram::TotalSize(i + 1), static_cast<uint64_t>(config_.minimum_block));
+      }
+      std::size_t for_merge = min_chains > config_.TotalMemory() ? 0 : (config_.TotalMemory() - min_chains);
+      std::vector<std::size_t> laziness;
+      // Prioritize longer n-grams.
+      for (util::stream::Sort<SuffixOrder> *i = sorts.end() - 1; i >= sorts.begin(); --i) {
+        laziness.push_back(i->Merge(for_merge));
+        assert(for_merge >= laziness.back());
+        for_merge -= laziness.back();
+      }
+      std::reverse(laziness.begin(), laziness.end());
+
+      CreateChains(for_merge + min_chains, counts);
+      chains_.back().ActivateProgress();
+      chains_[0] >> files_[0].Source();
+      for (std::size_t i = 1; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        sorts[i - 1].Output(chains_[i], laziness[i - 1]);
+      }
+    }
+
+    void BufferFinal(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts) {
+      chains_[0] >> files_[0].Sink();
+      for (std::size_t i = 1; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        files_.push_back(util::MakeTemp(config_.TempPrefix()));
+        chains_[i] >> files_[i].Sink();
+      }
+      chains_.Wait(true);
+      // Use less memory.  Because we can.
+      CreateChains(std::min(config_.sort.buffer_size * config_.order, config_.TotalMemory()), counts);
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        chains_[i] >> files_[i].Source();
+      }
+    }
+
+    template <class Compare> void SetupSorts(Sorts<Compare> &sorts) {
+      sorts.Init(config_.order - 1);
+      // Unigrams don't get sorted because their order is always the same.
+      chains_[0] >> files_[0].Sink();
+      for (std::size_t i = 1; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        sorts.push_back(chains_[i], config_.sort, Compare(i + 1));
+      }
+      chains_.Wait(true);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    // Create chains, allocating memory to them.  Totally heuristic.  Count
+    // bounds are upper bounds on the counts or not present.
+    void CreateChains(std::size_t remaining_mem, const std::vector<uint64_t> &count_bounds) {
+      std::vector<std::size_t> assignments;
+      assignments.reserve(config_.order);
+      // Start by assigning maximum memory usage (to be refined later).
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < count_bounds.size(); ++i) {
+        assignments.push_back(static_cast<std::size_t>(std::min(
+            static_cast<uint64_t>(remaining_mem),
+            count_bounds[i] * static_cast<uint64_t>(NGram::TotalSize(i + 1)))));
+      }
+      assignments.resize(config_.order, remaining_mem);
+
+      // Now we know how much memory everybody wants.  How much will they get?
+      // Proportional to this.
+      std::vector<float> portions;
+      // Indices of orders that have yet to be assigned.
+      std::vector<std::size_t> unassigned;
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        portions.push_back(static_cast<float>((i+1) * NGram::TotalSize(i+1)));
+        unassigned.push_back(i);
+      }
+      /*If somebody doesn't eat their full dinner, give it to the rest of the
+       * family.  Then somebody else might not eat their full dinner etc.  Ends
+       * when everybody unassigned is hungry.
+       */
+      float sum;
+      bool found_more;
+      std::vector<std::size_t> block_count(config_.order);
+      do {
+        sum = 0.0;
+        for (std::size_t i = 0; i < unassigned.size(); ++i) {
+          sum += portions[unassigned[i]];
+        }
+        found_more = false;
+        // If the proportional assignment is more than needed, give it just what it needs.
+        for (std::vector<std::size_t>::iterator i = unassigned.begin(); i != unassigned.end();) {
+          if (assignments[*i] <= remaining_mem * (portions[*i] / sum)) {
+            remaining_mem -= assignments[*i];
+            block_count[*i] = 1;
+            i = unassigned.erase(i);
+            found_more = true;
+          } else {
+            ++i;
+          }
+        }
+      } while (found_more);
+      for (std::vector<std::size_t>::iterator i = unassigned.begin(); i != unassigned.end(); ++i) {
+        assignments[*i] = remaining_mem * (portions[*i] / sum);
+        block_count[*i] = config_.block_count;
+      }
+      chains_.clear();
+      std::cerr << "Chain sizes:";
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < config_.order; ++i) {
+        std::cerr << ' ' << (i+1) << ":" << assignments[i];
+        chains_.push_back(util::stream::ChainConfig(NGram::TotalSize(i + 1), block_count[i], assignments[i]));
+      }
+      std::cerr << std::endl;
+    }
+
+    PipelineConfig config_;
+
+    Chains chains_;
+    // Often only unigrams, but sometimes all orders.  
+    FixedArray<util::stream::FileBuffer> files_;
+};
+
+void CountText(int text_file /* input */, int vocab_file /* output */, Master &master, uint64_t &token_count, std::string &text_file_name) {
+  const PipelineConfig &config = master.Config();
+  std::cerr << "=== 1/5 Counting and sorting n-grams ===" << std::endl;
+
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(config.TotalMemory() < config.assume_vocab_hash_size, util::Exception, "Vocab hash size estimate " << config.assume_vocab_hash_size << " exceeds total memory " << config.TotalMemory());
+  std::size_t memory_for_chain = 
+    // This much memory to work with after vocab hash table.
+    static_cast<float>(config.TotalMemory() - config.assume_vocab_hash_size) /
+    // Solve for block size including the dedupe multiplier for one block.
+    (static_cast<float>(config.block_count) + CorpusCount::DedupeMultiplier(config.order)) *
+    // Chain likes memory expressed in terms of total memory.
+    static_cast<float>(config.block_count);
+  util::stream::Chain chain(util::stream::ChainConfig(NGram::TotalSize(config.order), config.block_count, memory_for_chain));
+
+  WordIndex type_count;
+  util::FilePiece text(text_file, NULL, &std::cerr);
+  text_file_name = text.FileName();
+  CorpusCount counter(text, vocab_file, token_count, type_count, chain.BlockSize() / chain.EntrySize());
+  chain >> boost::ref(counter);
+
+  util::stream::Sort<SuffixOrder, AddCombiner> sorter(chain, config.sort, SuffixOrder(config.order), AddCombiner());
+  chain.Wait(true);
+  std::cerr << "=== 2/5 Calculating and sorting adjusted counts ===" << std::endl;
+  master.InitForAdjust(sorter, type_count);
+}
+
+void InitialProbabilities(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const std::vector<Discount> &discounts, Master &master, Sorts<SuffixOrder> &primary, FixedArray<util::stream::FileBuffer> &gammas) {
+  const PipelineConfig &config = master.Config();
+  Chains second(config.order);
+
+  {
+    Sorts<ContextOrder> sorts;
+    master.SetupSorts(sorts);
+    PrintStatistics(counts, discounts);
+    lm::ngram::ShowSizes(counts);
+    std::cerr << "=== 3/5 Calculating and sorting initial probabilities ===" << std::endl;
+    master.SortAndReadTwice(counts, sorts, second, config.initial_probs.adder_in);
+  }
+
+  Chains gamma_chains(config.order);
+  InitialProbabilities(config.initial_probs, discounts, master.MutableChains(), second, gamma_chains);
+  // Don't care about gamma for 0.  
+  gamma_chains[0] >> util::stream::kRecycle;
+  gammas.Init(config.order - 1);
+  for (std::size_t i = 1; i < config.order; ++i) {
+    gammas.push_back(util::MakeTemp(config.TempPrefix()));
+    gamma_chains[i] >> gammas[i - 1].Sink();
+  }
+  // Has to be done here due to gamma_chains scope.
+  master.SetupSorts(primary);
+}
+
+void InterpolateProbabilities(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, Master &master, Sorts<SuffixOrder> &primary, FixedArray<util::stream::FileBuffer> &gammas) {
+  std::cerr << "=== 4/5 Calculating and writing order-interpolated probabilities ===" << std::endl;
+  const PipelineConfig &config = master.Config();
+  master.MaximumLazyInput(counts, primary);
+
+  Chains gamma_chains(config.order - 1);
+  util::stream::ChainConfig read_backoffs(config.read_backoffs);
+  read_backoffs.entry_size = sizeof(float);
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < config.order - 1; ++i) {
+    gamma_chains.push_back(read_backoffs);
+    gamma_chains.back() >> gammas[i].Source();
+  }
+  master >> Interpolate(counts[0], ChainPositions(gamma_chains));
+  gamma_chains >> util::stream::kRecycle;
+  master.BufferFinal(counts);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+void Pipeline(PipelineConfig config, int text_file, int out_arpa) {
+  // Some fail-fast sanity checks.
+  if (config.sort.buffer_size * 4 > config.TotalMemory()) {
+    config.sort.buffer_size = config.TotalMemory() / 4;
+    std::cerr << "Warning: changing sort block size to " << config.sort.buffer_size << " bytes due to low total memory." << std::endl;
+  }
+  if (config.minimum_block < NGram::TotalSize(config.order)) {
+    config.minimum_block = NGram::TotalSize(config.order);
+    std::cerr << "Warning: raising minimum block to " << config.minimum_block << " to fit an ngram in every block." << std::endl;
+  }
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(config.sort.buffer_size < config.minimum_block, util::Exception, "Sort block size " << config.sort.buffer_size << " is below the minimum block size " << config.minimum_block << ".");
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(config.TotalMemory() < config.minimum_block * config.order * config.block_count, util::Exception,
+      "Not enough memory to fit " << (config.order * config.block_count) << " blocks with minimum size " << config.minimum_block << ".  Increase memory to " << (config.minimum_block * config.order * config.block_count) << " bytes or decrease the minimum block size.");
+
+  UTIL_TIMER("(%w s) Total wall time elapsed\n");
+  Master master(config);
+
+  util::scoped_fd vocab_file(config.vocab_file.empty() ? 
+      util::MakeTemp(config.TempPrefix()) : 
+      util::CreateOrThrow(config.vocab_file.c_str()));
+  uint64_t token_count;
+  std::string text_file_name;
+  CountText(text_file, vocab_file.get(), master, token_count, text_file_name);
+
+  std::vector<uint64_t> counts;
+  std::vector<Discount> discounts;
+  master >> AdjustCounts(counts, discounts);
+
+  {
+    FixedArray<util::stream::FileBuffer> gammas;
+    Sorts<SuffixOrder> primary;
+    InitialProbabilities(counts, discounts, master, primary, gammas);
+    InterpolateProbabilities(counts, master, primary, gammas);
+  }
+
+  std::cerr << "=== 5/5 Writing ARPA model ===" << std::endl;
+  VocabReconstitute vocab(vocab_file.get());
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(vocab.Size() != counts[0], util::Exception, "Vocab words don't match up.  Is there a null byte in the input?");
+  HeaderInfo header_info(text_file_name, token_count);
+  master >> PrintARPA(vocab, counts, (config.verbose_header ? &header_info : NULL), out_arpa) >> util::stream::kRecycle;
+  master.MutableChains().Wait(true);
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/pipeline.hh b/klm/lm/builder/pipeline.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f1d6c5f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/pipeline.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_PIPELINE__
+#define LM_BUILDER_PIPELINE__
+
+#include "lm/builder/initial_probabilities.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/header_info.hh"
+#include "util/stream/config.hh"
+#include "util/file_piece.hh"
+
+#include <string>
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+struct PipelineConfig {
+  std::size_t order;
+  std::string vocab_file;
+  util::stream::SortConfig sort;
+  InitialProbabilitiesConfig initial_probs;
+  util::stream::ChainConfig read_backoffs;
+  bool verbose_header;
+
+  // Amount of memory to assume that the vocabulary hash table will use.  This
+  // is subtracted from total memory for CorpusCount.
+  std::size_t assume_vocab_hash_size;
+
+  // Minimum block size to tolerate.
+  std::size_t minimum_block;
+
+  // Number of blocks to use.  This will be overridden to 1 if everything fits.
+  std::size_t block_count;
+
+  const std::string &TempPrefix() const { return sort.temp_prefix; }
+  std::size_t TotalMemory() const { return sort.total_memory; }
+};
+
+// Takes ownership of text_file.
+void Pipeline(PipelineConfig config, int text_file, int out_arpa);
+
+}} // namespaces
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_PIPELINE__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/print.cc b/klm/lm/builder/print.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0323221
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/print.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#include "lm/builder/print.hh"
+
+#include "util/double-conversion/double-conversion.h"
+#include "util/double-conversion/utils.h"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/mmap.hh"
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+#include "util/stream/timer.hh"
+
+#define BOOST_LEXICAL_CAST_ASSUME_C_LOCALE
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+
+#include <sstream>
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+VocabReconstitute::VocabReconstitute(int fd) {
+  uint64_t size = util::SizeOrThrow(fd);
+  util::MapRead(util::POPULATE_OR_READ, fd, 0, size, memory_);
+  const char *const start = static_cast<const char*>(memory_.get());
+  const char *i;
+  for (i = start; i != start + size; i += strlen(i) + 1) {
+    map_.push_back(i);
+  }
+  // Last one for LookupPiece.
+  map_.push_back(i);
+}
+
+namespace {
+class OutputManager {
+  public:
+    static const std::size_t kOutBuf = 1048576;
+
+    // Does not take ownership of out.
+    explicit OutputManager(int out)
+      : buf_(util::MallocOrThrow(kOutBuf)),
+        builder_(static_cast<char*>(buf_.get()), kOutBuf),
+        // Mostly the default but with inf instead.  And no flags.
+        convert_(double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::NO_FLAGS, "inf", "NaN", 'e', -6, 21, 6, 0),
+        fd_(out) {}
+
+    ~OutputManager() {
+      Flush();
+    }
+
+    OutputManager &operator<<(float value) {
+      // Odd, but this is the largest number found in the comments.
+      EnsureRemaining(double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter::kMaxPrecisionDigits + 8);
+      convert_.ToShortestSingle(value, &builder_);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    OutputManager &operator<<(StringPiece str) {
+      if (str.size() > kOutBuf) {
+        Flush();
+        util::WriteOrThrow(fd_, str.data(), str.size());
+      } else {
+        EnsureRemaining(str.size());
+        builder_.AddSubstring(str.data(), str.size());
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    // Inefficient!
+    OutputManager &operator<<(unsigned val) {
+      return *this << boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(val);
+    }
+
+    OutputManager &operator<<(char c) {
+      EnsureRemaining(1);
+      builder_.AddCharacter(c);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    void Flush() {
+      util::WriteOrThrow(fd_, buf_.get(), builder_.position());
+      builder_.Reset();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void EnsureRemaining(std::size_t amount) {
+      if (static_cast<std::size_t>(builder_.size() - builder_.position()) < amount) {
+        Flush();
+      }
+    }
+
+    util::scoped_malloc buf_;
+    double_conversion::StringBuilder builder_;
+    double_conversion::DoubleToStringConverter convert_;
+    int fd_;
+};
+} // namespace
+
+PrintARPA::PrintARPA(const VocabReconstitute &vocab, const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const HeaderInfo* header_info, int out_fd) 
+  : vocab_(vocab), out_fd_(out_fd) {
+  std::stringstream stream;
+
+  if (header_info) {
+    stream << "# Input file: " << header_info->input_file << '\n';
+    stream << "# Token count: " << header_info->token_count << '\n';
+    stream << "# Smoothing: Modified Kneser-Ney" << '\n';
+  }
+  stream << "\\data\\\n";
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < counts.size(); ++i) {
+    stream << "ngram " << (i+1) << '=' << counts[i] << '\n';
+  }
+  stream << '\n';
+  std::string as_string(stream.str());
+  util::WriteOrThrow(out_fd, as_string.data(), as_string.size());
+}
+
+void PrintARPA::Run(const ChainPositions &positions) {
+  UTIL_TIMER("(%w s) Wrote ARPA file\n");
+  OutputManager out(out_fd_);
+  for (unsigned order = 1; order <= positions.size(); ++order) {
+    out << "\\" << order << "-grams:" << '\n';
+    for (NGramStream stream(positions[order - 1]); stream; ++stream) {
+      // Correcting for numerical precision issues.  Take that IRST.  
+      out << std::min(0.0f, stream->Value().complete.prob) << '\t' << vocab_.Lookup(*stream->begin());
+      for (const WordIndex *i = stream->begin() + 1; i != stream->end(); ++i) {
+        out << ' ' << vocab_.Lookup(*i);
+      }
+      float backoff = stream->Value().complete.backoff;
+      if (backoff != 0.0)
+        out << '\t' << backoff;
+      out << '\n';
+    }
+    out << '\n';
+  }
+  out << "\\end\\\n";
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/print.hh b/klm/lm/builder/print.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..aa932e75
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/print.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_PRINT__
+#define LM_BUILDER_PRINT__
+
+#include "lm/builder/ngram.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/multi_stream.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/header_info.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/mmap.hh"
+#include "util/string_piece.hh"
+
+#include <ostream>
+
+#include <assert.h>
+
+// Warning: print routines read all unigrams before all bigrams before all
+// trigrams etc.  So if other parts of the chain move jointly, you'll have to
+// buffer.  
+
+namespace lm { namespace builder {
+
+class VocabReconstitute {
+  public:
+    // fd must be alive for life of this object; does not take ownership.
+    explicit VocabReconstitute(int fd);
+
+    const char *Lookup(WordIndex index) const {
+      assert(index < map_.size() - 1);
+      return map_[index];
+    }
+
+    StringPiece LookupPiece(WordIndex index) const {
+      return StringPiece(map_[index], map_[index + 1] - 1 - map_[index]);
+    }
+
+    std::size_t Size() const {
+      // There's an extra entry to support StringPiece lengths.
+      return map_.size() - 1;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    util::scoped_memory memory_;
+    std::vector<const char*> map_;
+};
+
+// Not defined, only specialized.  
+template <class T> void PrintPayload(std::ostream &to, const Payload &payload);
+template <> inline void PrintPayload<uint64_t>(std::ostream &to, const Payload &payload) {
+  to << payload.count;
+}
+template <> inline void PrintPayload<Uninterpolated>(std::ostream &to, const Payload &payload) {
+  to << log10(payload.uninterp.prob) << ' ' << log10(payload.uninterp.gamma);
+}
+template <> inline void PrintPayload<ProbBackoff>(std::ostream &to, const Payload &payload) {
+  to << payload.complete.prob << ' ' << payload.complete.backoff;
+}
+
+// template parameter is the type stored.  
+template <class V> class Print {
+  public:
+    explicit Print(const VocabReconstitute &vocab, std::ostream &to) : vocab_(vocab), to_(to) {}
+
+    void Run(const ChainPositions &chains) {
+      NGramStreams streams(chains);
+      for (NGramStream *s = streams.begin(); s != streams.end(); ++s) {
+        DumpStream(*s);
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Run(const util::stream::ChainPosition &position) {
+      NGramStream stream(position);
+      DumpStream(stream);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void DumpStream(NGramStream &stream) {
+      for (; stream; ++stream) {
+        PrintPayload<V>(to_, stream->Value());
+        for (const WordIndex *w = stream->begin(); w != stream->end(); ++w) {
+          to_ << ' ' << vocab_.Lookup(*w) << '=' << *w;
+        }
+        to_ << '\n';
+      }
+    }
+
+    const VocabReconstitute &vocab_;
+    std::ostream &to_;
+};
+
+class PrintARPA {
+  public:
+    // header_info may be NULL to disable the header
+    explicit PrintARPA(const VocabReconstitute &vocab, const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const HeaderInfo* header_info, int out_fd);
+
+    void Run(const ChainPositions &positions);
+
+  private:
+    const VocabReconstitute &vocab_;
+    int out_fd_;
+};
+
+}} // namespaces
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_PRINT__
diff --git a/klm/lm/builder/sort.hh b/klm/lm/builder/sort.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9989389b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/builder/sort.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+#ifndef LM_BUILDER_SORT__
+#define LM_BUILDER_SORT__
+
+#include "lm/builder/multi_stream.hh"
+#include "lm/builder/ngram.hh"
+#include "lm/word_index.hh"
+#include "util/stream/sort.hh"
+
+#include "util/stream/timer.hh"
+
+#include <functional>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace builder {
+
+template <class Child> class Comparator : public std::binary_function<const void *, const void *, bool> {
+  public:
+    explicit Comparator(std::size_t order) : order_(order) {}
+
+    inline bool operator()(const void *lhs, const void *rhs) const {
+      return static_cast<const Child*>(this)->Compare(static_cast<const WordIndex*>(lhs), static_cast<const WordIndex*>(rhs));
+    }
+
+    std::size_t Order() const { return order_; }
+
+  protected:
+    std::size_t order_;
+};
+
+class SuffixOrder : public Comparator<SuffixOrder> {
+  public:
+    explicit SuffixOrder(std::size_t order) : Comparator<SuffixOrder>(order) {}
+
+    inline bool Compare(const WordIndex *lhs, const WordIndex *rhs) const {
+      for (std::size_t i = order_ - 1; i != 0; --i) {
+        if (lhs[i] != rhs[i])
+          return lhs[i] < rhs[i];
+      }
+      return lhs[0] < rhs[0];
+    }
+
+    static const unsigned kMatchOffset = 1;
+};
+
+class ContextOrder : public Comparator<ContextOrder> {
+  public:
+    explicit ContextOrder(std::size_t order) : Comparator<ContextOrder>(order) {}
+
+    inline bool Compare(const WordIndex *lhs, const WordIndex *rhs) const {
+      for (int i = order_ - 2; i >= 0; --i) {
+        if (lhs[i] != rhs[i])
+          return lhs[i] < rhs[i];
+      }
+      return lhs[order_ - 1] < rhs[order_ - 1];
+    }
+};
+
+class PrefixOrder : public Comparator<PrefixOrder> {
+  public:
+    explicit PrefixOrder(std::size_t order) : Comparator<PrefixOrder>(order) {}
+
+    inline bool Compare(const WordIndex *lhs, const WordIndex *rhs) const {
+      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < order_; ++i) {
+        if (lhs[i] != rhs[i])
+          return lhs[i] < rhs[i];
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+    
+    static const unsigned kMatchOffset = 0;
+};
+
+// Sum counts for the same n-gram.
+struct AddCombiner {
+  bool operator()(void *first_void, const void *second_void, const SuffixOrder &compare) const {
+    NGram first(first_void, compare.Order());
+    // There isn't a const version of NGram.  
+    NGram second(const_cast<void*>(second_void), compare.Order());
+    if (memcmp(first.begin(), second.begin(), sizeof(WordIndex) * compare.Order())) return false;
+    first.Count() += second.Count();
+    return true;
+  }
+};
+
+// The combiner is only used on a single chain, so I didn't bother to allow
+// that template.  
+template <class Compare> class Sorts : public FixedArray<util::stream::Sort<Compare> > {
+  private:
+    typedef util::stream::Sort<Compare> S;
+    typedef FixedArray<S> P;
+
+  public:
+    void push_back(util::stream::Chain &chain, const util::stream::SortConfig &config, const Compare &compare) {
+      new (P::end()) S(chain, config, compare);
+      P::Constructed();
+    }
+};
+
+} // namespace builder
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_BUILDER_SORT__
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/arpa_io.cc b/klm/lm/filter/arpa_io.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f8568ac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/arpa_io.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#include "lm/filter/arpa_io.hh"
+#include "util/file_piece.hh"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <ostream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+namespace lm {
+
+ARPAInputException::ARPAInputException(const StringPiece &message) throw() {
+  *this << message;
+}
+
+ARPAInputException::ARPAInputException(const StringPiece &message, const StringPiece &line) throw() {
+  *this << message << " in line " << line;
+}
+
+ARPAInputException::~ARPAInputException() throw() {}
+
+ARPAOutputException::ARPAOutputException(const char *message, const std::string &file_name) throw() {
+  *this << message << " in file " << file_name;
+}
+
+ARPAOutputException::~ARPAOutputException() throw() {}
+
+// Seeking is the responsibility of the caller.
+void WriteCounts(std::ostream &out, const std::vector<uint64_t> &number) {
+  out << "\n\\data\\\n";
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < number.size(); ++i) {
+    out << "ngram " << i+1 << "=" << number[i] << '\n';
+  }
+  out << '\n';
+}
+
+size_t SizeNeededForCounts(const std::vector<uint64_t> &number) {
+  std::ostringstream buf;
+  WriteCounts(buf, number);
+  return buf.tellp();
+}
+
+bool IsEntirelyWhiteSpace(const StringPiece &line) {
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(line.size()); ++i) {
+    if (!isspace(line.data()[i])) return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+ARPAOutput::ARPAOutput(const char *name, size_t buffer_size) : file_name_(name), buffer_(new char[buffer_size]) {
+  try {
+    file_.exceptions(std::ostream::eofbit | std::ostream::failbit | std::ostream::badbit);
+    if (!file_.rdbuf()->pubsetbuf(buffer_.get(), buffer_size)) {
+      std::cerr << "Warning: could not enlarge buffer for " << name << std::endl;
+      buffer_.reset();
+    }
+    file_.open(name, std::ios::out | std::ios::binary);
+  } catch (const std::ios_base::failure &f) {
+    throw ARPAOutputException("Opening", file_name_);
+  }
+}
+
+void ARPAOutput::ReserveForCounts(std::streampos reserve) {
+  try {
+    for (std::streampos i = 0; i < reserve; i += std::streampos(1)) {
+      file_ << '\n';
+    }
+  } catch (const std::ios_base::failure &f) {
+    throw ARPAOutputException("Writing blanks to reserve space for counts to ", file_name_);
+  }
+}
+
+void ARPAOutput::BeginLength(unsigned int length) {
+  fast_counter_ = 0;
+  try {
+    file_ << '\\' << length << "-grams:" << '\n';
+  } catch (const std::ios_base::failure &f) {
+    throw ARPAOutputException("Writing n-gram header to ", file_name_);
+  }
+}
+
+void ARPAOutput::EndLength(unsigned int length) {
+  try {
+    file_ << '\n';
+  } catch (const std::ios_base::failure &f) {
+    throw ARPAOutputException("Writing blank at end of count list to ", file_name_);
+  }
+  if (length > counts_.size()) {
+    counts_.resize(length);
+  }
+  counts_[length - 1] = fast_counter_;
+}
+
+void ARPAOutput::Finish() {
+  try {
+    file_ << "\\end\\\n";
+    file_.seekp(0);
+    WriteCounts(file_, counts_);
+    file_ << std::flush;
+  } catch (const std::ios_base::failure &f) {
+    throw ARPAOutputException("Finishing including writing counts at beginning to ", file_name_);
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace lm
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/arpa_io.hh b/klm/lm/filter/arpa_io.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5b31620b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/arpa_io.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+#ifndef LM_FILTER_ARPA_IO__
+#define LM_FILTER_ARPA_IO__
+/* Input and output for ARPA format language model files.
+ */
+#include "lm/read_arpa.hh"
+#include "util/exception.hh"
+#include "util/string_piece.hh"
+#include "util/tokenize_piece.hh"
+
+#include <boost/noncopyable.hpp>
+#include <boost/scoped_array.hpp>
+
+#include <fstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <err.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace util { class FilePiece; }
+
+namespace lm {
+
+class ARPAInputException : public util::Exception {
+  public:
+    explicit ARPAInputException(const StringPiece &message) throw();
+    explicit ARPAInputException(const StringPiece &message, const StringPiece &line) throw();
+    virtual ~ARPAInputException() throw();
+};
+
+class ARPAOutputException : public util::ErrnoException {
+  public:
+    ARPAOutputException(const char *prefix, const std::string &file_name) throw();
+    virtual ~ARPAOutputException() throw();
+
+    const std::string &File() const throw() { return file_name_; }
+
+  private:
+    const std::string file_name_;
+};
+
+// Handling for the counts of n-grams at the beginning of ARPA files.
+size_t SizeNeededForCounts(const std::vector<uint64_t> &number);
+
+/* Writes an ARPA file.  This has to be seekable so the counts can be written
+ * at the end.  Hence, I just have it own a std::fstream instead of accepting
+ * a separately held std::ostream.  TODO: use the fast one from estimation.
+ */
+class ARPAOutput : boost::noncopyable {
+  public:
+    explicit ARPAOutput(const char *name, size_t buffer_size = 65536);
+
+    void ReserveForCounts(std::streampos reserve);
+
+    void BeginLength(unsigned int length);
+
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &line) {
+      try {
+        file_ << line << '\n';
+      } catch (const std::ios_base::failure &f) {
+        throw ARPAOutputException("Writing an n-gram", file_name_);
+      }
+      ++fast_counter_;
+    }
+
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line) {
+      AddNGram(line);
+    }
+
+    template <class Iterator> void AddNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end, const StringPiece &line) {
+      AddNGram(line);
+    }
+
+    void EndLength(unsigned int length);
+
+    void Finish();
+
+  private:
+    const std::string file_name_;
+    boost::scoped_array<char> buffer_;
+    std::fstream file_;
+    size_t fast_counter_;
+    std::vector<uint64_t> counts_;
+};
+
+
+template <class Output> void ReadNGrams(util::FilePiece &in, unsigned int length, uint64_t number, Output &out) {
+  ReadNGramHeader(in, length);
+  out.BeginLength(length);
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < number; ++i) {
+    StringPiece line = in.ReadLine();
+    util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter> tabber(line, '\t');
+    if (!tabber) throw ARPAInputException("blank line", line);
+    if (!++tabber) throw ARPAInputException("no tab", line);
+
+    out.AddNGram(*tabber, line);
+  }
+  out.EndLength(length);
+}
+
+template <class Output> void ReadARPA(util::FilePiece &in_lm, Output &out) {
+  std::vector<uint64_t> number;
+  ReadARPACounts(in_lm, number);
+  out.ReserveForCounts(SizeNeededForCounts(number));
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < number.size(); ++i) {
+    ReadNGrams(in_lm, i + 1, number[i], out);
+  }
+  ReadEnd(in_lm);
+  out.Finish();
+}
+
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_FILTER_ARPA_IO__
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/count_io.hh b/klm/lm/filter/count_io.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97c0fa25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/count_io.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#ifndef LM_FILTER_COUNT_IO__
+#define LM_FILTER_COUNT_IO__
+
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <err.h>
+
+#include "util/file_piece.hh"
+
+namespace lm {
+
+class CountOutput : boost::noncopyable {
+  public:
+    explicit CountOutput(const char *name) : file_(name, std::ios::out) {}
+
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &line) {
+      if (!(file_ << line << '\n')) {
+        err(3, "Writing counts file failed");
+      }
+    }
+
+    template <class Iterator> void AddNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end, const StringPiece &line) {
+      AddNGram(line);
+    }
+
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line) {
+      AddNGram(line);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::fstream file_;
+};
+
+class CountBatch {
+  public:
+    explicit CountBatch(std::streamsize initial_read) 
+      : initial_read_(initial_read) {
+      buffer_.reserve(initial_read);
+    }
+
+    void Read(std::istream &in) {
+      buffer_.resize(initial_read_);
+      in.read(&*buffer_.begin(), initial_read_);
+      buffer_.resize(in.gcount());
+      char got;
+      while (in.get(got) && got != '\n')
+        buffer_.push_back(got);
+    }
+
+    template <class Output> void Send(Output &out) {
+      for (util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter> line(StringPiece(&*buffer_.begin(), buffer_.size()), '\n'); line; ++line) {
+        util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter> tabber(*line, '\t');
+        if (!tabber) {
+          std::cerr << "Warning: empty n-gram count line being removed\n";
+          continue;
+        }
+        util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true> words(*tabber, ' ');
+        if (!words) {
+          std::cerr << "Line has a tab but no words.\n";
+          continue;
+        }
+        out.AddNGram(words, util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>::end(), *line);
+      }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::streamsize initial_read_;
+
+    // This could have been a std::string but that's less happy with raw writes.  
+    std::vector<char> buffer_;
+};
+
+template <class Output> void ReadCount(util::FilePiece &in_file, Output &out) {
+  try {
+    while (true) {
+      StringPiece line = in_file.ReadLine();
+      util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter> tabber(line, '\t');
+      if (!tabber) {
+        std::cerr << "Warning: empty n-gram count line being removed\n";
+        continue;
+      }
+      out.AddNGram(*tabber, line);
+    }
+  } catch (const util::EndOfFileException &e) {}
+}
+
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_FILTER_COUNT_IO__
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/filter_main.cc b/klm/lm/filter/filter_main.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a4ba84f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/filter_main.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,248 @@
+#include "lm/filter/arpa_io.hh"
+#include "lm/filter/format.hh"
+#include "lm/filter/phrase.hh"
+#ifndef NTHREAD
+#include "lm/filter/thread.hh"
+#endif
+#include "lm/filter/vocab.hh"
+#include "lm/filter/wrapper.hh"
+#include "util/file_piece.hh"
+
+#include <boost/ptr_container/ptr_vector.hpp>
+
+#include <cstring>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <memory>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace {
+
+void DisplayHelp(const char *name) {
+  std::cerr
+    << "Usage: " << name << " mode [context] [phrase] [raw|arpa] [threads:m] [batch_size:m] (vocab|model):input_file output_file\n\n"
+    "copy mode just copies, but makes the format nicer for e.g. irstlm's broken\n"
+    "    parser.\n"
+    "single mode treats the entire input as a single sentence.\n"
+    "multiple mode filters to multiple sentences in parallel.  Each sentence is on\n"
+    "    a separate line.  A separate file is created for each file by appending the\n"
+    "    0-indexed line number to the output file name.\n"
+    "union mode produces one filtered model that is the union of models created by\n"
+    "    multiple mode.\n\n"
+    "context means only the context (all but last word) has to pass the filter, but\n"
+    "    the entire n-gram is output.\n\n"
+    "phrase means that the vocabulary is actually tab-delimited phrases and that the\n"
+    "    phrases can generate the n-gram when assembled in arbitrary order and\n"
+    "    clipped.  Currently works with multiple or union mode.\n\n"
+    "The file format is set by [raw|arpa] with default arpa:\n"
+    "raw means space-separated tokens, optionally followed by a tab and arbitrary\n"
+    "    text.  This is useful for ngram count files.\n"
+    "arpa means the ARPA file format for n-gram language models.\n\n"
+#ifndef NTHREAD
+    "threads:m sets m threads (default: conccurrency detected by boost)\n"
+    "batch_size:m sets the batch size for threading.  Expect memory usage from this\n"
+    "    of 2*threads*batch_size n-grams.\n\n"
+#else
+    "This binary was compiled with -DNTHREAD, disabling threading.  If you wanted\n"
+    "    threading, compile without this flag against Boost >=1.42.0.\n\n"
+#endif
+    "There are two inputs: vocabulary and model.  Either may be given as a file\n"
+    "    while the other is on stdin.  Specify the type given as a file using\n"
+    "    vocab: or model: before the file name.  \n\n"
+    "For ARPA format, the output must be seekable.  For raw format, it can be a\n"
+    "    stream i.e. /dev/stdout\n";
+}
+
+typedef enum {MODE_COPY, MODE_SINGLE, MODE_MULTIPLE, MODE_UNION, MODE_UNSET} FilterMode;
+typedef enum {FORMAT_ARPA, FORMAT_COUNT} Format;
+
+struct Config {
+  Config() : 
+#ifndef NTHREAD
+  batch_size(25000),
+  threads(boost::thread::hardware_concurrency()),
+#endif
+  phrase(false),
+  context(false),
+  format(FORMAT_ARPA)
+  {
+#ifndef NTHREAD
+    if (!threads) threads = 1;
+#endif
+  }
+
+#ifndef NTHREAD
+  size_t batch_size;
+  size_t threads;
+#endif
+  bool phrase;
+  bool context;
+  FilterMode mode;
+  Format format;
+};
+
+template <class Format, class Filter, class OutputBuffer, class Output> void RunThreadedFilter(const Config &config, util::FilePiece &in_lm, Filter &filter, Output &output) {
+#ifndef NTHREAD
+  if (config.threads == 1) {
+#endif
+    Format::RunFilter(in_lm, filter, output);
+#ifndef NTHREAD
+  } else {
+    typedef Controller<Filter, OutputBuffer, Output> Threaded;
+    Threaded threading(config.batch_size, config.threads * 2, config.threads, filter, output);
+    Format::RunFilter(in_lm, threading, output);
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class Format, class Filter, class OutputBuffer, class Output> void RunContextFilter(const Config &config, util::FilePiece &in_lm, Filter filter, Output &output) {
+  if (config.context) {
+    ContextFilter<Filter> context_filter(filter);
+    RunThreadedFilter<Format, ContextFilter<Filter>, OutputBuffer, Output>(config, in_lm, context_filter, output);
+  } else {
+    RunThreadedFilter<Format, Filter, OutputBuffer, Output>(config, in_lm, filter, output);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class Format, class Binary> void DispatchBinaryFilter(const Config &config, util::FilePiece &in_lm, const Binary &binary, typename Format::Output &out) {
+  typedef BinaryFilter<Binary> Filter;
+  RunContextFilter<Format, Filter, BinaryOutputBuffer, typename Format::Output>(config, in_lm, Filter(binary), out);
+}
+
+template <class Format> void DispatchFilterModes(const Config &config, std::istream &in_vocab, util::FilePiece &in_lm, const char *out_name) {
+  if (config.mode == MODE_MULTIPLE) {
+    if (config.phrase) {
+      typedef phrase::Multiple Filter;
+      phrase::Substrings substrings;
+      typename Format::Multiple out(out_name, phrase::ReadMultiple(in_vocab, substrings));
+      RunContextFilter<Format, Filter, MultipleOutputBuffer, typename Format::Multiple>(config, in_lm, Filter(substrings), out);
+    } else {
+      typedef vocab::Multiple Filter;
+      boost::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<unsigned int> > words;
+      typename Format::Multiple out(out_name, vocab::ReadMultiple(in_vocab, words));
+      RunContextFilter<Format, Filter, MultipleOutputBuffer, typename Format::Multiple>(config, in_lm, Filter(words), out);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  typename Format::Output out(out_name);
+
+  if (config.mode == MODE_COPY) {
+    Format::Copy(in_lm, out);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (config.mode == MODE_SINGLE) {
+    vocab::Single::Words words;
+    vocab::ReadSingle(in_vocab, words);
+    DispatchBinaryFilter<Format, vocab::Single>(config, in_lm, vocab::Single(words), out);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (config.mode == MODE_UNION) {
+    if (config.phrase) {
+      phrase::Substrings substrings;
+      phrase::ReadMultiple(in_vocab, substrings);
+      DispatchBinaryFilter<Format, phrase::Union>(config, in_lm, phrase::Union(substrings), out);
+    } else {
+      vocab::Union::Words words;
+      vocab::ReadMultiple(in_vocab, words);
+      DispatchBinaryFilter<Format, vocab::Union>(config, in_lm, vocab::Union(words), out);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace lm
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  if (argc < 4) {
+    lm::DisplayHelp(argv[0]);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // I used to have boost::program_options, but some users didn't want to compile boost.
+  lm::Config config;
+  config.mode = lm::MODE_UNSET;
+  for (int i = 1; i < argc - 2; ++i) {
+    const char *str = argv[i];
+    if (!std::strcmp(str, "copy")) {
+      config.mode = lm::MODE_COPY;
+    } else if (!std::strcmp(str, "single")) {
+      config.mode = lm::MODE_SINGLE;
+    } else if (!std::strcmp(str, "multiple")) {
+      config.mode = lm::MODE_MULTIPLE;
+    } else if (!std::strcmp(str, "union")) {
+      config.mode = lm::MODE_UNION;
+    } else if (!std::strcmp(str, "phrase")) {
+      config.phrase = true;
+    } else if (!std::strcmp(str, "context")) {
+      config.context = true;
+    } else if (!std::strcmp(str, "arpa")) {
+      config.format = lm::FORMAT_ARPA;
+    } else if (!std::strcmp(str, "raw")) {
+      config.format = lm::FORMAT_COUNT;
+#ifndef NTHREAD
+    } else if (!std::strncmp(str, "threads:", 8)) {
+      config.threads = boost::lexical_cast<size_t>(str + 8);
+      if (!config.threads) {
+        std::cerr << "Specify at least one thread." << std::endl;
+        return 1;
+      }
+    } else if (!std::strncmp(str, "batch_size:", 11)) {
+      config.batch_size = boost::lexical_cast<size_t>(str + 11);
+      if (config.batch_size < 5000) {
+        std::cerr << "Batch size must be at least one and should probably be >= 5000" << std::endl;
+        if (!config.batch_size) return 1;
+      }
+#endif
+    } else {
+      lm::DisplayHelp(argv[0]);
+      return 1;
+    }
+  }
+  
+  if (config.mode == lm::MODE_UNSET) {
+    lm::DisplayHelp(argv[0]);
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (config.phrase && config.mode != lm::MODE_UNION && config.mode != lm::MODE_MULTIPLE) {
+    std::cerr << "Phrase constraint currently only works in multiple or union mode.  If you really need it for single, put everything on one line and use union." << std::endl;
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  bool cmd_is_model = true;
+  const char *cmd_input = argv[argc - 2];
+  if (!strncmp(cmd_input, "vocab:", 6)) {
+    cmd_is_model = false;
+    cmd_input += 6;
+  } else if (!strncmp(cmd_input, "model:", 6)) {
+    cmd_input += 6;
+  } else if (strchr(cmd_input, ':')) {
+    errx(1, "Specify vocab: or model: before the input file name, not \"%s\"", cmd_input);
+  } else {
+    std::cerr << "Assuming that " << cmd_input << " is a model file" << std::endl;
+  }
+  std::ifstream cmd_file;
+  std::istream *vocab;
+  if (cmd_is_model) {
+    vocab = &std::cin;
+  } else {
+    cmd_file.open(cmd_input, std::ios::in);
+    if (!cmd_file) {
+      err(2, "Could not open input file %s", cmd_input);
+    }
+    vocab = &cmd_file;
+  }
+
+  util::FilePiece model(cmd_is_model ? util::OpenReadOrThrow(cmd_input) : 0, cmd_is_model ? cmd_input : NULL, &std::cerr);
+
+  if (config.format == lm::FORMAT_ARPA) {
+    lm::DispatchFilterModes<lm::ARPAFormat>(config, *vocab, model, argv[argc - 1]);
+  } else if (config.format == lm::FORMAT_COUNT) {
+    lm::DispatchFilterModes<lm::CountFormat>(config, *vocab, model, argv[argc - 1]);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/format.hh b/klm/lm/filter/format.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f945b0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/format.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+#ifndef LM_FILTER_FORMAT_H__
+#define LM_FITLER_FORMAT_H__
+
+#include "lm/filter/arpa_io.hh"
+#include "lm/filter/count_io.hh"
+
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+#include <boost/ptr_container/ptr_vector.hpp>
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+
+namespace lm {
+
+template <class Single> class MultipleOutput {
+  private:
+    typedef boost::ptr_vector<Single> Singles;
+    typedef typename Singles::iterator SinglesIterator;
+
+  public:
+    MultipleOutput(const char *prefix, size_t number) {
+      files_.reserve(number);
+      std::string tmp;
+      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < number; ++i) {
+        tmp = prefix;
+        tmp += boost::lexical_cast<std::string>(i);
+        files_.push_back(new Single(tmp.c_str()));
+      }
+    }
+
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &line) {
+      for (SinglesIterator i = files_.begin(); i != files_.end(); ++i)
+        i->AddNGram(line);
+    }
+
+    template <class Iterator> void AddNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end, const StringPiece &line) {
+      for (SinglesIterator i = files_.begin(); i != files_.end(); ++i)
+        i->AddNGram(begin, end, line);
+    }
+
+    void SingleAddNGram(size_t offset, const StringPiece &line) {
+      files_[offset].AddNGram(line);
+    }
+
+    template <class Iterator> void SingleAddNGram(size_t offset, const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end, const StringPiece &line) {
+      files_[offset].AddNGram(begin, end, line);
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    Singles files_;
+};
+
+class MultipleARPAOutput : public MultipleOutput<ARPAOutput> {
+  public:
+    MultipleARPAOutput(const char *prefix, size_t number) : MultipleOutput<ARPAOutput>(prefix, number) {}
+
+    void ReserveForCounts(std::streampos reserve) {
+      for (boost::ptr_vector<ARPAOutput>::iterator i = files_.begin(); i != files_.end(); ++i)
+        i->ReserveForCounts(reserve);
+    }
+
+    void BeginLength(unsigned int length) {
+      for (boost::ptr_vector<ARPAOutput>::iterator i = files_.begin(); i != files_.end(); ++i)
+        i->BeginLength(length);
+    }
+
+    void EndLength(unsigned int length) {
+      for (boost::ptr_vector<ARPAOutput>::iterator i = files_.begin(); i != files_.end(); ++i)
+        i->EndLength(length);
+    }
+
+    void Finish() {
+      for (boost::ptr_vector<ARPAOutput>::iterator i = files_.begin(); i != files_.end(); ++i)
+        i->Finish();
+    }
+};
+
+template <class Filter, class Output> class DispatchInput {
+  public:
+    DispatchInput(Filter &filter, Output &output) : filter_(filter), output_(output) {}
+
+/*    template <class Iterator> void AddNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end, const StringPiece &line) {
+      filter_.AddNGram(begin, end, line, output_);
+    }*/
+
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line) {
+      filter_.AddNGram(ngram, line, output_);
+    }
+
+  protected:
+    Filter &filter_;
+    Output &output_;
+};
+
+template <class Filter, class Output> class DispatchARPAInput : public DispatchInput<Filter, Output> {
+  private:
+    typedef DispatchInput<Filter, Output> B;
+
+  public:
+    DispatchARPAInput(Filter &filter, Output &output) : B(filter, output) {}
+
+    void ReserveForCounts(std::streampos reserve) { B::output_.ReserveForCounts(reserve); }
+    void BeginLength(unsigned int length) { B::output_.BeginLength(length); }
+
+    void EndLength(unsigned int length) {
+      B::filter_.Flush();
+      B::output_.EndLength(length);
+    }
+    void Finish() { B::output_.Finish(); }
+};
+
+struct ARPAFormat {
+  typedef ARPAOutput Output;
+  typedef MultipleARPAOutput Multiple;
+  static void Copy(util::FilePiece &in, Output &out) {
+    ReadARPA(in, out);
+  }
+  template <class Filter, class Out> static void RunFilter(util::FilePiece &in, Filter &filter, Out &output) {
+    DispatchARPAInput<Filter, Out> dispatcher(filter, output);
+    ReadARPA(in, dispatcher);
+  }
+};
+
+struct CountFormat {
+  typedef CountOutput Output;
+  typedef MultipleOutput<Output> Multiple;
+  static void Copy(util::FilePiece &in, Output &out) {
+    ReadCount(in, out);
+  }
+  template <class Filter, class Out> static void RunFilter(util::FilePiece &in, Filter &filter, Out &output) {
+    DispatchInput<Filter, Out> dispatcher(filter, output);
+    ReadCount(in, dispatcher);
+  }
+};
+
+/* For multithreading, the buffer classes hold batches of filter inputs and
+ * outputs in memory.  The strings get reused a lot, so keep them around
+ * instead of clearing each time.  
+ */
+class InputBuffer {
+  public:
+    InputBuffer() : actual_(0) {}
+    
+    void Reserve(size_t size) { lines_.reserve(size); }
+
+    template <class Output> void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+      if (lines_.size() == actual_) lines_.resize(lines_.size() + 1);
+      // TODO avoid this copy.
+      std::string &copied = lines_[actual_].line;
+      copied.assign(line.data(), line.size());
+      lines_[actual_].ngram.set(copied.data() + (ngram.data() - line.data()), ngram.size());
+      ++actual_;
+    }
+
+    template <class Filter, class Output> void CallFilter(Filter &filter, Output &output) const {
+      for (std::vector<Line>::const_iterator i = lines_.begin(); i != lines_.begin() + actual_; ++i) {
+        filter.AddNGram(i->ngram, i->line, output);
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Clear() { actual_ = 0; }
+    bool Empty() { return actual_ == 0; }
+    size_t Size() { return actual_; }
+
+  private:
+    struct Line {
+      std::string line;
+      StringPiece ngram;
+    };
+
+    size_t actual_;
+
+    std::vector<Line> lines_;
+};
+
+class BinaryOutputBuffer {
+  public:
+    BinaryOutputBuffer() {}
+
+    void Reserve(size_t size) {
+      lines_.reserve(size);
+    }
+    
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &line) {
+      lines_.push_back(line);
+    }
+    
+    template <class Output> void Flush(Output &output) {
+      for (std::vector<StringPiece>::const_iterator i = lines_.begin(); i != lines_.end(); ++i) {
+        output.AddNGram(*i);
+      }
+      lines_.clear();
+    }
+    
+  private:
+    std::vector<StringPiece> lines_;
+};
+
+class MultipleOutputBuffer {
+  public:
+    MultipleOutputBuffer() : last_(NULL) {}
+
+    void Reserve(size_t size) {
+      annotated_.reserve(size);
+    }
+
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &line) {
+      annotated_.resize(annotated_.size() + 1);
+      annotated_.back().line = line;
+    }
+
+    void SingleAddNGram(size_t offset, const StringPiece &line) {
+      if ((line.data() == last_.data()) && (line.length() == last_.length())) {
+        annotated_.back().systems.push_back(offset);
+      } else {
+        annotated_.resize(annotated_.size() + 1);
+        annotated_.back().systems.push_back(offset);
+        annotated_.back().line = line;
+        last_ = line;
+      }
+    }
+
+    template <class Output> void Flush(Output &output) {
+      for (std::vector<Annotated>::const_iterator i = annotated_.begin(); i != annotated_.end(); ++i) {
+        if (i->systems.empty()) {
+          output.AddNGram(i->line);
+        } else {
+          for (std::vector<size_t>::const_iterator j = i->systems.begin(); j != i->systems.end(); ++j) {
+            output.SingleAddNGram(*j, i->line);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      annotated_.clear();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    struct Annotated {
+      // If this is empty, send to all systems. 
+      // A filter should never send to all systems and send to a single one.
+      std::vector<size_t> systems;
+      StringPiece line;
+    };
+
+    StringPiece last_;
+
+    std::vector<Annotated> annotated_;
+};
+
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_FILTER_FORMAT_H__
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/phrase.cc b/klm/lm/filter/phrase.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1bef2a3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/phrase.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,281 @@
+#include "lm/filter/phrase.hh"
+
+#include "lm/filter/format.hh"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <queue>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace phrase {
+
+unsigned int ReadMultiple(std::istream &in, Substrings &out) {
+  bool sentence_content = false;
+  unsigned int sentence_id = 0;
+  std::vector<Hash> phrase;
+  std::string word;
+  while (in) {
+    char c;
+    // Gather a word.
+    while (!isspace(c = in.get()) && in) word += c;
+    // Treat EOF like a newline.
+    if (!in) c = '\n';
+    // Add the word to the phrase.
+    if (!word.empty()) {
+      phrase.push_back(util::MurmurHashNative(word.data(), word.size()));
+      word.clear();
+    }
+    if (c == ' ') continue;
+    // It's more than just a space.  Close out the phrase.  
+    if (!phrase.empty()) {
+      sentence_content = true;
+      out.AddPhrase(sentence_id, phrase.begin(), phrase.end());
+      phrase.clear();
+    }
+    if (c == '\t' || c == '\v') continue;
+    // It's more than a space or tab: a newline.   
+    if (sentence_content) {
+      ++sentence_id;
+      sentence_content = false;
+    }
+  }
+  if (!in.eof()) in.exceptions(std::istream::failbit | std::istream::badbit);
+  return sentence_id + sentence_content;
+}
+
+namespace detail { const StringPiece kEndSentence("</s>"); }
+
+namespace {
+
+typedef unsigned int Sentence;
+typedef std::vector<Sentence> Sentences;
+
+class Vertex;
+
+class Arc {
+  public:
+    Arc() {}
+
+    // For arcs from one vertex to another.  
+    void SetPhrase(Vertex &from, Vertex &to, const Sentences &intersect) {
+      Set(to, intersect);
+      from_ = &from;
+    }
+
+    /* For arcs from before the n-gram begins to somewhere in the n-gram (right
+     * aligned).  These have no from_ vertex; it implictly matches every
+     * sentence.  This also handles when the n-gram is a substring of a phrase. 
+     */
+    void SetRight(Vertex &to, const Sentences &complete) {
+      Set(to, complete);
+      from_ = NULL;
+    }
+
+    Sentence Current() const {
+      return *current_;
+    }
+
+    bool Empty() const {
+      return current_ == last_;
+    }
+
+    /* When this function returns:
+     * If Empty() then there's nothing left from this intersection.
+     *
+     * If Current() == to then to is part of the intersection. 
+     *
+     * Otherwise, Current() > to.  In this case, to is not part of the
+     * intersection and neither is anything < Current().  To determine if
+     * any value >= Current() is in the intersection, call LowerBound again
+     * with the value.   
+     */
+    void LowerBound(const Sentence to);
+
+  private:
+    void Set(Vertex &to, const Sentences &sentences);
+
+    const Sentence *current_;
+    const Sentence *last_;
+    Vertex *from_;
+};
+
+struct ArcGreater : public std::binary_function<const Arc *, const Arc *, bool> {
+  bool operator()(const Arc *first, const Arc *second) const {
+    return first->Current() > second->Current();
+  }
+};
+
+class Vertex {
+  public:
+    Vertex() : current_(0) {}
+
+    Sentence Current() const {
+      return current_;
+    }
+
+    bool Empty() const {
+      return incoming_.empty();
+    }
+
+    void LowerBound(const Sentence to);
+
+  private:
+    friend class Arc;
+
+    void AddIncoming(Arc *arc) {
+      if (!arc->Empty()) incoming_.push(arc);
+    }
+
+    unsigned int current_;
+    std::priority_queue<Arc*, std::vector<Arc*>, ArcGreater> incoming_;
+};
+
+void Arc::LowerBound(const Sentence to) {
+  current_ = std::lower_bound(current_, last_, to);
+  // If *current_ > to, don't advance from_.  The intervening values of
+  // from_ may be useful for another one of its outgoing arcs.
+  if (!from_ || Empty() || (Current() > to)) return;
+  assert(Current() == to);
+  from_->LowerBound(to);
+  if (from_->Empty()) {
+    current_ = last_;
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(from_->Current() >= to);
+  if (from_->Current() > to) {
+    current_ = std::lower_bound(current_ + 1, last_, from_->Current());
+  }
+}
+
+void Arc::Set(Vertex &to, const Sentences &sentences) {
+  current_ = &*sentences.begin();
+  last_ = &*sentences.end();
+  to.AddIncoming(this);
+}
+
+void Vertex::LowerBound(const Sentence to) {
+  if (Empty()) return;
+  // Union lower bound.  
+  while (true) {
+    Arc *top = incoming_.top();
+    if (top->Current() > to) {
+      current_ = top->Current();
+      return;
+    }
+    // If top->Current() == to, we still need to verify that's an actual 
+    // element and not just a bound.  
+    incoming_.pop();
+    top->LowerBound(to);
+    if (!top->Empty()) {
+      incoming_.push(top);
+      if (top->Current() == to) {
+        current_ = to;
+        return;
+      }
+    } else if (Empty()) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void BuildGraph(const Substrings &phrase, const std::vector<Hash> &hashes, Vertex *const vertices, Arc *free_arc) {
+  assert(!hashes.empty());
+
+  const Hash *const first_word = &*hashes.begin();
+  const Hash *const last_word = &*hashes.end() - 1;
+
+  Hash hash = 0;
+  const Sentences *found;
+  // Phrases starting at or before the first word in the n-gram.
+  {
+    Vertex *vertex = vertices;
+    for (const Hash *word = first_word; ; ++word, ++vertex) {
+      hash = util::MurmurHashNative(&hash, sizeof(uint64_t), *word);
+      // Now hash is [hashes.begin(), word].
+      if (word == last_word) {
+        if (phrase.FindSubstring(hash, found))
+          (free_arc++)->SetRight(*vertex, *found);
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!phrase.FindRight(hash, found)) break;
+      (free_arc++)->SetRight(*vertex, *found);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Phrases starting at the second or later word in the n-gram.   
+  Vertex *vertex_from = vertices;
+  for (const Hash *word_from = first_word + 1; word_from != &*hashes.end(); ++word_from, ++vertex_from) {
+    hash = 0;
+    Vertex *vertex_to = vertex_from + 1;
+    for (const Hash *word_to = word_from; ; ++word_to, ++vertex_to) {
+      // Notice that word_to and vertex_to have the same index.  
+      hash = util::MurmurHashNative(&hash, sizeof(uint64_t), *word_to);
+      // Now hash covers [word_from, word_to].
+      if (word_to == last_word) {
+        if (phrase.FindLeft(hash, found))
+          (free_arc++)->SetPhrase(*vertex_from, *vertex_to, *found);
+        break;
+      }
+      if (!phrase.FindPhrase(hash, found)) break;
+      (free_arc++)->SetPhrase(*vertex_from, *vertex_to, *found);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+namespace detail {
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+bool Union::Evaluate() {
+  assert(!hashes_.empty());
+  // Usually there are at most 6 words in an n-gram, so stack allocation is reasonable.  
+  Vertex vertices[hashes_.size()];
+  // One for every substring.  
+  Arc arcs[((hashes_.size() + 1) * hashes_.size()) / 2];
+  BuildGraph(substrings_, hashes_, vertices, arcs);
+  Vertex &last_vertex = vertices[hashes_.size() - 1];
+
+  unsigned int lower = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    last_vertex.LowerBound(lower);
+    if (last_vertex.Empty()) return false;
+    if (last_vertex.Current() == lower) return true;
+    lower = last_vertex.Current();
+  }
+}
+
+template <class Output> void Multiple::Evaluate(const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+  assert(!hashes_.empty());
+  // Usually there are at most 6 words in an n-gram, so stack allocation is reasonable.  
+  Vertex vertices[hashes_.size()];
+  // One for every substring.  
+  Arc arcs[((hashes_.size() + 1) * hashes_.size()) / 2];
+  BuildGraph(substrings_, hashes_, vertices, arcs);
+  Vertex &last_vertex = vertices[hashes_.size() - 1];
+
+  unsigned int lower = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    last_vertex.LowerBound(lower);
+    if (last_vertex.Empty()) return;
+    if (last_vertex.Current() == lower) {
+      output.SingleAddNGram(lower, line);
+      ++lower;
+    } else {
+      lower = last_vertex.Current();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+template void Multiple::Evaluate<CountFormat::Multiple>(const StringPiece &line, CountFormat::Multiple &output);
+template void Multiple::Evaluate<ARPAFormat::Multiple>(const StringPiece &line, ARPAFormat::Multiple &output);
+template void Multiple::Evaluate<MultipleOutputBuffer>(const StringPiece &line, MultipleOutputBuffer &output);
+
+} // namespace phrase
+} // namespace lm
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/phrase.hh b/klm/lm/filter/phrase.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b4edff41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/phrase.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+#ifndef LM_FILTER_PHRASE_H__
+#define LM_FILTER_PHRASE_H__
+
+#include "util/murmur_hash.hh"
+#include "util/string_piece.hh"
+#include "util/tokenize_piece.hh"
+
+#include <boost/unordered_map.hpp>
+
+#include <iosfwd>
+#include <vector>
+
+#define LM_FILTER_PHRASE_METHOD(caps, lower) \
+bool Find##caps(Hash key, const std::vector<unsigned int> *&out) const {\
+  Table::const_iterator i(table_.find(key));\
+  if (i==table_.end()) return false; \
+  out = &i->second.lower; \
+  return true; \
+}
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace phrase {
+
+typedef uint64_t Hash;
+
+class Substrings {
+  private:
+    /* This is the value in a hash table where the key is a string.  It indicates
+     * four sets of sentences:
+     * substring is sentences with a phrase containing the key as a substring.  
+     * left is sentencess with a phrase that begins with the key (left aligned).
+     * right is sentences with a phrase that ends with the key (right aligned).
+     * phrase is sentences where the key is a phrase.
+     * Each set is encoded as a vector of sentence ids in increasing order.
+     */
+    struct SentenceRelation {
+      std::vector<unsigned int> substring, left, right, phrase;
+    };
+    /* Most of the CPU is hash table lookups, so let's not complicate it with
+     * vector equality comparisons.  If a collision happens, the SentenceRelation
+     * structure will contain the union of sentence ids over the colliding strings.
+     * In that case, the filter will be slightly more permissive.  
+     * The key here is the same as boost's hash of std::vector<std::string>.  
+     */
+    typedef boost::unordered_map<Hash, SentenceRelation> Table;
+
+  public:
+    Substrings() {}
+
+    /* If the string isn't a substring of any phrase, return NULL.  Otherwise,
+     * return a pointer to std::vector<unsigned int> listing sentences with
+     * matching phrases.  This set may be empty for Left, Right, or Phrase.
+     * Example: const std::vector<unsigned int> *FindSubstring(Hash key)
+     */
+    LM_FILTER_PHRASE_METHOD(Substring, substring)
+    LM_FILTER_PHRASE_METHOD(Left, left)
+    LM_FILTER_PHRASE_METHOD(Right, right)
+    LM_FILTER_PHRASE_METHOD(Phrase, phrase)
+
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wuninitialized" // end != finish so there's always an initialization
+    // sentence_id must be non-decreasing.  Iterators are over words in the phrase.  
+    template <class Iterator> void AddPhrase(unsigned int sentence_id, const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end) {
+      // Iterate over all substrings.  
+      for (Iterator start = begin; start != end; ++start) {
+        Hash hash = 0;
+        SentenceRelation *relation;
+        for (Iterator finish = start; finish != end; ++finish) {
+          hash = util::MurmurHashNative(&hash, sizeof(uint64_t), *finish);
+          // Now hash is of [start, finish].
+          relation = &table_[hash];
+          AppendSentence(relation->substring, sentence_id);
+          if (start == begin) AppendSentence(relation->left, sentence_id);
+        }
+        AppendSentence(relation->right, sentence_id);
+        if (start == begin) AppendSentence(relation->phrase, sentence_id);
+      }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void AppendSentence(std::vector<unsigned int> &vec, unsigned int sentence_id) {
+      if (vec.empty() || vec.back() != sentence_id) vec.push_back(sentence_id);
+    }
+
+    Table table_;
+};
+
+// Read a file with one sentence per line containing tab-delimited phrases of
+// space-separated words.  
+unsigned int ReadMultiple(std::istream &in, Substrings &out);
+
+namespace detail {
+extern const StringPiece kEndSentence;
+
+template <class Iterator> void MakeHashes(Iterator i, const Iterator &end, std::vector<Hash> &hashes) {
+  hashes.clear();
+  if (i == end) return;
+  // TODO: check strict phrase boundaries after <s> and before </s>.  For now, just skip tags.  
+  if ((i->data()[0] == '<') && (i->data()[i->size() - 1] == '>')) {
+    ++i;
+  }
+  for (; i != end && (*i != kEndSentence); ++i) {
+    hashes.push_back(util::MurmurHashNative(i->data(), i->size()));
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+class Union {
+  public:
+    explicit Union(const Substrings &substrings) : substrings_(substrings) {}
+
+    template <class Iterator> bool PassNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end) {
+      detail::MakeHashes(begin, end, hashes_);
+      return hashes_.empty() || Evaluate();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    bool Evaluate();
+
+    std::vector<Hash> hashes_;
+
+    const Substrings &substrings_;
+};
+
+class Multiple {
+  public:
+    explicit Multiple(const Substrings &substrings) : substrings_(substrings) {}
+
+    template <class Iterator, class Output> void AddNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end, const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+      detail::MakeHashes(begin, end, hashes_);
+      if (hashes_.empty()) {
+        output.AddNGram(line);
+        return;
+      }
+      Evaluate(line, output);
+    }
+
+    template <class Output> void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+      AddNGram(util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>(ngram, ' '), util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>::end(), line, output);
+    }
+
+    void Flush() const {}
+
+  private:
+    template <class Output> void Evaluate(const StringPiece &line, Output &output);
+
+    std::vector<Hash> hashes_;
+
+    const Substrings &substrings_;
+};
+
+} // namespace phrase
+} // namespace lm
+#endif // LM_FILTER_PHRASE_H__
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/thread.hh b/klm/lm/filter/thread.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e785b263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/thread.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+#ifndef LM_FILTER_THREAD_H__
+#define LM_FILTER_THREAD_H__
+
+#include "util/thread_pool.hh"
+
+#include <boost/utility/in_place_factory.hpp>
+
+#include <deque>
+#include <stack>
+
+namespace lm {
+
+template <class OutputBuffer> class ThreadBatch {
+  public:
+    ThreadBatch() {}
+    
+    void Reserve(size_t size) {
+      input_.Reserve(size);
+      output_.Reserve(size);
+     }
+
+    // File reading thread.  
+    InputBuffer &Fill(uint64_t sequence) {
+      sequence_ = sequence;
+      // Why wait until now to clear instead of after output?  free in the same
+      // thread as allocated.  
+      input_.Clear();
+      return input_;
+    }
+
+    // Filter worker thread.  
+    template <class Filter> void CallFilter(Filter &filter) {
+      input_.CallFilter(filter, output_);
+    }
+
+    uint64_t Sequence() const { return sequence_; }
+
+    // File writing thread.  
+    template <class RealOutput> void Flush(RealOutput &output) {
+      output_.Flush(output);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    InputBuffer input_;
+    OutputBuffer output_;
+
+    uint64_t sequence_;
+};
+
+template <class Batch, class Filter> class FilterWorker {
+  public:
+    typedef Batch *Request;
+
+    FilterWorker(const Filter &filter, util::PCQueue<Request> &done) : filter_(filter), done_(done) {}
+
+    void operator()(Request request) {
+      request->CallFilter(filter_);
+      done_.Produce(request);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    Filter filter_;
+
+    util::PCQueue<Request> &done_;
+};
+
+// There should only be one OutputWorker.
+template <class Batch, class Output> class OutputWorker {
+  public:
+    typedef Batch *Request;
+
+    OutputWorker(Output &output, util::PCQueue<Request> &done) : output_(output), done_(done), base_sequence_(0) {}
+
+    void operator()(Request request) {
+      assert(request->Sequence() >= base_sequence_);
+      // Assemble the output in order.  
+      uint64_t pos = request->Sequence() - base_sequence_;
+      if (pos >= ordering_.size()) {
+        ordering_.resize(pos + 1, NULL);
+      }
+      ordering_[pos] = request;
+      while (!ordering_.empty() && ordering_.front()) {
+        ordering_.front()->Flush(output_);
+        done_.Produce(ordering_.front());
+        ordering_.pop_front();
+        ++base_sequence_;
+      }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    Output &output_;
+
+    util::PCQueue<Request> &done_;
+
+    std::deque<Request> ordering_;
+
+    uint64_t base_sequence_;
+};
+
+template <class Filter, class OutputBuffer, class RealOutput> class Controller : boost::noncopyable {
+  private:
+    typedef ThreadBatch<OutputBuffer> Batch;
+
+  public:
+    Controller(size_t batch_size, size_t queue, size_t workers, const Filter &filter, RealOutput &output) 
+      : batch_size_(batch_size), queue_size_(queue),
+        batches_(queue),
+        to_read_(queue),
+        output_(queue, 1, boost::in_place(boost::ref(output), boost::ref(to_read_)), NULL),
+        filter_(queue, workers, boost::in_place(boost::ref(filter), boost::ref(output_.In())), NULL),
+        sequence_(0) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < queue; ++i) {
+        batches_[i].Reserve(batch_size);
+        local_read_.push(&batches_[i]);
+      }
+      NewInput();
+    }
+
+    void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line, RealOutput &output) {
+      input_->AddNGram(ngram, line, output);
+      if (input_->Size() == batch_size_) {
+        FlushInput();
+        NewInput();
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Flush() {
+      FlushInput();
+      while (local_read_.size() < queue_size_) {
+        MoveRead();
+      }
+      NewInput();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void FlushInput() {
+      if (input_->Empty()) return;
+      filter_.Produce(local_read_.top());
+      local_read_.pop();
+      if (local_read_.empty()) MoveRead();
+    }
+
+    void NewInput() {
+      input_ = &local_read_.top()->Fill(sequence_++);
+    }
+
+    void MoveRead() {
+      local_read_.push(to_read_.Consume());
+    }
+
+    const size_t batch_size_;
+    const size_t queue_size_;
+
+    std::vector<Batch> batches_;
+
+    util::PCQueue<Batch*> to_read_;
+    std::stack<Batch*> local_read_;
+    util::ThreadPool<OutputWorker<Batch, RealOutput> > output_;
+    util::ThreadPool<FilterWorker<Batch, Filter> > filter_;
+
+    uint64_t sequence_;
+    InputBuffer *input_;
+};
+
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_FILTER_THREAD_H__
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/vocab.cc b/klm/lm/filter/vocab.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7ee4e84b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/vocab.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+#include "lm/filter/vocab.hh"
+
+#include <istream>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <err.h>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace vocab {
+
+void ReadSingle(std::istream &in, boost::unordered_set<std::string> &out) {
+  in.exceptions(std::istream::badbit);
+  std::string word;
+  while (in >> word) {
+    out.insert(word);
+  }
+}
+
+namespace {
+bool IsLineEnd(std::istream &in) {
+  int got;
+  do {
+    got = in.get();
+    if (!in) return true;
+    if (got == '\n') return true;
+  } while (isspace(got));
+  in.unget();
+  return false;
+}
+}// namespace
+
+// Read space separated words in enter separated lines.  These lines can be
+// very long, so don't read an entire line at a time.  
+unsigned int ReadMultiple(std::istream &in, boost::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<unsigned int> > &out) {
+  in.exceptions(std::istream::badbit);
+  unsigned int sentence = 0;
+  bool used_id = false;
+  std::string word;
+  while (in >> word) {
+    used_id = true;
+    std::vector<unsigned int> &posting = out[word];
+    if (posting.empty() || (posting.back() != sentence))
+      posting.push_back(sentence);
+    if (IsLineEnd(in)) {
+      ++sentence;
+      used_id = false;
+    }
+  }
+  return sentence + used_id;
+}
+
+} // namespace vocab
+} // namespace lm
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/vocab.hh b/klm/lm/filter/vocab.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7f0fadaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/vocab.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+#ifndef LM_FILTER_VOCAB_H__
+#define LM_FILTER_VOCAB_H__
+
+// Vocabulary-based filters for language models.
+
+#include "util/multi_intersection.hh"
+#include "util/string_piece.hh"
+#include "util/string_piece_hash.hh"
+#include "util/tokenize_piece.hh"
+
+#include <boost/noncopyable.hpp>
+#include <boost/range/iterator_range.hpp>
+#include <boost/unordered/unordered_map.hpp>
+#include <boost/unordered/unordered_set.hpp>
+
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace vocab {
+
+void ReadSingle(std::istream &in, boost::unordered_set<std::string> &out);
+
+// Read one sentence vocabulary per line.  Return the number of sentences.
+unsigned int ReadMultiple(std::istream &in, boost::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<unsigned int> > &out);
+
+/* Is this a special tag like <s> or <UNK>?  This actually includes anything
+ * surrounded with < and >, which most tokenizers separate for real words, so
+ * this should not catch real words as it looks at a single token.   
+ */
+inline bool IsTag(const StringPiece &value) {
+  // The parser should never give an empty string.
+  assert(!value.empty());
+  return (value.data()[0] == '<' && value.data()[value.size() - 1] == '>');
+}
+
+class Single {
+  public:
+    typedef boost::unordered_set<std::string> Words;
+
+    explicit Single(const Words &vocab) : vocab_(vocab) {}
+
+    template <class Iterator> bool PassNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end) {
+      for (Iterator i = begin; i != end; ++i) {
+        if (IsTag(*i)) continue;
+        if (FindStringPiece(vocab_, *i) == vocab_.end()) return false;
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    const Words &vocab_;
+};
+
+class Union {
+  public:
+    typedef boost::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<unsigned int> > Words;
+
+    explicit Union(const Words &vocabs) : vocabs_(vocabs) {}
+
+    template <class Iterator> bool PassNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end) {
+      sets_.clear();
+
+      for (Iterator i(begin); i != end; ++i) {
+        if (IsTag(*i)) continue;
+        Words::const_iterator found(FindStringPiece(vocabs_, *i));
+        if (vocabs_.end() == found) return false;
+        sets_.push_back(boost::iterator_range<const unsigned int*>(&*found->second.begin(), &*found->second.end()));
+      }
+      return (sets_.empty() || util::FirstIntersection(sets_));
+    }
+
+  private:
+    const Words &vocabs_;
+
+    std::vector<boost::iterator_range<const unsigned int*> > sets_;
+};
+
+class Multiple {
+  public:
+    typedef boost::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<unsigned int> > Words;
+
+    Multiple(const Words &vocabs) : vocabs_(vocabs) {}
+
+  private:
+    // Callback from AllIntersection that does AddNGram.
+    template <class Output> class Callback {
+      public:
+        Callback(Output &out, const StringPiece &line) : out_(out), line_(line) {}
+
+        void operator()(unsigned int index) {
+          out_.SingleAddNGram(index, line_);
+        }
+
+      private:
+        Output &out_;
+        const StringPiece &line_;
+    };
+
+  public:
+    template <class Iterator, class Output> void AddNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end, const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+      sets_.clear();
+      for (Iterator i(begin); i != end; ++i) {
+        if (IsTag(*i)) continue;
+        Words::const_iterator found(FindStringPiece(vocabs_, *i));
+        if (vocabs_.end() == found) return;
+        sets_.push_back(boost::iterator_range<const unsigned int*>(&*found->second.begin(), &*found->second.end()));
+      }
+      if (sets_.empty()) {
+        output.AddNGram(line);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      Callback<Output> cb(output, line);
+      util::AllIntersection(sets_, cb);
+    }
+
+    template <class Output> void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+      AddNGram(util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>(ngram, ' '), util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>::end(), line, output);
+    }
+
+    void Flush() const {}
+
+  private:
+    const Words &vocabs_;
+
+    std::vector<boost::iterator_range<const unsigned int*> > sets_;
+};
+
+} // namespace vocab
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_FILTER_VOCAB_H__
diff --git a/klm/lm/filter/wrapper.hh b/klm/lm/filter/wrapper.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..90b07a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/filter/wrapper.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+#ifndef LM_FILTER_WRAPPER_H__
+#define LM_FILTER_WRAPPER_H__
+
+#include "util/string_piece.hh"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace lm {
+
+// Provide a single-output filter with the same interface as a
+// multiple-output filter so clients code against one interface.
+template <class Binary> class BinaryFilter {
+  public:
+    // Binary modes are just references (and a set) and it makes the API cleaner to copy them.  
+    explicit BinaryFilter(Binary binary) : binary_(binary) {}
+
+    template <class Iterator, class Output> void AddNGram(const Iterator &begin, const Iterator &end, const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+      if (binary_.PassNGram(begin, end))
+        output.AddNGram(line);
+    }
+
+    template <class Output> void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+      AddNGram(util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>(ngram, ' '), util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>::end(), line, output);
+    }
+
+    void Flush() const {}
+
+  private:
+    Binary binary_;
+};
+
+// Wrap another filter to pay attention only to context words
+template <class FilterT> class ContextFilter {
+  public:
+    typedef FilterT Filter;
+
+    explicit ContextFilter(Filter &backend) : backend_(backend) {}
+
+    template <class Output> void AddNGram(const StringPiece &ngram, const StringPiece &line, Output &output) {
+      pieces_.clear();
+      // TODO: this copy could be avoided by a lookahead iterator.
+      std::copy(util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>(ngram, ' '), util::TokenIter<util::SingleCharacter, true>::end(), std::back_insert_iterator<std::vector<StringPiece> >(pieces_));
+      backend_.AddNGram(pieces_.begin(), pieces_.end() - !pieces_.empty(), line, output);
+    }
+
+    void Flush() const {}
+
+  private:
+    std::vector<StringPiece> pieces_;
+
+    Filter backend_;
+};
+
+} // namespace lm
+
+#endif // LM_FILTER_WRAPPER_H__
diff --git a/klm/lm/fragment.cc b/klm/lm/fragment_main.cc
index 0267cd4e..0267cd4e 100644
--- a/klm/lm/fragment.cc
+++ b/klm/lm/fragment_main.cc
diff --git a/klm/lm/max_order.cc b/klm/lm/kenlm_max_order_main.cc
index 94221201..94221201 100644
--- a/klm/lm/max_order.cc
+++ b/klm/lm/kenlm_max_order_main.cc
diff --git a/klm/lm/model_test.cc b/klm/lm/model_test.cc
index 32084b5b..eb159094 100644
--- a/klm/lm/model_test.cc
+++ b/klm/lm/model_test.cc
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "lm/model.hh"
 
 #include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
 
 #define BOOST_TEST_MODULE ModelTest
 #include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
@@ -22,17 +23,20 @@ std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const State &state) {
 
 namespace {
 
+// Stupid bjam reverses the command line arguments randomly.
 const char *TestLocation() {
-  if (boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc < 2) {
+  if (boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc < 3) {
     return "test.arpa";
   }
-  return boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1];
+  char **argv = boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv;
+  return argv[strstr(argv[1], "nounk") ? 2 : 1];
 }
 const char *TestNoUnkLocation() {
   if (boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc < 3) {
     return "test_nounk.arpa";
   }
-  return boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[2];
+  char **argv = boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv;
+  return argv[strstr(argv[1], "nounk") ? 1 : 2];
 }
 
 template <class Model> State GetState(const Model &model, const char *word, const State &in) {
diff --git a/klm/lm/ngram_query.cc b/klm/lm/query_main.cc
index 49757d9a..49757d9a 100644
--- a/klm/lm/ngram_query.cc
+++ b/klm/lm/query_main.cc
diff --git a/klm/lm/read_arpa.cc b/klm/lm/read_arpa.cc
index b709fef9..9ea08798 100644
--- a/klm/lm/read_arpa.cc
+++ b/klm/lm/read_arpa.cc
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "lm/read_arpa.hh"
 
 #include "lm/blank.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
 
 #include <cmath>
 #include <cstdlib>
@@ -45,8 +46,14 @@ uint64_t ReadCount(const std::string &from) {
 
 void ReadARPACounts(util::FilePiece &in, std::vector<uint64_t> &number) {
   number.clear();
-  StringPiece line;
-  while (IsEntirelyWhiteSpace(line = in.ReadLine())) {}
+  StringPiece line = in.ReadLine();
+  // In general, ARPA files can have arbitrary text before "\data\"
+  // But in KenLM, we require such lines to start with "#", so that
+  // we can do stricter error checking
+  while (IsEntirelyWhiteSpace(line) || line.starts_with("#")) {
+    line = in.ReadLine();
+  }
+
   if (line != "\\data\\") {
     if ((line.size() >= 2) && (line.data()[0] == 0x1f) && (static_cast<unsigned char>(line.data()[1]) == 0x8b)) {
       UTIL_THROW(FormatLoadException, "Looks like a gzip file.  If this is an ARPA file, pipe " << in.FileName() << " through zcat.  If this already in binary format, you need to decompress it because mmap doesn't work on top of gzip.");
diff --git a/klm/lm/sizes.cc b/klm/lm/sizes.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..55ad586c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/sizes.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#include "lm/sizes.hh"
+#include "lm/model.hh"
+#include "util/file_piece.hh"
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <iomanip>
+
+namespace lm {
+namespace ngram {
+
+void ShowSizes(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const lm::ngram::Config &config) {
+  uint64_t sizes[6];
+  sizes[0] = ProbingModel::Size(counts, config);
+  sizes[1] = RestProbingModel::Size(counts, config);
+  sizes[2] = TrieModel::Size(counts, config);
+  sizes[3] = QuantTrieModel::Size(counts, config);
+  sizes[4] = ArrayTrieModel::Size(counts, config);
+  sizes[5] = QuantArrayTrieModel::Size(counts, config);
+  uint64_t max_length = *std::max_element(sizes, sizes + sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(uint64_t));
+  uint64_t min_length = *std::min_element(sizes, sizes + sizeof(sizes) / sizeof(uint64_t));
+  uint64_t divide;
+  char prefix;
+  if (min_length < (1 << 10) * 10) {
+    prefix = ' ';
+    divide = 1;
+  } else if (min_length < (1 << 20) * 10) {
+    prefix = 'k';
+    divide = 1 << 10;
+  } else if (min_length < (1ULL << 30) * 10) {
+    prefix = 'M';
+    divide = 1 << 20;
+  } else {
+    prefix = 'G';
+    divide = 1 << 30;
+  }
+  long int length = std::max<long int>(2, static_cast<long int>(ceil(log10((double) max_length / divide))));
+  std::cerr << "Memory estimate for binary LM:\ntype    ";
+
+  // right align bytes.  
+  for (long int i = 0; i < length - 2; ++i) std::cerr << ' ';
+
+  std::cerr << prefix << "B\n"
+    "probing " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[0] / divide) << " assuming -p " << config.probing_multiplier << "\n"
+    "probing " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[1] / divide) << " assuming -r models -p " << config.probing_multiplier << "\n"
+    "trie    " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[2] / divide) << " without quantization\n"
+    "trie    " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[3] / divide) << " assuming -q " << (unsigned)config.prob_bits << " -b " << (unsigned)config.backoff_bits << " quantization \n"
+    "trie    " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[4] / divide) << " assuming -a " << (unsigned)config.pointer_bhiksha_bits << " array pointer compression\n"
+    "trie    " << std::setw(length) << (sizes[5] / divide) << " assuming -a " << (unsigned)config.pointer_bhiksha_bits << " -q " << (unsigned)config.prob_bits << " -b " << (unsigned)config.backoff_bits<< " array pointer compression and quantization\n";
+}
+
+void ShowSizes(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts) {
+  lm::ngram::Config config;
+  ShowSizes(counts, config);
+}
+
+void ShowSizes(const char *file, const lm::ngram::Config &config) {
+  std::vector<uint64_t> counts;
+  util::FilePiece f(file);
+  lm::ReadARPACounts(f, counts);
+  ShowSizes(counts, config);
+}
+
+}} //namespaces
diff --git a/klm/lm/sizes.hh b/klm/lm/sizes.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..85abade7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/lm/sizes.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#ifndef LM_SIZES__
+#define LM_SIZES__
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace lm { namespace ngram {
+
+struct Config;
+
+void ShowSizes(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const lm::ngram::Config &config);
+void ShowSizes(const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts);
+void ShowSizes(const char *file, const lm::ngram::Config &config);
+
+}} // namespaces
+#endif // LM_SIZES__
diff --git a/klm/lm/state.hh b/klm/lm/state.hh
index 551510a8..d8e6c132 100644
--- a/klm/lm/state.hh
+++ b/klm/lm/state.hh
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ inline uint64_t hash_value(const State &state, uint64_t seed = 0) {
 struct Left {
   bool operator==(const Left &other) const {
     return 
-      (length == other.length) && 
-      pointers[length - 1] == other.pointers[length - 1] &&
-      full == other.full;
+      length == other.length &&
+      (!length || (pointers[length - 1] == other.pointers[length - 1] && full == other.full));
   }
 
   int Compare(const Left &other) const {
     if (length < other.length) return -1;
     if (length > other.length) return 1;
+    if (length == 0) return 0; // Must be full.
     if (pointers[length - 1] > other.pointers[length - 1]) return 1;
     if (pointers[length - 1] < other.pointers[length - 1]) return -1;
     return (int)full - (int)other.full;
diff --git a/klm/lm/trie_sort.cc b/klm/lm/trie_sort.cc
index 8663e94e..dc542bb3 100644
--- a/klm/lm/trie_sort.cc
+++ b/klm/lm/trie_sort.cc
@@ -65,13 +65,13 @@ class PartialViewProxy {
 
 typedef util::ProxyIterator<PartialViewProxy> PartialIter;
 
-FILE *DiskFlush(const void *mem_begin, const void *mem_end, const util::TempMaker &maker) {
-  util::scoped_fd file(maker.Make());
+FILE *DiskFlush(const void *mem_begin, const void *mem_end, const std::string &temp_prefix) {
+  util::scoped_fd file(util::MakeTemp(temp_prefix));
   util::WriteOrThrow(file.get(), mem_begin, (uint8_t*)mem_end - (uint8_t*)mem_begin);
   return util::FDOpenOrThrow(file);
 }
 
-FILE *WriteContextFile(uint8_t *begin, uint8_t *end, const util::TempMaker &maker, std::size_t entry_size, unsigned char order) {
+FILE *WriteContextFile(uint8_t *begin, uint8_t *end, const std::string &temp_prefix, std::size_t entry_size, unsigned char order) {
   const size_t context_size = sizeof(WordIndex) * (order - 1);
   // Sort just the contexts using the same memory.  
   PartialIter context_begin(PartialViewProxy(begin + sizeof(WordIndex), entry_size, context_size));
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ FILE *WriteContextFile(uint8_t *begin, uint8_t *end, const util::TempMaker &make
 #endif
     (context_begin, context_end, util::SizedCompare<EntryCompare, PartialViewProxy>(EntryCompare(order - 1)));
 
-  util::scoped_FILE out(maker.MakeFile());
+  util::scoped_FILE out(util::FMakeTemp(temp_prefix));
 
   // Write out to file and uniqueify at the same time.  Could have used unique_copy if there was an appropriate OutputIterator.  
   if (context_begin == context_end) return out.release();
@@ -114,12 +114,12 @@ struct FirstCombine {
   }
 };
 
-template <class Combine> FILE *MergeSortedFiles(FILE *first_file, FILE *second_file, const util::TempMaker &maker, std::size_t weights_size, unsigned char order, const Combine &combine) {
+template <class Combine> FILE *MergeSortedFiles(FILE *first_file, FILE *second_file, const std::string &temp_prefix, std::size_t weights_size, unsigned char order, const Combine &combine) {
   std::size_t entry_size = sizeof(WordIndex) * order + weights_size;
   RecordReader first, second;
   first.Init(first_file, entry_size);
   second.Init(second_file, entry_size);
-  util::scoped_FILE out_file(maker.MakeFile());
+  util::scoped_FILE out_file(util::FMakeTemp(temp_prefix));
   EntryCompare less(order);
   while (first && second) {
     if (less(first.Data(), second.Data())) {
@@ -177,9 +177,8 @@ void RecordReader::Rewind() {
 }
 
 SortedFiles::SortedFiles(const Config &config, util::FilePiece &f, std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, size_t buffer, const std::string &file_prefix, SortedVocabulary &vocab) {
-  util::TempMaker maker(file_prefix);
   PositiveProbWarn warn(config.positive_log_probability);
-  unigram_.reset(maker.Make());
+  unigram_.reset(util::MakeTemp(file_prefix));
   {
     // In case <unk> appears.  
     size_t size_out = (counts[0] + 1) * sizeof(ProbBackoff);
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ SortedFiles::SortedFiles(const Config &config, util::FilePiece &f, std::vector<u
   if (!mem.get()) UTIL_THROW(util::ErrnoException, "malloc failed for sort buffer size " << buffer);
 
   for (unsigned char order = 2; order <= counts.size(); ++order) {
-    ConvertToSorted(f, vocab, counts, maker, order, warn, mem.get(), buffer);
+    ConvertToSorted(f, vocab, counts, file_prefix, order, warn, mem.get(), buffer);
   }
   ReadEnd(f);
 }
@@ -227,7 +226,7 @@ class Closer {
 };
 } // namespace
 
-void SortedFiles::ConvertToSorted(util::FilePiece &f, const SortedVocabulary &vocab, const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const util::TempMaker &maker, unsigned char order, PositiveProbWarn &warn, void *mem, std::size_t mem_size) {
+void SortedFiles::ConvertToSorted(util::FilePiece &f, const SortedVocabulary &vocab, const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const std::string &file_prefix, unsigned char order, PositiveProbWarn &warn, void *mem, std::size_t mem_size) {
   ReadNGramHeader(f, order);
   const size_t count = counts[order - 1];
   // Size of weights.  Does it include backoff?  
@@ -261,8 +260,8 @@ void SortedFiles::ConvertToSorted(util::FilePiece &f, const SortedVocabulary &vo
     std::sort
 #endif
         (NGramIter(proxy_begin), NGramIter(proxy_end), util::SizedCompare<EntryCompare>(EntryCompare(order)));
-    files.push_back(DiskFlush(begin, out_end, maker));
-    contexts.push_back(WriteContextFile(begin, out_end, maker, entry_size, order));
+    files.push_back(DiskFlush(begin, out_end, file_prefix));
+    contexts.push_back(WriteContextFile(begin, out_end, file_prefix, entry_size, order));
 
     done += (out_end - begin) / entry_size;
   }
@@ -270,10 +269,10 @@ void SortedFiles::ConvertToSorted(util::FilePiece &f, const SortedVocabulary &vo
   // All individual files created.  Merge them.  
 
   while (files.size() > 1) {
-    files.push_back(MergeSortedFiles(files[0], files[1], maker, weights_size, order, ThrowCombine()));
+    files.push_back(MergeSortedFiles(files[0], files[1], file_prefix, weights_size, order, ThrowCombine()));
     files_closer.PopFront();
     files_closer.PopFront();
-    contexts.push_back(MergeSortedFiles(contexts[0], contexts[1], maker, 0, order - 1, FirstCombine()));
+    contexts.push_back(MergeSortedFiles(contexts[0], contexts[1], file_prefix, 0, order - 1, FirstCombine()));
     contexts_closer.PopFront();
     contexts_closer.PopFront();
   }
diff --git a/klm/lm/trie_sort.hh b/klm/lm/trie_sort.hh
index 2197b80c..1afd9562 100644
--- a/klm/lm/trie_sort.hh
+++ b/klm/lm/trie_sort.hh
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@
 
 namespace util {
 class FilePiece;
-class TempMaker;
 } // namespace util
 
 namespace lm {
@@ -101,7 +100,7 @@ class SortedFiles {
     }
 
   private:
-    void ConvertToSorted(util::FilePiece &f, const SortedVocabulary &vocab, const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const util::TempMaker &maker, unsigned char order, PositiveProbWarn &warn, void *mem, std::size_t mem_size);
+    void ConvertToSorted(util::FilePiece &f, const SortedVocabulary &vocab, const std::vector<uint64_t> &counts, const std::string &prefix, unsigned char order, PositiveProbWarn &warn, void *mem, std::size_t mem_size);
     
     util::scoped_fd unigram_;
 
diff --git a/klm/search/Jamfile b/klm/search/Jamfile
deleted file mode 100644
index bc95c53a..00000000
--- a/klm/search/Jamfile
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-lib search : weights.cc vertex.cc vertex_generator.cc edge_generator.cc rule.cc ../lm//kenlm ../util//kenutil /top//boost_system : : : <include>.. ;
-
-import testing ;
-
-unit-test weights_test : weights_test.cc search /top//boost_unit_test_framework ;
diff --git a/klm/search/Makefile.am b/klm/search/Makefile.am
index 5aea33c2..03554276 100644
--- a/klm/search/Makefile.am
+++ b/klm/search/Makefile.am
@@ -1,11 +1,23 @@
 noinst_LIBRARIES = libksearch.a
 
 libksearch_a_SOURCES = \
+  applied.hh \
+  config.hh \
+  context.hh \
+  dedupe.hh \
+  edge.hh \
+  edge_generator.hh \
+  header.hh \
+  nbest.hh \
+  rule.hh \
+  types.hh \
+  vertex.hh \
+  vertex_generator.hh \
   edge_generator.cc \
 	nbest.cc \
   rule.cc \
   vertex.cc \
   vertex_generator.cc
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I..
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir)/klm
 
diff --git a/klm/search/vertex.hh b/klm/search/vertex.hh
index 10b3339b..ca9a4fcd 100644
--- a/klm/search/vertex.hh
+++ b/klm/search/vertex.hh
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class VertexNode {
     }
 
     // Will be invalid unless this is a leaf.   
-    const History End() const { return end_; }
+    History End() const { return end_; }
 
     const VertexNode &operator[](size_t index) const {
       return *extend_[index];
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ class PartialVertex {
       return ret;
     }
 
-    const History End() const {
+    History End() const {
       return back_->End();
     }
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ class Vertex {
 
     PartialVertex RootPartial() const { return PartialVertex(root_); }
 
-    const History BestChild() const {
+    History BestChild() const {
       PartialVertex top(RootPartial());
       if (top.Empty()) {
         return History();
diff --git a/klm/search/vertex_generator.hh b/klm/search/vertex_generator.hh
index da563c2d..646b8189 100644
--- a/klm/search/vertex_generator.hh
+++ b/klm/search/vertex_generator.hh
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 #include "search/edge.hh"
 #include "search/types.hh"
 #include "search/vertex.hh"
+#include "util/exception.hh"
 
 #include <boost/unordered_map.hpp>
 #include <boost/version.hpp>
diff --git a/klm/test.sh b/klm/test.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index fb33300a..00000000
--- a/klm/test.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-#Run tests.  Requires Boost.
-set -e
-./compile.sh
-for i in util/{bit_packing,file_piece,joint_sort,key_value_packing,probing_hash_table,sorted_uniform}_test lm/{model,left}_test; do
-  g++ -I. -O3 $CXXFLAGS $i.cc {lm,util}/*.o -lboost_test_exec_monitor -lz -o $i
-  pushd $(dirname $i) >/dev/null && ./$(basename $i) || echo "$i failed"; popd >/dev/null
-done 
diff --git a/klm/util/Makefile.am b/klm/util/Makefile.am
index a676bdb3..7f873e96 100644
--- a/klm/util/Makefile.am
+++ b/klm/util/Makefile.am
@@ -19,6 +19,29 @@
 noinst_LIBRARIES = libklm_util.a
 
 libklm_util_a_SOURCES = \
+  bit_packing.hh \
+  ersatz_progress.hh \
+  exception.hh \
+  file.hh \
+  file_piece.hh \
+  getopt.hh \
+  have.hh \
+  joint_sort.hh \
+  mmap.hh \
+  murmur_hash.hh \
+  pcqueue.hh \
+  pool.hh \
+  probing_hash_table.hh \
+  proxy_iterator.hh \
+  read_compressed.hh \
+  scoped.hh \
+  sized_iterator.hh \
+  sorted_uniform.hh \
+  string_piece.hh \
+  string_piece_hash.hh \
+  thread_pool.hh \
+  tokenize_piece.hh \
+  usage.hh \
   ersatz_progress.cc \
   bit_packing.cc \
   exception.cc \
@@ -28,7 +51,8 @@ libklm_util_a_SOURCES = \
   murmur_hash.cc \
   pool.cc \
 	read_compressed.cc \
+  scoped.cc \
   string_piece.cc \
 	usage.cc
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I..
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -I$(top_srcdir)/klm -I$(top_srcdir)/klm/util/double-conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/LICENSE b/klm/util/double-conversion/LICENSE
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..933718a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/LICENSE
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Copyright 2006-2011, the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+met:
+
+    * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+      notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+    * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+      copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+      disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+      with the distribution.
+    * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+      contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+      from this software without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/Makefile.am b/klm/util/double-conversion/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dfcfb009
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+noinst_LIBRARIES = libklm_util_double.a
+
+libklm_util_double_a_SOURCES = \
+  bignum-dtoa.h \
+  bignum.h \
+  cached-powers.h \
+  diy-fp.h \
+  double-conversion.h \
+  fast-dtoa.h \
+  fixed-dtoa.h \
+  ieee.h \
+  strtod.h \
+  utils.h \
+  bignum.cc \
+  bignum-dtoa.cc \
+  cached-powers.cc \
+  diy-fp.cc \
+  double-conversion.cc \
+  fast-dtoa.cc \
+  fixed-dtoa.cc \
+  strtod.cc
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -I$(top_srcdir)/klm -I$(top_srcdir)/klm/util/double-conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum-dtoa.cc b/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum-dtoa.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b6c2e85d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum-dtoa.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,640 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "bignum-dtoa.h"
+
+#include "bignum.h"
+#include "ieee.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+static int NormalizedExponent(uint64_t significand, int exponent) {
+  ASSERT(significand != 0);
+  while ((significand & Double::kHiddenBit) == 0) {
+    significand = significand << 1;
+    exponent = exponent - 1;
+  }
+  return exponent;
+}
+
+
+// Forward declarations:
+// Returns an estimation of k such that 10^(k-1) <= v < 10^k.
+static int EstimatePower(int exponent);
+// Computes v / 10^estimated_power exactly, as a ratio of two bignums, numerator
+// and denominator.
+static void InitialScaledStartValues(uint64_t significand,
+                                     int exponent,
+                                     bool lower_boundary_is_closer,
+                                     int estimated_power,
+                                     bool need_boundary_deltas,
+                                     Bignum* numerator,
+                                     Bignum* denominator,
+                                     Bignum* delta_minus,
+                                     Bignum* delta_plus);
+// Multiplies numerator/denominator so that its values lies in the range 1-10.
+// Returns decimal_point s.t.
+//  v = numerator'/denominator' * 10^(decimal_point-1)
+//     where numerator' and denominator' are the values of numerator and
+//     denominator after the call to this function.
+static void FixupMultiply10(int estimated_power, bool is_even,
+                            int* decimal_point,
+                            Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                            Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus);
+// Generates digits from the left to the right and stops when the generated
+// digits yield the shortest decimal representation of v.
+static void GenerateShortestDigits(Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                                   Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus,
+                                   bool is_even,
+                                   Vector<char> buffer, int* length);
+// Generates 'requested_digits' after the decimal point.
+static void BignumToFixed(int requested_digits, int* decimal_point,
+                          Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                          Vector<char>(buffer), int* length);
+// Generates 'count' digits of numerator/denominator.
+// Once 'count' digits have been produced rounds the result depending on the
+// remainder (remainders of exactly .5 round upwards). Might update the
+// decimal_point when rounding up (for example for 0.9999).
+static void GenerateCountedDigits(int count, int* decimal_point,
+                                  Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                                  Vector<char>(buffer), int* length);
+
+
+void BignumDtoa(double v, BignumDtoaMode mode, int requested_digits,
+                Vector<char> buffer, int* length, int* decimal_point) {
+  ASSERT(v > 0);
+  ASSERT(!Double(v).IsSpecial());
+  uint64_t significand;
+  int exponent;
+  bool lower_boundary_is_closer;
+  if (mode == BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE) {
+    float f = static_cast<float>(v);
+    ASSERT(f == v);
+    significand = Single(f).Significand();
+    exponent = Single(f).Exponent();
+    lower_boundary_is_closer = Single(f).LowerBoundaryIsCloser();
+  } else {
+    significand = Double(v).Significand();
+    exponent = Double(v).Exponent();
+    lower_boundary_is_closer = Double(v).LowerBoundaryIsCloser();
+  }
+  bool need_boundary_deltas =
+      (mode == BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST || mode == BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE);
+
+  bool is_even = (significand & 1) == 0;
+  int normalized_exponent = NormalizedExponent(significand, exponent);
+  // estimated_power might be too low by 1.
+  int estimated_power = EstimatePower(normalized_exponent);
+
+  // Shortcut for Fixed.
+  // The requested digits correspond to the digits after the point. If the
+  // number is much too small, then there is no need in trying to get any
+  // digits.
+  if (mode == BIGNUM_DTOA_FIXED && -estimated_power - 1 > requested_digits) {
+    buffer[0] = '\0';
+    *length = 0;
+    // Set decimal-point to -requested_digits. This is what Gay does.
+    // Note that it should not have any effect anyways since the string is
+    // empty.
+    *decimal_point = -requested_digits;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  Bignum numerator;
+  Bignum denominator;
+  Bignum delta_minus;
+  Bignum delta_plus;
+  // Make sure the bignum can grow large enough. The smallest double equals
+  // 4e-324. In this case the denominator needs fewer than 324*4 binary digits.
+  // The maximum double is 1.7976931348623157e308 which needs fewer than
+  // 308*4 binary digits.
+  ASSERT(Bignum::kMaxSignificantBits >= 324*4);
+  InitialScaledStartValues(significand, exponent, lower_boundary_is_closer,
+                           estimated_power, need_boundary_deltas,
+                           &numerator, &denominator,
+                           &delta_minus, &delta_plus);
+  // We now have v = (numerator / denominator) * 10^estimated_power.
+  FixupMultiply10(estimated_power, is_even, decimal_point,
+                  &numerator, &denominator,
+                  &delta_minus, &delta_plus);
+  // We now have v = (numerator / denominator) * 10^(decimal_point-1), and
+  //  1 <= (numerator + delta_plus) / denominator < 10
+  switch (mode) {
+    case BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST:
+    case BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE:
+      GenerateShortestDigits(&numerator, &denominator,
+                             &delta_minus, &delta_plus,
+                             is_even, buffer, length);
+      break;
+    case BIGNUM_DTOA_FIXED:
+      BignumToFixed(requested_digits, decimal_point,
+                    &numerator, &denominator,
+                    buffer, length);
+      break;
+    case BIGNUM_DTOA_PRECISION:
+      GenerateCountedDigits(requested_digits, decimal_point,
+                            &numerator, &denominator,
+                            buffer, length);
+      break;
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+  buffer[*length] = '\0';
+}
+
+
+// The procedure starts generating digits from the left to the right and stops
+// when the generated digits yield the shortest decimal representation of v. A
+// decimal representation of v is a number lying closer to v than to any other
+// double, so it converts to v when read.
+//
+// This is true if d, the decimal representation, is between m- and m+, the
+// upper and lower boundaries. d must be strictly between them if !is_even.
+//           m- := (numerator - delta_minus) / denominator
+//           m+ := (numerator + delta_plus) / denominator
+//
+// Precondition: 0 <= (numerator+delta_plus) / denominator < 10.
+//   If 1 <= (numerator+delta_plus) / denominator < 10 then no leading 0 digit
+//   will be produced. This should be the standard precondition.
+static void GenerateShortestDigits(Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                                   Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus,
+                                   bool is_even,
+                                   Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  // Small optimization: if delta_minus and delta_plus are the same just reuse
+  // one of the two bignums.
+  if (Bignum::Equal(*delta_minus, *delta_plus)) {
+    delta_plus = delta_minus;
+  }
+  *length = 0;
+  while (true) {
+    uint16_t digit;
+    digit = numerator->DivideModuloIntBignum(*denominator);
+    ASSERT(digit <= 9);  // digit is a uint16_t and therefore always positive.
+    // digit = numerator / denominator (integer division).
+    // numerator = numerator % denominator.
+    buffer[(*length)++] = digit + '0';
+
+    // Can we stop already?
+    // If the remainder of the division is less than the distance to the lower
+    // boundary we can stop. In this case we simply round down (discarding the
+    // remainder).
+    // Similarly we test if we can round up (using the upper boundary).
+    bool in_delta_room_minus;
+    bool in_delta_room_plus;
+    if (is_even) {
+      in_delta_room_minus = Bignum::LessEqual(*numerator, *delta_minus);
+    } else {
+      in_delta_room_minus = Bignum::Less(*numerator, *delta_minus);
+    }
+    if (is_even) {
+      in_delta_room_plus =
+          Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *delta_plus, *denominator) >= 0;
+    } else {
+      in_delta_room_plus =
+          Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *delta_plus, *denominator) > 0;
+    }
+    if (!in_delta_room_minus && !in_delta_room_plus) {
+      // Prepare for next iteration.
+      numerator->Times10();
+      delta_minus->Times10();
+      // We optimized delta_plus to be equal to delta_minus (if they share the
+      // same value). So don't multiply delta_plus if they point to the same
+      // object.
+      if (delta_minus != delta_plus) {
+        delta_plus->Times10();
+      }
+    } else if (in_delta_room_minus && in_delta_room_plus) {
+      // Let's see if 2*numerator < denominator.
+      // If yes, then the next digit would be < 5 and we can round down.
+      int compare = Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *numerator, *denominator);
+      if (compare < 0) {
+        // Remaining digits are less than .5. -> Round down (== do nothing).
+      } else if (compare > 0) {
+        // Remaining digits are more than .5 of denominator. -> Round up.
+        // Note that the last digit could not be a '9' as otherwise the whole
+        // loop would have stopped earlier.
+        // We still have an assert here in case the preconditions were not
+        // satisfied.
+        ASSERT(buffer[(*length) - 1] != '9');
+        buffer[(*length) - 1]++;
+      } else {
+        // Halfway case.
+        // TODO(floitsch): need a way to solve half-way cases.
+        //   For now let's round towards even (since this is what Gay seems to
+        //   do).
+
+        if ((buffer[(*length) - 1] - '0') % 2 == 0) {
+          // Round down => Do nothing.
+        } else {
+          ASSERT(buffer[(*length) - 1] != '9');
+          buffer[(*length) - 1]++;
+        }
+      }
+      return;
+    } else if (in_delta_room_minus) {
+      // Round down (== do nothing).
+      return;
+    } else {  // in_delta_room_plus
+      // Round up.
+      // Note again that the last digit could not be '9' since this would have
+      // stopped the loop earlier.
+      // We still have an ASSERT here, in case the preconditions were not
+      // satisfied.
+      ASSERT(buffer[(*length) -1] != '9');
+      buffer[(*length) - 1]++;
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+// Let v = numerator / denominator < 10.
+// Then we generate 'count' digits of d = x.xxxxx... (without the decimal point)
+// from left to right. Once 'count' digits have been produced we decide wether
+// to round up or down. Remainders of exactly .5 round upwards. Numbers such
+// as 9.999999 propagate a carry all the way, and change the
+// exponent (decimal_point), when rounding upwards.
+static void GenerateCountedDigits(int count, int* decimal_point,
+                                  Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                                  Vector<char>(buffer), int* length) {
+  ASSERT(count >= 0);
+  for (int i = 0; i < count - 1; ++i) {
+    uint16_t digit;
+    digit = numerator->DivideModuloIntBignum(*denominator);
+    ASSERT(digit <= 9);  // digit is a uint16_t and therefore always positive.
+    // digit = numerator / denominator (integer division).
+    // numerator = numerator % denominator.
+    buffer[i] = digit + '0';
+    // Prepare for next iteration.
+    numerator->Times10();
+  }
+  // Generate the last digit.
+  uint16_t digit;
+  digit = numerator->DivideModuloIntBignum(*denominator);
+  if (Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *numerator, *denominator) >= 0) {
+    digit++;
+  }
+  buffer[count - 1] = digit + '0';
+  // Correct bad digits (in case we had a sequence of '9's). Propagate the
+  // carry until we hat a non-'9' or til we reach the first digit.
+  for (int i = count - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+    if (buffer[i] != '0' + 10) break;
+    buffer[i] = '0';
+    buffer[i - 1]++;
+  }
+  if (buffer[0] == '0' + 10) {
+    // Propagate a carry past the top place.
+    buffer[0] = '1';
+    (*decimal_point)++;
+  }
+  *length = count;
+}
+
+
+// Generates 'requested_digits' after the decimal point. It might omit
+// trailing '0's. If the input number is too small then no digits at all are
+// generated (ex.: 2 fixed digits for 0.00001).
+//
+// Input verifies:  1 <= (numerator + delta) / denominator < 10.
+static void BignumToFixed(int requested_digits, int* decimal_point,
+                          Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                          Vector<char>(buffer), int* length) {
+  // Note that we have to look at more than just the requested_digits, since
+  // a number could be rounded up. Example: v=0.5 with requested_digits=0.
+  // Even though the power of v equals 0 we can't just stop here.
+  if (-(*decimal_point) > requested_digits) {
+    // The number is definitively too small.
+    // Ex: 0.001 with requested_digits == 1.
+    // Set decimal-point to -requested_digits. This is what Gay does.
+    // Note that it should not have any effect anyways since the string is
+    // empty.
+    *decimal_point = -requested_digits;
+    *length = 0;
+    return;
+  } else if (-(*decimal_point) == requested_digits) {
+    // We only need to verify if the number rounds down or up.
+    // Ex: 0.04 and 0.06 with requested_digits == 1.
+    ASSERT(*decimal_point == -requested_digits);
+    // Initially the fraction lies in range (1, 10]. Multiply the denominator
+    // by 10 so that we can compare more easily.
+    denominator->Times10();
+    if (Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *numerator, *denominator) >= 0) {
+      // If the fraction is >= 0.5 then we have to include the rounded
+      // digit.
+      buffer[0] = '1';
+      *length = 1;
+      (*decimal_point)++;
+    } else {
+      // Note that we caught most of similar cases earlier.
+      *length = 0;
+    }
+    return;
+  } else {
+    // The requested digits correspond to the digits after the point.
+    // The variable 'needed_digits' includes the digits before the point.
+    int needed_digits = (*decimal_point) + requested_digits;
+    GenerateCountedDigits(needed_digits, decimal_point,
+                          numerator, denominator,
+                          buffer, length);
+  }
+}
+
+
+// Returns an estimation of k such that 10^(k-1) <= v < 10^k where
+// v = f * 2^exponent and 2^52 <= f < 2^53.
+// v is hence a normalized double with the given exponent. The output is an
+// approximation for the exponent of the decimal approimation .digits * 10^k.
+//
+// The result might undershoot by 1 in which case 10^k <= v < 10^k+1.
+// Note: this property holds for v's upper boundary m+ too.
+//    10^k <= m+ < 10^k+1.
+//   (see explanation below).
+//
+// Examples:
+//  EstimatePower(0)   => 16
+//  EstimatePower(-52) => 0
+//
+// Note: e >= 0 => EstimatedPower(e) > 0. No similar claim can be made for e<0.
+static int EstimatePower(int exponent) {
+  // This function estimates log10 of v where v = f*2^e (with e == exponent).
+  // Note that 10^floor(log10(v)) <= v, but v <= 10^ceil(log10(v)).
+  // Note that f is bounded by its container size. Let p = 53 (the double's
+  // significand size). Then 2^(p-1) <= f < 2^p.
+  //
+  // Given that log10(v) == log2(v)/log2(10) and e+(len(f)-1) is quite close
+  // to log2(v) the function is simplified to (e+(len(f)-1)/log2(10)).
+  // The computed number undershoots by less than 0.631 (when we compute log3
+  // and not log10).
+  //
+  // Optimization: since we only need an approximated result this computation
+  // can be performed on 64 bit integers. On x86/x64 architecture the speedup is
+  // not really measurable, though.
+  //
+  // Since we want to avoid overshooting we decrement by 1e10 so that
+  // floating-point imprecisions don't affect us.
+  //
+  // Explanation for v's boundary m+: the computation takes advantage of
+  // the fact that 2^(p-1) <= f < 2^p. Boundaries still satisfy this requirement
+  // (even for denormals where the delta can be much more important).
+
+  const double k1Log10 = 0.30102999566398114;  // 1/lg(10)
+
+  // For doubles len(f) == 53 (don't forget the hidden bit).
+  const int kSignificandSize = Double::kSignificandSize;
+  double estimate = ceil((exponent + kSignificandSize - 1) * k1Log10 - 1e-10);
+  return static_cast<int>(estimate);
+}
+
+
+// See comments for InitialScaledStartValues.
+static void InitialScaledStartValuesPositiveExponent(
+    uint64_t significand, int exponent,
+    int estimated_power, bool need_boundary_deltas,
+    Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+    Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus) {
+  // A positive exponent implies a positive power.
+  ASSERT(estimated_power >= 0);
+  // Since the estimated_power is positive we simply multiply the denominator
+  // by 10^estimated_power.
+
+  // numerator = v.
+  numerator->AssignUInt64(significand);
+  numerator->ShiftLeft(exponent);
+  // denominator = 10^estimated_power.
+  denominator->AssignPowerUInt16(10, estimated_power);
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas) {
+    // Introduce a common denominator so that the deltas to the boundaries are
+    // integers.
+    denominator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    numerator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    // Let v = f * 2^e, then m+ - v = 1/2 * 2^e; With the common
+    // denominator (of 2) delta_plus equals 2^e.
+    delta_plus->AssignUInt16(1);
+    delta_plus->ShiftLeft(exponent);
+    // Same for delta_minus. The adjustments if f == 2^p-1 are done later.
+    delta_minus->AssignUInt16(1);
+    delta_minus->ShiftLeft(exponent);
+  }
+}
+
+
+// See comments for InitialScaledStartValues
+static void InitialScaledStartValuesNegativeExponentPositivePower(
+    uint64_t significand, int exponent,
+    int estimated_power, bool need_boundary_deltas,
+    Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+    Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus) {
+  // v = f * 2^e with e < 0, and with estimated_power >= 0.
+  // This means that e is close to 0 (have a look at how estimated_power is
+  // computed).
+
+  // numerator = significand
+  //  since v = significand * 2^exponent this is equivalent to
+  //  numerator = v * / 2^-exponent
+  numerator->AssignUInt64(significand);
+  // denominator = 10^estimated_power * 2^-exponent (with exponent < 0)
+  denominator->AssignPowerUInt16(10, estimated_power);
+  denominator->ShiftLeft(-exponent);
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas) {
+    // Introduce a common denominator so that the deltas to the boundaries are
+    // integers.
+    denominator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    numerator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    // Let v = f * 2^e, then m+ - v = 1/2 * 2^e; With the common
+    // denominator (of 2) delta_plus equals 2^e.
+    // Given that the denominator already includes v's exponent the distance
+    // to the boundaries is simply 1.
+    delta_plus->AssignUInt16(1);
+    // Same for delta_minus. The adjustments if f == 2^p-1 are done later.
+    delta_minus->AssignUInt16(1);
+  }
+}
+
+
+// See comments for InitialScaledStartValues
+static void InitialScaledStartValuesNegativeExponentNegativePower(
+    uint64_t significand, int exponent,
+    int estimated_power, bool need_boundary_deltas,
+    Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+    Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus) {
+  // Instead of multiplying the denominator with 10^estimated_power we
+  // multiply all values (numerator and deltas) by 10^-estimated_power.
+
+  // Use numerator as temporary container for power_ten.
+  Bignum* power_ten = numerator;
+  power_ten->AssignPowerUInt16(10, -estimated_power);
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas) {
+    // Since power_ten == numerator we must make a copy of 10^estimated_power
+    // before we complete the computation of the numerator.
+    // delta_plus = delta_minus = 10^estimated_power
+    delta_plus->AssignBignum(*power_ten);
+    delta_minus->AssignBignum(*power_ten);
+  }
+
+  // numerator = significand * 2 * 10^-estimated_power
+  //  since v = significand * 2^exponent this is equivalent to
+  // numerator = v * 10^-estimated_power * 2 * 2^-exponent.
+  // Remember: numerator has been abused as power_ten. So no need to assign it
+  //  to itself.
+  ASSERT(numerator == power_ten);
+  numerator->MultiplyByUInt64(significand);
+
+  // denominator = 2 * 2^-exponent with exponent < 0.
+  denominator->AssignUInt16(1);
+  denominator->ShiftLeft(-exponent);
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas) {
+    // Introduce a common denominator so that the deltas to the boundaries are
+    // integers.
+    numerator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    denominator->ShiftLeft(1);
+    // With this shift the boundaries have their correct value, since
+    // delta_plus = 10^-estimated_power, and
+    // delta_minus = 10^-estimated_power.
+    // These assignments have been done earlier.
+    // The adjustments if f == 2^p-1 (lower boundary is closer) are done later.
+  }
+}
+
+
+// Let v = significand * 2^exponent.
+// Computes v / 10^estimated_power exactly, as a ratio of two bignums, numerator
+// and denominator. The functions GenerateShortestDigits and
+// GenerateCountedDigits will then convert this ratio to its decimal
+// representation d, with the required accuracy.
+// Then d * 10^estimated_power is the representation of v.
+// (Note: the fraction and the estimated_power might get adjusted before
+// generating the decimal representation.)
+//
+// The initial start values consist of:
+//  - a scaled numerator: s.t. numerator/denominator == v / 10^estimated_power.
+//  - a scaled (common) denominator.
+//  optionally (used by GenerateShortestDigits to decide if it has the shortest
+//  decimal converting back to v):
+//  - v - m-: the distance to the lower boundary.
+//  - m+ - v: the distance to the upper boundary.
+//
+// v, m+, m-, and therefore v - m- and m+ - v all share the same denominator.
+//
+// Let ep == estimated_power, then the returned values will satisfy:
+//  v / 10^ep = numerator / denominator.
+//  v's boundarys m- and m+:
+//    m- / 10^ep == v / 10^ep - delta_minus / denominator
+//    m+ / 10^ep == v / 10^ep + delta_plus / denominator
+//  Or in other words:
+//    m- == v - delta_minus * 10^ep / denominator;
+//    m+ == v + delta_plus * 10^ep / denominator;
+//
+// Since 10^(k-1) <= v < 10^k    (with k == estimated_power)
+//  or       10^k <= v < 10^(k+1)
+//  we then have 0.1 <= numerator/denominator < 1
+//           or    1 <= numerator/denominator < 10
+//
+// It is then easy to kickstart the digit-generation routine.
+//
+// The boundary-deltas are only filled if the mode equals BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST
+// or BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE.
+
+static void InitialScaledStartValues(uint64_t significand,
+                                     int exponent,
+                                     bool lower_boundary_is_closer,
+                                     int estimated_power,
+                                     bool need_boundary_deltas,
+                                     Bignum* numerator,
+                                     Bignum* denominator,
+                                     Bignum* delta_minus,
+                                     Bignum* delta_plus) {
+  if (exponent >= 0) {
+    InitialScaledStartValuesPositiveExponent(
+        significand, exponent, estimated_power, need_boundary_deltas,
+        numerator, denominator, delta_minus, delta_plus);
+  } else if (estimated_power >= 0) {
+    InitialScaledStartValuesNegativeExponentPositivePower(
+        significand, exponent, estimated_power, need_boundary_deltas,
+        numerator, denominator, delta_minus, delta_plus);
+  } else {
+    InitialScaledStartValuesNegativeExponentNegativePower(
+        significand, exponent, estimated_power, need_boundary_deltas,
+        numerator, denominator, delta_minus, delta_plus);
+  }
+
+  if (need_boundary_deltas && lower_boundary_is_closer) {
+    // The lower boundary is closer at half the distance of "normal" numbers.
+    // Increase the common denominator and adapt all but the delta_minus.
+    denominator->ShiftLeft(1);  // *2
+    numerator->ShiftLeft(1);    // *2
+    delta_plus->ShiftLeft(1);   // *2
+  }
+}
+
+
+// This routine multiplies numerator/denominator so that its values lies in the
+// range 1-10. That is after a call to this function we have:
+//    1 <= (numerator + delta_plus) /denominator < 10.
+// Let numerator the input before modification and numerator' the argument
+// after modification, then the output-parameter decimal_point is such that
+//  numerator / denominator * 10^estimated_power ==
+//    numerator' / denominator' * 10^(decimal_point - 1)
+// In some cases estimated_power was too low, and this is already the case. We
+// then simply adjust the power so that 10^(k-1) <= v < 10^k (with k ==
+// estimated_power) but do not touch the numerator or denominator.
+// Otherwise the routine multiplies the numerator and the deltas by 10.
+static void FixupMultiply10(int estimated_power, bool is_even,
+                            int* decimal_point,
+                            Bignum* numerator, Bignum* denominator,
+                            Bignum* delta_minus, Bignum* delta_plus) {
+  bool in_range;
+  if (is_even) {
+    // For IEEE doubles half-way cases (in decimal system numbers ending with 5)
+    // are rounded to the closest floating-point number with even significand.
+    in_range = Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *delta_plus, *denominator) >= 0;
+  } else {
+    in_range = Bignum::PlusCompare(*numerator, *delta_plus, *denominator) > 0;
+  }
+  if (in_range) {
+    // Since numerator + delta_plus >= denominator we already have
+    // 1 <= numerator/denominator < 10. Simply update the estimated_power.
+    *decimal_point = estimated_power + 1;
+  } else {
+    *decimal_point = estimated_power;
+    numerator->Times10();
+    if (Bignum::Equal(*delta_minus, *delta_plus)) {
+      delta_minus->Times10();
+      delta_plus->AssignBignum(*delta_minus);
+    } else {
+      delta_minus->Times10();
+      delta_plus->Times10();
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum-dtoa.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum-dtoa.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..34b96199
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum-dtoa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_BIGNUM_DTOA_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_BIGNUM_DTOA_H_
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+enum BignumDtoaMode {
+  // Return the shortest correct representation.
+  // For example the output of 0.299999999999999988897 is (the less accurate but
+  // correct) 0.3.
+  BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST,
+  // Same as BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST but for single-precision floats.
+  BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE,
+  // Return a fixed number of digits after the decimal point.
+  // For instance fixed(0.1, 4) becomes 0.1000
+  // If the input number is big, the output will be big.
+  BIGNUM_DTOA_FIXED,
+  // Return a fixed number of digits, no matter what the exponent is.
+  BIGNUM_DTOA_PRECISION
+};
+
+// Converts the given double 'v' to ascii.
+// The result should be interpreted as buffer * 10^(point-length).
+// The buffer will be null-terminated.
+//
+// The input v must be > 0 and different from NaN, and Infinity.
+//
+// The output depends on the given mode:
+//  - SHORTEST: produce the least amount of digits for which the internal
+//   identity requirement is still satisfied. If the digits are printed
+//   (together with the correct exponent) then reading this number will give
+//   'v' again. The buffer will choose the representation that is closest to
+//   'v'. If there are two at the same distance, than the number is round up.
+//   In this mode the 'requested_digits' parameter is ignored.
+//  - FIXED: produces digits necessary to print a given number with
+//   'requested_digits' digits after the decimal point. The produced digits
+//   might be too short in which case the caller has to fill the gaps with '0's.
+//   Example: toFixed(0.001, 5) is allowed to return buffer="1", point=-2.
+//   Halfway cases are rounded up. The call toFixed(0.15, 2) thus returns
+//     buffer="2", point=0.
+//   Note: the length of the returned buffer has no meaning wrt the significance
+//   of its digits. That is, just because it contains '0's does not mean that
+//   any other digit would not satisfy the internal identity requirement.
+//  - PRECISION: produces 'requested_digits' where the first digit is not '0'.
+//   Even though the length of produced digits usually equals
+//   'requested_digits', the function is allowed to return fewer digits, in
+//   which case the caller has to fill the missing digits with '0's.
+//   Halfway cases are again rounded up.
+// 'BignumDtoa' expects the given buffer to be big enough to hold all digits
+// and a terminating null-character.
+void BignumDtoa(double v, BignumDtoaMode mode, int requested_digits,
+                Vector<char> buffer, int* length, int* point);
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_BIGNUM_DTOA_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum.cc b/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..747491a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,764 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include "bignum.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+Bignum::Bignum()
+    : bigits_(bigits_buffer_, kBigitCapacity), used_digits_(0), exponent_(0) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < kBigitCapacity; ++i) {
+    bigits_[i] = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+
+template<typename S>
+static int BitSize(S value) {
+  return 8 * sizeof(value);
+}
+
+// Guaranteed to lie in one Bigit.
+void Bignum::AssignUInt16(uint16_t value) {
+  ASSERT(kBigitSize >= BitSize(value));
+  Zero();
+  if (value == 0) return;
+
+  EnsureCapacity(1);
+  bigits_[0] = value;
+  used_digits_ = 1;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AssignUInt64(uint64_t value) {
+  const int kUInt64Size = 64;
+
+  Zero();
+  if (value == 0) return;
+
+  int needed_bigits = kUInt64Size / kBigitSize + 1;
+  EnsureCapacity(needed_bigits);
+  for (int i = 0; i < needed_bigits; ++i) {
+    bigits_[i] = value & kBigitMask;
+    value = value >> kBigitSize;
+  }
+  used_digits_ = needed_bigits;
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AssignBignum(const Bignum& other) {
+  exponent_ = other.exponent_;
+  for (int i = 0; i < other.used_digits_; ++i) {
+    bigits_[i] = other.bigits_[i];
+  }
+  // Clear the excess digits (if there were any).
+  for (int i = other.used_digits_; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    bigits_[i] = 0;
+  }
+  used_digits_ = other.used_digits_;
+}
+
+
+static uint64_t ReadUInt64(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                           int from,
+                           int digits_to_read) {
+  uint64_t result = 0;
+  for (int i = from; i < from + digits_to_read; ++i) {
+    int digit = buffer[i] - '0';
+    ASSERT(0 <= digit && digit <= 9);
+    result = result * 10 + digit;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AssignDecimalString(Vector<const char> value) {
+  // 2^64 = 18446744073709551616 > 10^19
+  const int kMaxUint64DecimalDigits = 19;
+  Zero();
+  int length = value.length();
+  int pos = 0;
+  // Let's just say that each digit needs 4 bits.
+  while (length >= kMaxUint64DecimalDigits) {
+    uint64_t digits = ReadUInt64(value, pos, kMaxUint64DecimalDigits);
+    pos += kMaxUint64DecimalDigits;
+    length -= kMaxUint64DecimalDigits;
+    MultiplyByPowerOfTen(kMaxUint64DecimalDigits);
+    AddUInt64(digits);
+  }
+  uint64_t digits = ReadUInt64(value, pos, length);
+  MultiplyByPowerOfTen(length);
+  AddUInt64(digits);
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+static int HexCharValue(char c) {
+  if ('0' <= c && c <= '9') return c - '0';
+  if ('a' <= c && c <= 'f') return 10 + c - 'a';
+  if ('A' <= c && c <= 'F') return 10 + c - 'A';
+  UNREACHABLE();
+  return 0;  // To make compiler happy.
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AssignHexString(Vector<const char> value) {
+  Zero();
+  int length = value.length();
+
+  int needed_bigits = length * 4 / kBigitSize + 1;
+  EnsureCapacity(needed_bigits);
+  int string_index = length - 1;
+  for (int i = 0; i < needed_bigits - 1; ++i) {
+    // These bigits are guaranteed to be "full".
+    Chunk current_bigit = 0;
+    for (int j = 0; j < kBigitSize / 4; j++) {
+      current_bigit += HexCharValue(value[string_index--]) << (j * 4);
+    }
+    bigits_[i] = current_bigit;
+  }
+  used_digits_ = needed_bigits - 1;
+
+  Chunk most_significant_bigit = 0;  // Could be = 0;
+  for (int j = 0; j <= string_index; ++j) {
+    most_significant_bigit <<= 4;
+    most_significant_bigit += HexCharValue(value[j]);
+  }
+  if (most_significant_bigit != 0) {
+    bigits_[used_digits_] = most_significant_bigit;
+    used_digits_++;
+  }
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AddUInt64(uint64_t operand) {
+  if (operand == 0) return;
+  Bignum other;
+  other.AssignUInt64(operand);
+  AddBignum(other);
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AddBignum(const Bignum& other) {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(other.IsClamped());
+
+  // If this has a greater exponent than other append zero-bigits to this.
+  // After this call exponent_ <= other.exponent_.
+  Align(other);
+
+  // There are two possibilities:
+  //   aaaaaaaaaaa 0000  (where the 0s represent a's exponent)
+  //     bbbbb 00000000
+  //   ----------------
+  //   ccccccccccc 0000
+  // or
+  //    aaaaaaaaaa 0000
+  //  bbbbbbbbb 0000000
+  //  -----------------
+  //  cccccccccccc 0000
+  // In both cases we might need a carry bigit.
+
+  EnsureCapacity(1 + Max(BigitLength(), other.BigitLength()) - exponent_);
+  Chunk carry = 0;
+  int bigit_pos = other.exponent_ - exponent_;
+  ASSERT(bigit_pos >= 0);
+  for (int i = 0; i < other.used_digits_; ++i) {
+    Chunk sum = bigits_[bigit_pos] + other.bigits_[i] + carry;
+    bigits_[bigit_pos] = sum & kBigitMask;
+    carry = sum >> kBigitSize;
+    bigit_pos++;
+  }
+
+  while (carry != 0) {
+    Chunk sum = bigits_[bigit_pos] + carry;
+    bigits_[bigit_pos] = sum & kBigitMask;
+    carry = sum >> kBigitSize;
+    bigit_pos++;
+  }
+  used_digits_ = Max(bigit_pos, used_digits_);
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::SubtractBignum(const Bignum& other) {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(other.IsClamped());
+  // We require this to be bigger than other.
+  ASSERT(LessEqual(other, *this));
+
+  Align(other);
+
+  int offset = other.exponent_ - exponent_;
+  Chunk borrow = 0;
+  int i;
+  for (i = 0; i < other.used_digits_; ++i) {
+    ASSERT((borrow == 0) || (borrow == 1));
+    Chunk difference = bigits_[i + offset] - other.bigits_[i] - borrow;
+    bigits_[i + offset] = difference & kBigitMask;
+    borrow = difference >> (kChunkSize - 1);
+  }
+  while (borrow != 0) {
+    Chunk difference = bigits_[i + offset] - borrow;
+    bigits_[i + offset] = difference & kBigitMask;
+    borrow = difference >> (kChunkSize - 1);
+    ++i;
+  }
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::ShiftLeft(int shift_amount) {
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) return;
+  exponent_ += shift_amount / kBigitSize;
+  int local_shift = shift_amount % kBigitSize;
+  EnsureCapacity(used_digits_ + 1);
+  BigitsShiftLeft(local_shift);
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::MultiplyByUInt32(uint32_t factor) {
+  if (factor == 1) return;
+  if (factor == 0) {
+    Zero();
+    return;
+  }
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) return;
+
+  // The product of a bigit with the factor is of size kBigitSize + 32.
+  // Assert that this number + 1 (for the carry) fits into double chunk.
+  ASSERT(kDoubleChunkSize >= kBigitSize + 32 + 1);
+  DoubleChunk carry = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    DoubleChunk product = static_cast<DoubleChunk>(factor) * bigits_[i] + carry;
+    bigits_[i] = static_cast<Chunk>(product & kBigitMask);
+    carry = (product >> kBigitSize);
+  }
+  while (carry != 0) {
+    EnsureCapacity(used_digits_ + 1);
+    bigits_[used_digits_] = carry & kBigitMask;
+    used_digits_++;
+    carry >>= kBigitSize;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::MultiplyByUInt64(uint64_t factor) {
+  if (factor == 1) return;
+  if (factor == 0) {
+    Zero();
+    return;
+  }
+  ASSERT(kBigitSize < 32);
+  uint64_t carry = 0;
+  uint64_t low = factor & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  uint64_t high = factor >> 32;
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    uint64_t product_low = low * bigits_[i];
+    uint64_t product_high = high * bigits_[i];
+    uint64_t tmp = (carry & kBigitMask) + product_low;
+    bigits_[i] = tmp & kBigitMask;
+    carry = (carry >> kBigitSize) + (tmp >> kBigitSize) +
+        (product_high << (32 - kBigitSize));
+  }
+  while (carry != 0) {
+    EnsureCapacity(used_digits_ + 1);
+    bigits_[used_digits_] = carry & kBigitMask;
+    used_digits_++;
+    carry >>= kBigitSize;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::MultiplyByPowerOfTen(int exponent) {
+  const uint64_t kFive27 = UINT64_2PART_C(0x6765c793, fa10079d);
+  const uint16_t kFive1 = 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive2 = kFive1 * 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive3 = kFive2 * 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive4 = kFive3 * 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive5 = kFive4 * 5;
+  const uint16_t kFive6 = kFive5 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive7 = kFive6 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive8 = kFive7 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive9 = kFive8 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive10 = kFive9 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive11 = kFive10 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive12 = kFive11 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive13 = kFive12 * 5;
+  const uint32_t kFive1_to_12[] =
+      { kFive1, kFive2, kFive3, kFive4, kFive5, kFive6,
+        kFive7, kFive8, kFive9, kFive10, kFive11, kFive12 };
+
+  ASSERT(exponent >= 0);
+  if (exponent == 0) return;
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) return;
+
+  // We shift by exponent at the end just before returning.
+  int remaining_exponent = exponent;
+  while (remaining_exponent >= 27) {
+    MultiplyByUInt64(kFive27);
+    remaining_exponent -= 27;
+  }
+  while (remaining_exponent >= 13) {
+    MultiplyByUInt32(kFive13);
+    remaining_exponent -= 13;
+  }
+  if (remaining_exponent > 0) {
+    MultiplyByUInt32(kFive1_to_12[remaining_exponent - 1]);
+  }
+  ShiftLeft(exponent);
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::Square() {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  int product_length = 2 * used_digits_;
+  EnsureCapacity(product_length);
+
+  // Comba multiplication: compute each column separately.
+  // Example: r = a2a1a0 * b2b1b0.
+  //    r =  1    * a0b0 +
+  //        10    * (a1b0 + a0b1) +
+  //        100   * (a2b0 + a1b1 + a0b2) +
+  //        1000  * (a2b1 + a1b2) +
+  //        10000 * a2b2
+  //
+  // In the worst case we have to accumulate nb-digits products of digit*digit.
+  //
+  // Assert that the additional number of bits in a DoubleChunk are enough to
+  // sum up used_digits of Bigit*Bigit.
+  if ((1 << (2 * (kChunkSize - kBigitSize))) <= used_digits_) {
+    UNIMPLEMENTED();
+  }
+  DoubleChunk accumulator = 0;
+  // First shift the digits so we don't overwrite them.
+  int copy_offset = used_digits_;
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    bigits_[copy_offset + i] = bigits_[i];
+  }
+  // We have two loops to avoid some 'if's in the loop.
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    // Process temporary digit i with power i.
+    // The sum of the two indices must be equal to i.
+    int bigit_index1 = i;
+    int bigit_index2 = 0;
+    // Sum all of the sub-products.
+    while (bigit_index1 >= 0) {
+      Chunk chunk1 = bigits_[copy_offset + bigit_index1];
+      Chunk chunk2 = bigits_[copy_offset + bigit_index2];
+      accumulator += static_cast<DoubleChunk>(chunk1) * chunk2;
+      bigit_index1--;
+      bigit_index2++;
+    }
+    bigits_[i] = static_cast<Chunk>(accumulator) & kBigitMask;
+    accumulator >>= kBigitSize;
+  }
+  for (int i = used_digits_; i < product_length; ++i) {
+    int bigit_index1 = used_digits_ - 1;
+    int bigit_index2 = i - bigit_index1;
+    // Invariant: sum of both indices is again equal to i.
+    // Inner loop runs 0 times on last iteration, emptying accumulator.
+    while (bigit_index2 < used_digits_) {
+      Chunk chunk1 = bigits_[copy_offset + bigit_index1];
+      Chunk chunk2 = bigits_[copy_offset + bigit_index2];
+      accumulator += static_cast<DoubleChunk>(chunk1) * chunk2;
+      bigit_index1--;
+      bigit_index2++;
+    }
+    // The overwritten bigits_[i] will never be read in further loop iterations,
+    // because bigit_index1 and bigit_index2 are always greater
+    // than i - used_digits_.
+    bigits_[i] = static_cast<Chunk>(accumulator) & kBigitMask;
+    accumulator >>= kBigitSize;
+  }
+  // Since the result was guaranteed to lie inside the number the
+  // accumulator must be 0 now.
+  ASSERT(accumulator == 0);
+
+  // Don't forget to update the used_digits and the exponent.
+  used_digits_ = product_length;
+  exponent_ *= 2;
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::AssignPowerUInt16(uint16_t base, int power_exponent) {
+  ASSERT(base != 0);
+  ASSERT(power_exponent >= 0);
+  if (power_exponent == 0) {
+    AssignUInt16(1);
+    return;
+  }
+  Zero();
+  int shifts = 0;
+  // We expect base to be in range 2-32, and most often to be 10.
+  // It does not make much sense to implement different algorithms for counting
+  // the bits.
+  while ((base & 1) == 0) {
+    base >>= 1;
+    shifts++;
+  }
+  int bit_size = 0;
+  int tmp_base = base;
+  while (tmp_base != 0) {
+    tmp_base >>= 1;
+    bit_size++;
+  }
+  int final_size = bit_size * power_exponent;
+  // 1 extra bigit for the shifting, and one for rounded final_size.
+  EnsureCapacity(final_size / kBigitSize + 2);
+
+  // Left to Right exponentiation.
+  int mask = 1;
+  while (power_exponent >= mask) mask <<= 1;
+
+  // The mask is now pointing to the bit above the most significant 1-bit of
+  // power_exponent.
+  // Get rid of first 1-bit;
+  mask >>= 2;
+  uint64_t this_value = base;
+
+  bool delayed_multipliciation = false;
+  const uint64_t max_32bits = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  while (mask != 0 && this_value <= max_32bits) {
+    this_value = this_value * this_value;
+    // Verify that there is enough space in this_value to perform the
+    // multiplication.  The first bit_size bits must be 0.
+    if ((power_exponent & mask) != 0) {
+      uint64_t base_bits_mask =
+          ~((static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << (64 - bit_size)) - 1);
+      bool high_bits_zero = (this_value & base_bits_mask) == 0;
+      if (high_bits_zero) {
+        this_value *= base;
+      } else {
+        delayed_multipliciation = true;
+      }
+    }
+    mask >>= 1;
+  }
+  AssignUInt64(this_value);
+  if (delayed_multipliciation) {
+    MultiplyByUInt32(base);
+  }
+
+  // Now do the same thing as a bignum.
+  while (mask != 0) {
+    Square();
+    if ((power_exponent & mask) != 0) {
+      MultiplyByUInt32(base);
+    }
+    mask >>= 1;
+  }
+
+  // And finally add the saved shifts.
+  ShiftLeft(shifts * power_exponent);
+}
+
+
+// Precondition: this/other < 16bit.
+uint16_t Bignum::DivideModuloIntBignum(const Bignum& other) {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(other.IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(other.used_digits_ > 0);
+
+  // Easy case: if we have less digits than the divisor than the result is 0.
+  // Note: this handles the case where this == 0, too.
+  if (BigitLength() < other.BigitLength()) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  Align(other);
+
+  uint16_t result = 0;
+
+  // Start by removing multiples of 'other' until both numbers have the same
+  // number of digits.
+  while (BigitLength() > other.BigitLength()) {
+    // This naive approach is extremely inefficient if the this divided other
+    // might be big. This function is implemented for doubleToString where
+    // the result should be small (less than 10).
+    ASSERT(other.bigits_[other.used_digits_ - 1] >= ((1 << kBigitSize) / 16));
+    // Remove the multiples of the first digit.
+    // Example this = 23 and other equals 9. -> Remove 2 multiples.
+    result += bigits_[used_digits_ - 1];
+    SubtractTimes(other, bigits_[used_digits_ - 1]);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(BigitLength() == other.BigitLength());
+
+  // Both bignums are at the same length now.
+  // Since other has more than 0 digits we know that the access to
+  // bigits_[used_digits_ - 1] is safe.
+  Chunk this_bigit = bigits_[used_digits_ - 1];
+  Chunk other_bigit = other.bigits_[other.used_digits_ - 1];
+
+  if (other.used_digits_ == 1) {
+    // Shortcut for easy (and common) case.
+    int quotient = this_bigit / other_bigit;
+    bigits_[used_digits_ - 1] = this_bigit - other_bigit * quotient;
+    result += quotient;
+    Clamp();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  int division_estimate = this_bigit / (other_bigit + 1);
+  result += division_estimate;
+  SubtractTimes(other, division_estimate);
+
+  if (other_bigit * (division_estimate + 1) > this_bigit) {
+    // No need to even try to subtract. Even if other's remaining digits were 0
+    // another subtraction would be too much.
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  while (LessEqual(other, *this)) {
+    SubtractBignum(other);
+    result++;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+template<typename S>
+static int SizeInHexChars(S number) {
+  ASSERT(number > 0);
+  int result = 0;
+  while (number != 0) {
+    number >>= 4;
+    result++;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+static char HexCharOfValue(int value) {
+  ASSERT(0 <= value && value <= 16);
+  if (value < 10) return value + '0';
+  return value - 10 + 'A';
+}
+
+
+bool Bignum::ToHexString(char* buffer, int buffer_size) const {
+  ASSERT(IsClamped());
+  // Each bigit must be printable as separate hex-character.
+  ASSERT(kBigitSize % 4 == 0);
+  const int kHexCharsPerBigit = kBigitSize / 4;
+
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) {
+    if (buffer_size < 2) return false;
+    buffer[0] = '0';
+    buffer[1] = '\0';
+    return true;
+  }
+  // We add 1 for the terminating '\0' character.
+  int needed_chars = (BigitLength() - 1) * kHexCharsPerBigit +
+      SizeInHexChars(bigits_[used_digits_ - 1]) + 1;
+  if (needed_chars > buffer_size) return false;
+  int string_index = needed_chars - 1;
+  buffer[string_index--] = '\0';
+  for (int i = 0; i < exponent_; ++i) {
+    for (int j = 0; j < kHexCharsPerBigit; ++j) {
+      buffer[string_index--] = '0';
+    }
+  }
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_ - 1; ++i) {
+    Chunk current_bigit = bigits_[i];
+    for (int j = 0; j < kHexCharsPerBigit; ++j) {
+      buffer[string_index--] = HexCharOfValue(current_bigit & 0xF);
+      current_bigit >>= 4;
+    }
+  }
+  // And finally the last bigit.
+  Chunk most_significant_bigit = bigits_[used_digits_ - 1];
+  while (most_significant_bigit != 0) {
+    buffer[string_index--] = HexCharOfValue(most_significant_bigit & 0xF);
+    most_significant_bigit >>= 4;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+Bignum::Chunk Bignum::BigitAt(int index) const {
+  if (index >= BigitLength()) return 0;
+  if (index < exponent_) return 0;
+  return bigits_[index - exponent_];
+}
+
+
+int Bignum::Compare(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b) {
+  ASSERT(a.IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(b.IsClamped());
+  int bigit_length_a = a.BigitLength();
+  int bigit_length_b = b.BigitLength();
+  if (bigit_length_a < bigit_length_b) return -1;
+  if (bigit_length_a > bigit_length_b) return +1;
+  for (int i = bigit_length_a - 1; i >= Min(a.exponent_, b.exponent_); --i) {
+    Chunk bigit_a = a.BigitAt(i);
+    Chunk bigit_b = b.BigitAt(i);
+    if (bigit_a < bigit_b) return -1;
+    if (bigit_a > bigit_b) return +1;
+    // Otherwise they are equal up to this digit. Try the next digit.
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+
+int Bignum::PlusCompare(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c) {
+  ASSERT(a.IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(b.IsClamped());
+  ASSERT(c.IsClamped());
+  if (a.BigitLength() < b.BigitLength()) {
+    return PlusCompare(b, a, c);
+  }
+  if (a.BigitLength() + 1 < c.BigitLength()) return -1;
+  if (a.BigitLength() > c.BigitLength()) return +1;
+  // The exponent encodes 0-bigits. So if there are more 0-digits in 'a' than
+  // 'b' has digits, then the bigit-length of 'a'+'b' must be equal to the one
+  // of 'a'.
+  if (a.exponent_ >= b.BigitLength() && a.BigitLength() < c.BigitLength()) {
+    return -1;
+  }
+
+  Chunk borrow = 0;
+  // Starting at min_exponent all digits are == 0. So no need to compare them.
+  int min_exponent = Min(Min(a.exponent_, b.exponent_), c.exponent_);
+  for (int i = c.BigitLength() - 1; i >= min_exponent; --i) {
+    Chunk chunk_a = a.BigitAt(i);
+    Chunk chunk_b = b.BigitAt(i);
+    Chunk chunk_c = c.BigitAt(i);
+    Chunk sum = chunk_a + chunk_b;
+    if (sum > chunk_c + borrow) {
+      return +1;
+    } else {
+      borrow = chunk_c + borrow - sum;
+      if (borrow > 1) return -1;
+      borrow <<= kBigitSize;
+    }
+  }
+  if (borrow == 0) return 0;
+  return -1;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::Clamp() {
+  while (used_digits_ > 0 && bigits_[used_digits_ - 1] == 0) {
+    used_digits_--;
+  }
+  if (used_digits_ == 0) {
+    // Zero.
+    exponent_ = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+
+bool Bignum::IsClamped() const {
+  return used_digits_ == 0 || bigits_[used_digits_ - 1] != 0;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::Zero() {
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    bigits_[i] = 0;
+  }
+  used_digits_ = 0;
+  exponent_ = 0;
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::Align(const Bignum& other) {
+  if (exponent_ > other.exponent_) {
+    // If "X" represents a "hidden" digit (by the exponent) then we are in the
+    // following case (a == this, b == other):
+    // a:  aaaaaaXXXX   or a:   aaaaaXXX
+    // b:     bbbbbbX      b: bbbbbbbbXX
+    // We replace some of the hidden digits (X) of a with 0 digits.
+    // a:  aaaaaa000X   or a:   aaaaa0XX
+    int zero_digits = exponent_ - other.exponent_;
+    EnsureCapacity(used_digits_ + zero_digits);
+    for (int i = used_digits_ - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      bigits_[i + zero_digits] = bigits_[i];
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < zero_digits; ++i) {
+      bigits_[i] = 0;
+    }
+    used_digits_ += zero_digits;
+    exponent_ -= zero_digits;
+    ASSERT(used_digits_ >= 0);
+    ASSERT(exponent_ >= 0);
+  }
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::BigitsShiftLeft(int shift_amount) {
+  ASSERT(shift_amount < kBigitSize);
+  ASSERT(shift_amount >= 0);
+  Chunk carry = 0;
+  for (int i = 0; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    Chunk new_carry = bigits_[i] >> (kBigitSize - shift_amount);
+    bigits_[i] = ((bigits_[i] << shift_amount) + carry) & kBigitMask;
+    carry = new_carry;
+  }
+  if (carry != 0) {
+    bigits_[used_digits_] = carry;
+    used_digits_++;
+  }
+}
+
+
+void Bignum::SubtractTimes(const Bignum& other, int factor) {
+  ASSERT(exponent_ <= other.exponent_);
+  if (factor < 3) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < factor; ++i) {
+      SubtractBignum(other);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  Chunk borrow = 0;
+  int exponent_diff = other.exponent_ - exponent_;
+  for (int i = 0; i < other.used_digits_; ++i) {
+    DoubleChunk product = static_cast<DoubleChunk>(factor) * other.bigits_[i];
+    DoubleChunk remove = borrow + product;
+    Chunk difference = bigits_[i + exponent_diff] - (remove & kBigitMask);
+    bigits_[i + exponent_diff] = difference & kBigitMask;
+    borrow = static_cast<Chunk>((difference >> (kChunkSize - 1)) +
+                                (remove >> kBigitSize));
+  }
+  for (int i = other.used_digits_ + exponent_diff; i < used_digits_; ++i) {
+    if (borrow == 0) return;
+    Chunk difference = bigits_[i] - borrow;
+    bigits_[i] = difference & kBigitMask;
+    borrow = difference >> (kChunkSize - 1);
+    ++i;
+  }
+  Clamp();
+}
+
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5ec3544f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/bignum.h
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_BIGNUM_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_BIGNUM_H_
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+class Bignum {
+ public:
+  // 3584 = 128 * 28. We can represent 2^3584 > 10^1000 accurately.
+  // This bignum can encode much bigger numbers, since it contains an
+  // exponent.
+  static const int kMaxSignificantBits = 3584;
+
+  Bignum();
+  void AssignUInt16(uint16_t value);
+  void AssignUInt64(uint64_t value);
+  void AssignBignum(const Bignum& other);
+
+  void AssignDecimalString(Vector<const char> value);
+  void AssignHexString(Vector<const char> value);
+
+  void AssignPowerUInt16(uint16_t base, int exponent);
+
+  void AddUInt16(uint16_t operand);
+  void AddUInt64(uint64_t operand);
+  void AddBignum(const Bignum& other);
+  // Precondition: this >= other.
+  void SubtractBignum(const Bignum& other);
+
+  void Square();
+  void ShiftLeft(int shift_amount);
+  void MultiplyByUInt32(uint32_t factor);
+  void MultiplyByUInt64(uint64_t factor);
+  void MultiplyByPowerOfTen(int exponent);
+  void Times10() { return MultiplyByUInt32(10); }
+  // Pseudocode:
+  //  int result = this / other;
+  //  this = this % other;
+  // In the worst case this function is in O(this/other).
+  uint16_t DivideModuloIntBignum(const Bignum& other);
+
+  bool ToHexString(char* buffer, int buffer_size) const;
+
+  // Returns
+  //  -1 if a < b,
+  //   0 if a == b, and
+  //  +1 if a > b.
+  static int Compare(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b);
+  static bool Equal(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b) {
+    return Compare(a, b) == 0;
+  }
+  static bool LessEqual(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b) {
+    return Compare(a, b) <= 0;
+  }
+  static bool Less(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b) {
+    return Compare(a, b) < 0;
+  }
+  // Returns Compare(a + b, c);
+  static int PlusCompare(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c);
+  // Returns a + b == c
+  static bool PlusEqual(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c) {
+    return PlusCompare(a, b, c) == 0;
+  }
+  // Returns a + b <= c
+  static bool PlusLessEqual(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c) {
+    return PlusCompare(a, b, c) <= 0;
+  }
+  // Returns a + b < c
+  static bool PlusLess(const Bignum& a, const Bignum& b, const Bignum& c) {
+    return PlusCompare(a, b, c) < 0;
+  }
+ private:
+  typedef uint32_t Chunk;
+  typedef uint64_t DoubleChunk;
+
+  static const int kChunkSize = sizeof(Chunk) * 8;
+  static const int kDoubleChunkSize = sizeof(DoubleChunk) * 8;
+  // With bigit size of 28 we loose some bits, but a double still fits easily
+  // into two chunks, and more importantly we can use the Comba multiplication.
+  static const int kBigitSize = 28;
+  static const Chunk kBigitMask = (1 << kBigitSize) - 1;
+  // Every instance allocates kBigitLength chunks on the stack. Bignums cannot
+  // grow. There are no checks if the stack-allocated space is sufficient.
+  static const int kBigitCapacity = kMaxSignificantBits / kBigitSize;
+
+  void EnsureCapacity(int size) {
+    if (size > kBigitCapacity) {
+      UNREACHABLE();
+    }
+  }
+  void Align(const Bignum& other);
+  void Clamp();
+  bool IsClamped() const;
+  void Zero();
+  // Requires this to have enough capacity (no tests done).
+  // Updates used_digits_ if necessary.
+  // shift_amount must be < kBigitSize.
+  void BigitsShiftLeft(int shift_amount);
+  // BigitLength includes the "hidden" digits encoded in the exponent.
+  int BigitLength() const { return used_digits_ + exponent_; }
+  Chunk BigitAt(int index) const;
+  void SubtractTimes(const Bignum& other, int factor);
+
+  Chunk bigits_buffer_[kBigitCapacity];
+  // A vector backed by bigits_buffer_. This way accesses to the array are
+  // checked for out-of-bounds errors.
+  Vector<Chunk> bigits_;
+  int used_digits_;
+  // The Bignum's value equals value(bigits_) * 2^(exponent_ * kBigitSize).
+  int exponent_;
+
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(Bignum);
+};
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_BIGNUM_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/cached-powers.cc b/klm/util/double-conversion/cached-powers.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6764291
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/cached-powers.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+// Copyright 2006-2008 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+#include "cached-powers.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+struct CachedPower {
+  uint64_t significand;
+  int16_t binary_exponent;
+  int16_t decimal_exponent;
+};
+
+static const CachedPower kCachedPowers[] = {
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xfa8fd5a0, 081c0288), -1220, -348},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbaaee17f, a23ebf76), -1193, -340},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8b16fb20, 3055ac76), -1166, -332},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xcf42894a, 5dce35ea), -1140, -324},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9a6bb0aa, 55653b2d), -1113, -316},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe61acf03, 3d1a45df), -1087, -308},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xab70fe17, c79ac6ca), -1060, -300},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xff77b1fc, bebcdc4f), -1034, -292},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbe5691ef, 416bd60c), -1007, -284},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8dd01fad, 907ffc3c), -980, -276},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd3515c28, 31559a83), -954, -268},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9d71ac8f, ada6c9b5), -927, -260},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xea9c2277, 23ee8bcb), -901, -252},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xaecc4991, 4078536d), -874, -244},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x823c1279, 5db6ce57), -847, -236},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc2109436, 4dfb5637), -821, -228},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9096ea6f, 3848984f), -794, -220},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd77485cb, 25823ac7), -768, -212},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa086cfcd, 97bf97f4), -741, -204},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xef340a98, 172aace5), -715, -196},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb23867fb, 2a35b28e), -688, -188},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x84c8d4df, d2c63f3b), -661, -180},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc5dd4427, 1ad3cdba), -635, -172},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x936b9fce, bb25c996), -608, -164},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xdbac6c24, 7d62a584), -582, -156},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa3ab6658, 0d5fdaf6), -555, -148},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xf3e2f893, dec3f126), -529, -140},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb5b5ada8, aaff80b8), -502, -132},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x87625f05, 6c7c4a8b), -475, -124},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc9bcff60, 34c13053), -449, -116},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x964e858c, 91ba2655), -422, -108},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xdff97724, 70297ebd), -396, -100},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa6dfbd9f, b8e5b88f), -369, -92},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xf8a95fcf, 88747d94), -343, -84},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb9447093, 8fa89bcf), -316, -76},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8a08f0f8, bf0f156b), -289, -68},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xcdb02555, 653131b6), -263, -60},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x993fe2c6, d07b7fac), -236, -52},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe45c10c4, 2a2b3b06), -210, -44},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xaa242499, 697392d3), -183, -36},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xfd87b5f2, 8300ca0e), -157, -28},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbce50864, 92111aeb), -130, -20},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8cbccc09, 6f5088cc), -103, -12},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd1b71758, e219652c), -77, -4},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9c400000, 00000000), -50, 4},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe8d4a510, 00000000), -24, 12},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xad78ebc5, ac620000), 3, 20},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x813f3978, f8940984), 30, 28},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc097ce7b, c90715b3), 56, 36},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8f7e32ce, 7bea5c70), 83, 44},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd5d238a4, abe98068), 109, 52},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9f4f2726, 179a2245), 136, 60},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xed63a231, d4c4fb27), 162, 68},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb0de6538, 8cc8ada8), 189, 76},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x83c7088e, 1aab65db), 216, 84},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc45d1df9, 42711d9a), 242, 92},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x924d692c, a61be758), 269, 100},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xda01ee64, 1a708dea), 295, 108},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa26da399, 9aef774a), 322, 116},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xf209787b, b47d6b85), 348, 124},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb454e4a1, 79dd1877), 375, 132},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x865b8692, 5b9bc5c2), 402, 140},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xc83553c5, c8965d3d), 428, 148},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x952ab45c, fa97a0b3), 455, 156},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xde469fbd, 99a05fe3), 481, 164},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa59bc234, db398c25), 508, 172},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xf6c69a72, a3989f5c), 534, 180},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xb7dcbf53, 54e9bece), 561, 188},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x88fcf317, f22241e2), 588, 196},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xcc20ce9b, d35c78a5), 614, 204},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x98165af3, 7b2153df), 641, 212},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe2a0b5dc, 971f303a), 667, 220},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xa8d9d153, 5ce3b396), 694, 228},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xfb9b7cd9, a4a7443c), 720, 236},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbb764c4c, a7a44410), 747, 244},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8bab8eef, b6409c1a), 774, 252},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd01fef10, a657842c), 800, 260},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9b10a4e5, e9913129), 827, 268},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xe7109bfb, a19c0c9d), 853, 276},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xac2820d9, 623bf429), 880, 284},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x80444b5e, 7aa7cf85), 907, 292},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xbf21e440, 03acdd2d), 933, 300},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x8e679c2f, 5e44ff8f), 960, 308},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xd433179d, 9c8cb841), 986, 316},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0x9e19db92, b4e31ba9), 1013, 324},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xeb96bf6e, badf77d9), 1039, 332},
+  {UINT64_2PART_C(0xaf87023b, 9bf0ee6b), 1066, 340},
+};
+
+static const int kCachedPowersLength = ARRAY_SIZE(kCachedPowers);
+static const int kCachedPowersOffset = 348;  // -1 * the first decimal_exponent.
+static const double kD_1_LOG2_10 = 0.30102999566398114;  //  1 / lg(10)
+// Difference between the decimal exponents in the table above.
+const int PowersOfTenCache::kDecimalExponentDistance = 8;
+const int PowersOfTenCache::kMinDecimalExponent = -348;
+const int PowersOfTenCache::kMaxDecimalExponent = 340;
+
+void PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForBinaryExponentRange(
+    int min_exponent,
+    int max_exponent,
+    DiyFp* power,
+    int* decimal_exponent) {
+  int kQ = DiyFp::kSignificandSize;
+  double k = ceil((min_exponent + kQ - 1) * kD_1_LOG2_10);
+  int foo = kCachedPowersOffset;
+  int index =
+      (foo + static_cast<int>(k) - 1) / kDecimalExponentDistance + 1;
+  ASSERT(0 <= index && index < kCachedPowersLength);
+  CachedPower cached_power = kCachedPowers[index];
+  ASSERT(min_exponent <= cached_power.binary_exponent);
+  ASSERT(cached_power.binary_exponent <= max_exponent);
+  *decimal_exponent = cached_power.decimal_exponent;
+  *power = DiyFp(cached_power.significand, cached_power.binary_exponent);
+}
+
+
+void PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForDecimalExponent(int requested_exponent,
+                                                        DiyFp* power,
+                                                        int* found_exponent) {
+  ASSERT(kMinDecimalExponent <= requested_exponent);
+  ASSERT(requested_exponent < kMaxDecimalExponent + kDecimalExponentDistance);
+  int index =
+      (requested_exponent + kCachedPowersOffset) / kDecimalExponentDistance;
+  CachedPower cached_power = kCachedPowers[index];
+  *power = DiyFp(cached_power.significand, cached_power.binary_exponent);
+  *found_exponent = cached_power.decimal_exponent;
+  ASSERT(*found_exponent <= requested_exponent);
+  ASSERT(requested_exponent < *found_exponent + kDecimalExponentDistance);
+}
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/cached-powers.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/cached-powers.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61a50614
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/cached-powers.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_CACHED_POWERS_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_CACHED_POWERS_H_
+
+#include "diy-fp.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+class PowersOfTenCache {
+ public:
+
+  // Not all powers of ten are cached. The decimal exponent of two neighboring
+  // cached numbers will differ by kDecimalExponentDistance.
+  static const int kDecimalExponentDistance;
+
+  static const int kMinDecimalExponent;
+  static const int kMaxDecimalExponent;
+
+  // Returns a cached power-of-ten with a binary exponent in the range
+  // [min_exponent; max_exponent] (boundaries included).
+  static void GetCachedPowerForBinaryExponentRange(int min_exponent,
+                                                   int max_exponent,
+                                                   DiyFp* power,
+                                                   int* decimal_exponent);
+
+  // Returns a cached power of ten x ~= 10^k such that
+  //   k <= decimal_exponent < k + kCachedPowersDecimalDistance.
+  // The given decimal_exponent must satisfy
+  //   kMinDecimalExponent <= requested_exponent, and
+  //   requested_exponent < kMaxDecimalExponent + kDecimalExponentDistance.
+  static void GetCachedPowerForDecimalExponent(int requested_exponent,
+                                               DiyFp* power,
+                                               int* found_exponent);
+};
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_CACHED_POWERS_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/diy-fp.cc b/klm/util/double-conversion/diy-fp.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ddd1891b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/diy-fp.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+
+#include "diy-fp.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+void DiyFp::Multiply(const DiyFp& other) {
+  // Simply "emulates" a 128 bit multiplication.
+  // However: the resulting number only contains 64 bits. The least
+  // significant 64 bits are only used for rounding the most significant 64
+  // bits.
+  const uint64_t kM32 = 0xFFFFFFFFU;
+  uint64_t a = f_ >> 32;
+  uint64_t b = f_ & kM32;
+  uint64_t c = other.f_ >> 32;
+  uint64_t d = other.f_ & kM32;
+  uint64_t ac = a * c;
+  uint64_t bc = b * c;
+  uint64_t ad = a * d;
+  uint64_t bd = b * d;
+  uint64_t tmp = (bd >> 32) + (ad & kM32) + (bc & kM32);
+  // By adding 1U << 31 to tmp we round the final result.
+  // Halfway cases will be round up.
+  tmp += 1U << 31;
+  uint64_t result_f = ac + (ad >> 32) + (bc >> 32) + (tmp >> 32);
+  e_ += other.e_ + 64;
+  f_ = result_f;
+}
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/diy-fp.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/diy-fp.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..9dcf8fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/diy-fp.h
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DIY_FP_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DIY_FP_H_
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+// This "Do It Yourself Floating Point" class implements a floating-point number
+// with a uint64 significand and an int exponent. Normalized DiyFp numbers will
+// have the most significant bit of the significand set.
+// Multiplication and Subtraction do not normalize their results.
+// DiyFp are not designed to contain special doubles (NaN and Infinity).
+class DiyFp {
+ public:
+  static const int kSignificandSize = 64;
+
+  DiyFp() : f_(0), e_(0) {}
+  DiyFp(uint64_t f, int e) : f_(f), e_(e) {}
+
+  // this = this - other.
+  // The exponents of both numbers must be the same and the significand of this
+  // must be bigger than the significand of other.
+  // The result will not be normalized.
+  void Subtract(const DiyFp& other) {
+    ASSERT(e_ == other.e_);
+    ASSERT(f_ >= other.f_);
+    f_ -= other.f_;
+  }
+
+  // Returns a - b.
+  // The exponents of both numbers must be the same and this must be bigger
+  // than other. The result will not be normalized.
+  static DiyFp Minus(const DiyFp& a, const DiyFp& b) {
+    DiyFp result = a;
+    result.Subtract(b);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+
+  // this = this * other.
+  void Multiply(const DiyFp& other);
+
+  // returns a * b;
+  static DiyFp Times(const DiyFp& a, const DiyFp& b) {
+    DiyFp result = a;
+    result.Multiply(b);
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  void Normalize() {
+    ASSERT(f_ != 0);
+    uint64_t f = f_;
+    int e = e_;
+
+    // This method is mainly called for normalizing boundaries. In general
+    // boundaries need to be shifted by 10 bits. We thus optimize for this case.
+    const uint64_t k10MSBits = UINT64_2PART_C(0xFFC00000, 00000000);
+    while ((f & k10MSBits) == 0) {
+      f <<= 10;
+      e -= 10;
+    }
+    while ((f & kUint64MSB) == 0) {
+      f <<= 1;
+      e--;
+    }
+    f_ = f;
+    e_ = e;
+  }
+
+  static DiyFp Normalize(const DiyFp& a) {
+    DiyFp result = a;
+    result.Normalize();
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t f() const { return f_; }
+  int e() const { return e_; }
+
+  void set_f(uint64_t new_value) { f_ = new_value; }
+  void set_e(int new_value) { e_ = new_value; }
+
+ private:
+  static const uint64_t kUint64MSB = UINT64_2PART_C(0x80000000, 00000000);
+
+  uint64_t f_;
+  int e_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DIY_FP_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/double-conversion.cc b/klm/util/double-conversion/double-conversion.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..febba6cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/double-conversion.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,889 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "double-conversion.h"
+
+#include "bignum-dtoa.h"
+#include "fast-dtoa.h"
+#include "fixed-dtoa.h"
+#include "ieee.h"
+#include "strtod.h"
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+const DoubleToStringConverter& DoubleToStringConverter::EcmaScriptConverter() {
+  int flags = UNIQUE_ZERO | EMIT_POSITIVE_EXPONENT_SIGN;
+  static DoubleToStringConverter converter(flags,
+                                           "Infinity",
+                                           "NaN",
+                                           'e',
+                                           -6, 21,
+                                           6, 0);
+  return converter;
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::HandleSpecialValues(
+    double value,
+    StringBuilder* result_builder) const {
+  Double double_inspect(value);
+  if (double_inspect.IsInfinite()) {
+    if (infinity_symbol_ == NULL) return false;
+    if (value < 0) {
+      result_builder->AddCharacter('-');
+    }
+    result_builder->AddString(infinity_symbol_);
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (double_inspect.IsNan()) {
+    if (nan_symbol_ == NULL) return false;
+    result_builder->AddString(nan_symbol_);
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+
+void DoubleToStringConverter::CreateExponentialRepresentation(
+    const char* decimal_digits,
+    int length,
+    int exponent,
+    StringBuilder* result_builder) const {
+  ASSERT(length != 0);
+  result_builder->AddCharacter(decimal_digits[0]);
+  if (length != 1) {
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('.');
+    result_builder->AddSubstring(&decimal_digits[1], length-1);
+  }
+  result_builder->AddCharacter(exponent_character_);
+  if (exponent < 0) {
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('-');
+    exponent = -exponent;
+  } else {
+    if ((flags_ & EMIT_POSITIVE_EXPONENT_SIGN) != 0) {
+      result_builder->AddCharacter('+');
+    }
+  }
+  if (exponent == 0) {
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('0');
+    return;
+  }
+  ASSERT(exponent < 1e4);
+  const int kMaxExponentLength = 5;
+  char buffer[kMaxExponentLength + 1];
+  buffer[kMaxExponentLength] = '\0';
+  int first_char_pos = kMaxExponentLength;
+  while (exponent > 0) {
+    buffer[--first_char_pos] = '0' + (exponent % 10);
+    exponent /= 10;
+  }
+  result_builder->AddSubstring(&buffer[first_char_pos],
+                               kMaxExponentLength - first_char_pos);
+}
+
+
+void DoubleToStringConverter::CreateDecimalRepresentation(
+    const char* decimal_digits,
+    int length,
+    int decimal_point,
+    int digits_after_point,
+    StringBuilder* result_builder) const {
+  // Create a representation that is padded with zeros if needed.
+  if (decimal_point <= 0) {
+      // "0.00000decimal_rep".
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('0');
+    if (digits_after_point > 0) {
+      result_builder->AddCharacter('.');
+      result_builder->AddPadding('0', -decimal_point);
+      ASSERT(length <= digits_after_point - (-decimal_point));
+      result_builder->AddSubstring(decimal_digits, length);
+      int remaining_digits = digits_after_point - (-decimal_point) - length;
+      result_builder->AddPadding('0', remaining_digits);
+    }
+  } else if (decimal_point >= length) {
+    // "decimal_rep0000.00000" or "decimal_rep.0000"
+    result_builder->AddSubstring(decimal_digits, length);
+    result_builder->AddPadding('0', decimal_point - length);
+    if (digits_after_point > 0) {
+      result_builder->AddCharacter('.');
+      result_builder->AddPadding('0', digits_after_point);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // "decima.l_rep000"
+    ASSERT(digits_after_point > 0);
+    result_builder->AddSubstring(decimal_digits, decimal_point);
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('.');
+    ASSERT(length - decimal_point <= digits_after_point);
+    result_builder->AddSubstring(&decimal_digits[decimal_point],
+                                 length - decimal_point);
+    int remaining_digits = digits_after_point - (length - decimal_point);
+    result_builder->AddPadding('0', remaining_digits);
+  }
+  if (digits_after_point == 0) {
+    if ((flags_ & EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT) != 0) {
+      result_builder->AddCharacter('.');
+    }
+    if ((flags_ & EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT) != 0) {
+      result_builder->AddCharacter('0');
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::ToShortestIeeeNumber(
+    double value,
+    StringBuilder* result_builder,
+    DoubleToStringConverter::DtoaMode mode) const {
+  ASSERT(mode == SHORTEST || mode == SHORTEST_SINGLE);
+  if (Double(value).IsSpecial()) {
+    return HandleSpecialValues(value, result_builder);
+  }
+
+  int decimal_point;
+  bool sign;
+  const int kDecimalRepCapacity = kBase10MaximalLength + 1;
+  char decimal_rep[kDecimalRepCapacity];
+  int decimal_rep_length;
+
+  DoubleToAscii(value, mode, 0, decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+
+  bool unique_zero = (flags_ & UNIQUE_ZERO) != 0;
+  if (sign && (value != 0.0 || !unique_zero)) {
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('-');
+  }
+
+  int exponent = decimal_point - 1;
+  if ((decimal_in_shortest_low_ <= exponent) &&
+      (exponent < decimal_in_shortest_high_)) {
+    CreateDecimalRepresentation(decimal_rep, decimal_rep_length,
+                                decimal_point,
+                                Max(0, decimal_rep_length - decimal_point),
+                                result_builder);
+  } else {
+    CreateExponentialRepresentation(decimal_rep, decimal_rep_length, exponent,
+                                    result_builder);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::ToFixed(double value,
+                                      int requested_digits,
+                                      StringBuilder* result_builder) const {
+  ASSERT(kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint == 60);
+  const double kFirstNonFixed = 1e60;
+
+  if (Double(value).IsSpecial()) {
+    return HandleSpecialValues(value, result_builder);
+  }
+
+  if (requested_digits > kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint) return false;
+  if (value >= kFirstNonFixed || value <= -kFirstNonFixed) return false;
+
+  // Find a sufficiently precise decimal representation of n.
+  int decimal_point;
+  bool sign;
+  // Add space for the '\0' byte.
+  const int kDecimalRepCapacity =
+      kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint + kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint + 1;
+  char decimal_rep[kDecimalRepCapacity];
+  int decimal_rep_length;
+  DoubleToAscii(value, FIXED, requested_digits,
+                decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+
+  bool unique_zero = ((flags_ & UNIQUE_ZERO) != 0);
+  if (sign && (value != 0.0 || !unique_zero)) {
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('-');
+  }
+
+  CreateDecimalRepresentation(decimal_rep, decimal_rep_length, decimal_point,
+                              requested_digits, result_builder);
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::ToExponential(
+    double value,
+    int requested_digits,
+    StringBuilder* result_builder) const {
+  if (Double(value).IsSpecial()) {
+    return HandleSpecialValues(value, result_builder);
+  }
+
+  if (requested_digits < -1) return false;
+  if (requested_digits > kMaxExponentialDigits) return false;
+
+  int decimal_point;
+  bool sign;
+  // Add space for digit before the decimal point and the '\0' character.
+  const int kDecimalRepCapacity = kMaxExponentialDigits + 2;
+  ASSERT(kDecimalRepCapacity > kBase10MaximalLength);
+  char decimal_rep[kDecimalRepCapacity];
+  int decimal_rep_length;
+
+  if (requested_digits == -1) {
+    DoubleToAscii(value, SHORTEST, 0,
+                  decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                  &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+  } else {
+    DoubleToAscii(value, PRECISION, requested_digits + 1,
+                  decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                  &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+    ASSERT(decimal_rep_length <= requested_digits + 1);
+
+    for (int i = decimal_rep_length; i < requested_digits + 1; ++i) {
+      decimal_rep[i] = '0';
+    }
+    decimal_rep_length = requested_digits + 1;
+  }
+
+  bool unique_zero = ((flags_ & UNIQUE_ZERO) != 0);
+  if (sign && (value != 0.0 || !unique_zero)) {
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('-');
+  }
+
+  int exponent = decimal_point - 1;
+  CreateExponentialRepresentation(decimal_rep,
+                                  decimal_rep_length,
+                                  exponent,
+                                  result_builder);
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+bool DoubleToStringConverter::ToPrecision(double value,
+                                          int precision,
+                                          StringBuilder* result_builder) const {
+  if (Double(value).IsSpecial()) {
+    return HandleSpecialValues(value, result_builder);
+  }
+
+  if (precision < kMinPrecisionDigits || precision > kMaxPrecisionDigits) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Find a sufficiently precise decimal representation of n.
+  int decimal_point;
+  bool sign;
+  // Add one for the terminating null character.
+  const int kDecimalRepCapacity = kMaxPrecisionDigits + 1;
+  char decimal_rep[kDecimalRepCapacity];
+  int decimal_rep_length;
+
+  DoubleToAscii(value, PRECISION, precision,
+                decimal_rep, kDecimalRepCapacity,
+                &sign, &decimal_rep_length, &decimal_point);
+  ASSERT(decimal_rep_length <= precision);
+
+  bool unique_zero = ((flags_ & UNIQUE_ZERO) != 0);
+  if (sign && (value != 0.0 || !unique_zero)) {
+    result_builder->AddCharacter('-');
+  }
+
+  // The exponent if we print the number as x.xxeyyy. That is with the
+  // decimal point after the first digit.
+  int exponent = decimal_point - 1;
+
+  int extra_zero = ((flags_ & EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT) != 0) ? 1 : 0;
+  if ((-decimal_point + 1 > max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_) ||
+      (decimal_point - precision + extra_zero >
+       max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_)) {
+    // Fill buffer to contain 'precision' digits.
+    // Usually the buffer is already at the correct length, but 'DoubleToAscii'
+    // is allowed to return less characters.
+    for (int i = decimal_rep_length; i < precision; ++i) {
+      decimal_rep[i] = '0';
+    }
+
+    CreateExponentialRepresentation(decimal_rep,
+                                    precision,
+                                    exponent,
+                                    result_builder);
+  } else {
+    CreateDecimalRepresentation(decimal_rep, decimal_rep_length, decimal_point,
+                                Max(0, precision - decimal_point),
+                                result_builder);
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+static BignumDtoaMode DtoaToBignumDtoaMode(
+    DoubleToStringConverter::DtoaMode dtoa_mode) {
+  switch (dtoa_mode) {
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST:  return BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST;
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::SHORTEST_SINGLE:
+        return BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE;
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::FIXED:     return BIGNUM_DTOA_FIXED;
+    case DoubleToStringConverter::PRECISION: return BIGNUM_DTOA_PRECISION;
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+      return BIGNUM_DTOA_SHORTEST;  // To silence compiler.
+  }
+}
+
+
+void DoubleToStringConverter::DoubleToAscii(double v,
+                                            DtoaMode mode,
+                                            int requested_digits,
+                                            char* buffer,
+                                            int buffer_length,
+                                            bool* sign,
+                                            int* length,
+                                            int* point) {
+  Vector<char> vector(buffer, buffer_length);
+  ASSERT(!Double(v).IsSpecial());
+  ASSERT(mode == SHORTEST || mode == SHORTEST_SINGLE || requested_digits >= 0);
+
+  if (Double(v).Sign() < 0) {
+    *sign = true;
+    v = -v;
+  } else {
+    *sign = false;
+  }
+
+  if (mode == PRECISION && requested_digits == 0) {
+    vector[0] = '\0';
+    *length = 0;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (v == 0) {
+    vector[0] = '0';
+    vector[1] = '\0';
+    *length = 1;
+    *point = 1;
+    return;
+  }
+
+  bool fast_worked;
+  switch (mode) {
+    case SHORTEST:
+      fast_worked = FastDtoa(v, FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST, 0, vector, length, point);
+      break;
+    case SHORTEST_SINGLE:
+      fast_worked = FastDtoa(v, FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE, 0,
+                             vector, length, point);
+      break;
+    case FIXED:
+      fast_worked = FastFixedDtoa(v, requested_digits, vector, length, point);
+      break;
+    case PRECISION:
+      fast_worked = FastDtoa(v, FAST_DTOA_PRECISION, requested_digits,
+                             vector, length, point);
+      break;
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+      fast_worked = false;
+  }
+  if (fast_worked) return;
+
+  // If the fast dtoa didn't succeed use the slower bignum version.
+  BignumDtoaMode bignum_mode = DtoaToBignumDtoaMode(mode);
+  BignumDtoa(v, bignum_mode, requested_digits, vector, length, point);
+  vector[*length] = '\0';
+}
+
+
+// Consumes the given substring from the iterator.
+// Returns false, if the substring does not match.
+static bool ConsumeSubString(const char** current,
+                             const char* end,
+                             const char* substring) {
+  ASSERT(**current == *substring);
+  for (substring++; *substring != '\0'; substring++) {
+    ++*current;
+    if (*current == end || **current != *substring) return false;
+  }
+  ++*current;
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+// Maximum number of significant digits in decimal representation.
+// The longest possible double in decimal representation is
+// (2^53 - 1) * 2 ^ -1074 that is (2 ^ 53 - 1) * 5 ^ 1074 / 10 ^ 1074
+// (768 digits). If we parse a number whose first digits are equal to a
+// mean of 2 adjacent doubles (that could have up to 769 digits) the result
+// must be rounded to the bigger one unless the tail consists of zeros, so
+// we don't need to preserve all the digits.
+const int kMaxSignificantDigits = 772;
+
+
+// Returns true if a nonspace found and false if the end has reached.
+static inline bool AdvanceToNonspace(const char** current, const char* end) {
+  while (*current != end) {
+    if (**current != ' ') return true;
+    ++*current;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+
+static bool isDigit(int x, int radix) {
+  return (x >= '0' && x <= '9' && x < '0' + radix)
+      || (radix > 10 && x >= 'a' && x < 'a' + radix - 10)
+      || (radix > 10 && x >= 'A' && x < 'A' + radix - 10);
+}
+
+
+static double SignedZero(bool sign) {
+  return sign ? -0.0 : 0.0;
+}
+
+
+// Parsing integers with radix 2, 4, 8, 16, 32. Assumes current != end.
+template <int radix_log_2>
+static double RadixStringToIeee(const char* current,
+                                const char* end,
+                                bool sign,
+                                bool allow_trailing_junk,
+                                double junk_string_value,
+                                bool read_as_double,
+                                const char** trailing_pointer) {
+  ASSERT(current != end);
+
+  const int kDoubleSize = Double::kSignificandSize;
+  const int kSingleSize = Single::kSignificandSize;
+  const int kSignificandSize = read_as_double? kDoubleSize: kSingleSize;
+
+  // Skip leading 0s.
+  while (*current == '0') {
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) {
+      *trailing_pointer = end;
+      return SignedZero(sign);
+    }
+  }
+
+  int64_t number = 0;
+  int exponent = 0;
+  const int radix = (1 << radix_log_2);
+
+  do {
+    int digit;
+    if (*current >= '0' && *current <= '9' && *current < '0' + radix) {
+      digit = static_cast<char>(*current) - '0';
+    } else if (radix > 10 && *current >= 'a' && *current < 'a' + radix - 10) {
+      digit = static_cast<char>(*current) - 'a' + 10;
+    } else if (radix > 10 && *current >= 'A' && *current < 'A' + radix - 10) {
+      digit = static_cast<char>(*current) - 'A' + 10;
+    } else {
+      if (allow_trailing_junk || !AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+        break;
+      } else {
+        return junk_string_value;
+      }
+    }
+
+    number = number * radix + digit;
+    int overflow = static_cast<int>(number >> kSignificandSize);
+    if (overflow != 0) {
+      // Overflow occurred. Need to determine which direction to round the
+      // result.
+      int overflow_bits_count = 1;
+      while (overflow > 1) {
+        overflow_bits_count++;
+        overflow >>= 1;
+      }
+
+      int dropped_bits_mask = ((1 << overflow_bits_count) - 1);
+      int dropped_bits = static_cast<int>(number) & dropped_bits_mask;
+      number >>= overflow_bits_count;
+      exponent = overflow_bits_count;
+
+      bool zero_tail = true;
+      while (true) {
+        ++current;
+        if (current == end || !isDigit(*current, radix)) break;
+        zero_tail = zero_tail && *current == '0';
+        exponent += radix_log_2;
+      }
+
+      if (!allow_trailing_junk && AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+        return junk_string_value;
+      }
+
+      int middle_value = (1 << (overflow_bits_count - 1));
+      if (dropped_bits > middle_value) {
+        number++;  // Rounding up.
+      } else if (dropped_bits == middle_value) {
+        // Rounding to even to consistency with decimals: half-way case rounds
+        // up if significant part is odd and down otherwise.
+        if ((number & 1) != 0 || !zero_tail) {
+          number++;  // Rounding up.
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Rounding up may cause overflow.
+      if ((number & ((int64_t)1 << kSignificandSize)) != 0) {
+        exponent++;
+        number >>= 1;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    ++current;
+  } while (current != end);
+
+  ASSERT(number < ((int64_t)1 << kSignificandSize));
+  ASSERT(static_cast<int64_t>(static_cast<double>(number)) == number);
+
+  *trailing_pointer = current;
+
+  if (exponent == 0) {
+    if (sign) {
+      if (number == 0) return -0.0;
+      number = -number;
+    }
+    return static_cast<double>(number);
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(number != 0);
+  return Double(DiyFp(number, exponent)).value();
+}
+
+
+double StringToDoubleConverter::StringToIeee(
+    const char* input,
+    int length,
+    int* processed_characters_count,
+    bool read_as_double) const {
+  const char* current = input;
+  const char* end = input + length;
+
+  *processed_characters_count = 0;
+
+  const bool allow_trailing_junk = (flags_ & ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK) != 0;
+  const bool allow_leading_spaces = (flags_ & ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES) != 0;
+  const bool allow_trailing_spaces = (flags_ & ALLOW_TRAILING_SPACES) != 0;
+  const bool allow_spaces_after_sign = (flags_ & ALLOW_SPACES_AFTER_SIGN) != 0;
+
+  // To make sure that iterator dereferencing is valid the following
+  // convention is used:
+  // 1. Each '++current' statement is followed by check for equality to 'end'.
+  // 2. If AdvanceToNonspace returned false then current == end.
+  // 3. If 'current' becomes equal to 'end' the function returns or goes to
+  // 'parsing_done'.
+  // 4. 'current' is not dereferenced after the 'parsing_done' label.
+  // 5. Code before 'parsing_done' may rely on 'current != end'.
+  if (current == end) return empty_string_value_;
+
+  if (allow_leading_spaces || allow_trailing_spaces) {
+    if (!AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+      *processed_characters_count = current - input;
+      return empty_string_value_;
+    }
+    if (!allow_leading_spaces && (input != current)) {
+      // No leading spaces allowed, but AdvanceToNonspace moved forward.
+      return junk_string_value_;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // The longest form of simplified number is: "-<significant digits>.1eXXX\0".
+  const int kBufferSize = kMaxSignificantDigits + 10;
+  char buffer[kBufferSize];  // NOLINT: size is known at compile time.
+  int buffer_pos = 0;
+
+  // Exponent will be adjusted if insignificant digits of the integer part
+  // or insignificant leading zeros of the fractional part are dropped.
+  int exponent = 0;
+  int significant_digits = 0;
+  int insignificant_digits = 0;
+  bool nonzero_digit_dropped = false;
+
+  bool sign = false;
+
+  if (*current == '+' || *current == '-') {
+    sign = (*current == '-');
+    ++current;
+    const char* next_non_space = current;
+    // Skip following spaces (if allowed).
+    if (!AdvanceToNonspace(&next_non_space, end)) return junk_string_value_;
+    if (!allow_spaces_after_sign && (current != next_non_space)) {
+      return junk_string_value_;
+    }
+    current = next_non_space;
+  }
+
+  if (infinity_symbol_ != NULL) {
+    if (*current == infinity_symbol_[0]) {
+      if (!ConsumeSubString(&current, end, infinity_symbol_)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+
+      if (!(allow_trailing_spaces || allow_trailing_junk) && (current != end)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+      if (!allow_trailing_junk && AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+
+      ASSERT(buffer_pos == 0);
+      *processed_characters_count = current - input;
+      return sign ? -Double::Infinity() : Double::Infinity();
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (nan_symbol_ != NULL) {
+    if (*current == nan_symbol_[0]) {
+      if (!ConsumeSubString(&current, end, nan_symbol_)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+
+      if (!(allow_trailing_spaces || allow_trailing_junk) && (current != end)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+      if (!allow_trailing_junk && AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+
+      ASSERT(buffer_pos == 0);
+      *processed_characters_count = current - input;
+      return sign ? -Double::NaN() : Double::NaN();
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool leading_zero = false;
+  if (*current == '0') {
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) {
+      *processed_characters_count = current - input;
+      return SignedZero(sign);
+    }
+
+    leading_zero = true;
+
+    // It could be hexadecimal value.
+    if ((flags_ & ALLOW_HEX) && (*current == 'x' || *current == 'X')) {
+      ++current;
+      if (current == end || !isDigit(*current, 16)) {
+        return junk_string_value_;  // "0x".
+      }
+
+      const char* tail_pointer = NULL;
+      double result = RadixStringToIeee<4>(current,
+                                           end,
+                                           sign,
+                                           allow_trailing_junk,
+                                           junk_string_value_,
+                                           read_as_double,
+                                           &tail_pointer);
+      if (tail_pointer != NULL) {
+        if (allow_trailing_spaces) AdvanceToNonspace(&tail_pointer, end);
+        *processed_characters_count = tail_pointer - input;
+      }
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    // Ignore leading zeros in the integer part.
+    while (*current == '0') {
+      ++current;
+      if (current == end) {
+        *processed_characters_count = current - input;
+        return SignedZero(sign);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool octal = leading_zero && (flags_ & ALLOW_OCTALS) != 0;
+
+  // Copy significant digits of the integer part (if any) to the buffer.
+  while (*current >= '0' && *current <= '9') {
+    if (significant_digits < kMaxSignificantDigits) {
+      ASSERT(buffer_pos < kBufferSize);
+      buffer[buffer_pos++] = static_cast<char>(*current);
+      significant_digits++;
+      // Will later check if it's an octal in the buffer.
+    } else {
+      insignificant_digits++;  // Move the digit into the exponential part.
+      nonzero_digit_dropped = nonzero_digit_dropped || *current != '0';
+    }
+    octal = octal && *current < '8';
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) goto parsing_done;
+  }
+
+  if (significant_digits == 0) {
+    octal = false;
+  }
+
+  if (*current == '.') {
+    if (octal && !allow_trailing_junk) return junk_string_value_;
+    if (octal) goto parsing_done;
+
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) {
+      if (significant_digits == 0 && !leading_zero) {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      } else {
+        goto parsing_done;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (significant_digits == 0) {
+      // octal = false;
+      // Integer part consists of 0 or is absent. Significant digits start after
+      // leading zeros (if any).
+      while (*current == '0') {
+        ++current;
+        if (current == end) {
+          *processed_characters_count = current - input;
+          return SignedZero(sign);
+        }
+        exponent--;  // Move this 0 into the exponent.
+      }
+    }
+
+    // There is a fractional part.
+    // We don't emit a '.', but adjust the exponent instead.
+    while (*current >= '0' && *current <= '9') {
+      if (significant_digits < kMaxSignificantDigits) {
+        ASSERT(buffer_pos < kBufferSize);
+        buffer[buffer_pos++] = static_cast<char>(*current);
+        significant_digits++;
+        exponent--;
+      } else {
+        // Ignore insignificant digits in the fractional part.
+        nonzero_digit_dropped = nonzero_digit_dropped || *current != '0';
+      }
+      ++current;
+      if (current == end) goto parsing_done;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!leading_zero && exponent == 0 && significant_digits == 0) {
+    // If leading_zeros is true then the string contains zeros.
+    // If exponent < 0 then string was [+-]\.0*...
+    // If significant_digits != 0 the string is not equal to 0.
+    // Otherwise there are no digits in the string.
+    return junk_string_value_;
+  }
+
+  // Parse exponential part.
+  if (*current == 'e' || *current == 'E') {
+    if (octal && !allow_trailing_junk) return junk_string_value_;
+    if (octal) goto parsing_done;
+    ++current;
+    if (current == end) {
+      if (allow_trailing_junk) {
+        goto parsing_done;
+      } else {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+    }
+    char sign = '+';
+    if (*current == '+' || *current == '-') {
+      sign = static_cast<char>(*current);
+      ++current;
+      if (current == end) {
+        if (allow_trailing_junk) {
+          goto parsing_done;
+        } else {
+          return junk_string_value_;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (current == end || *current < '0' || *current > '9') {
+      if (allow_trailing_junk) {
+        goto parsing_done;
+      } else {
+        return junk_string_value_;
+      }
+    }
+
+    const int max_exponent = INT_MAX / 2;
+    ASSERT(-max_exponent / 2 <= exponent && exponent <= max_exponent / 2);
+    int num = 0;
+    do {
+      // Check overflow.
+      int digit = *current - '0';
+      if (num >= max_exponent / 10
+          && !(num == max_exponent / 10 && digit <= max_exponent % 10)) {
+        num = max_exponent;
+      } else {
+        num = num * 10 + digit;
+      }
+      ++current;
+    } while (current != end && *current >= '0' && *current <= '9');
+
+    exponent += (sign == '-' ? -num : num);
+  }
+
+  if (!(allow_trailing_spaces || allow_trailing_junk) && (current != end)) {
+    return junk_string_value_;
+  }
+  if (!allow_trailing_junk && AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end)) {
+    return junk_string_value_;
+  }
+  if (allow_trailing_spaces) {
+    AdvanceToNonspace(&current, end);
+  }
+
+  parsing_done:
+  exponent += insignificant_digits;
+
+  if (octal) {
+    double result;
+    const char* tail_pointer = NULL;
+    result = RadixStringToIeee<3>(buffer,
+                                  buffer + buffer_pos,
+                                  sign,
+                                  allow_trailing_junk,
+                                  junk_string_value_,
+                                  read_as_double,
+                                  &tail_pointer);
+    ASSERT(tail_pointer != NULL);
+    *processed_characters_count = current - input;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  if (nonzero_digit_dropped) {
+    buffer[buffer_pos++] = '1';
+    exponent--;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT(buffer_pos < kBufferSize);
+  buffer[buffer_pos] = '\0';
+
+  double converted;
+  if (read_as_double) {
+    converted = Strtod(Vector<const char>(buffer, buffer_pos), exponent);
+  } else {
+    converted = Strtof(Vector<const char>(buffer, buffer_pos), exponent);
+  }
+  *processed_characters_count = current - input;
+  return sign? -converted: converted;
+}
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/double-conversion.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/double-conversion.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c3387d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/double-conversion.h
@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+// Copyright 2012 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DOUBLE_CONVERSION_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DOUBLE_CONVERSION_H_
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+class DoubleToStringConverter {
+ public:
+  // When calling ToFixed with a double > 10^kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint
+  // or a requested_digits parameter > kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint then the
+  // function returns false.
+  static const int kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint = 60;
+  static const int kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint = 60;
+
+  // When calling ToExponential with a requested_digits
+  // parameter > kMaxExponentialDigits then the function returns false.
+  static const int kMaxExponentialDigits = 120;
+
+  // When calling ToPrecision with a requested_digits
+  // parameter < kMinPrecisionDigits or requested_digits > kMaxPrecisionDigits
+  // then the function returns false.
+  static const int kMinPrecisionDigits = 1;
+  static const int kMaxPrecisionDigits = 120;
+
+  enum Flags {
+    NO_FLAGS = 0,
+    EMIT_POSITIVE_EXPONENT_SIGN = 1,
+    EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT = 2,
+    EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT = 4,
+    UNIQUE_ZERO = 8
+  };
+
+  // Flags should be a bit-or combination of the possible Flags-enum.
+  //  - NO_FLAGS: no special flags.
+  //  - EMIT_POSITIVE_EXPONENT_SIGN: when the number is converted into exponent
+  //    form, emits a '+' for positive exponents. Example: 1.2e+2.
+  //  - EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT: when the input number is an integer and is
+  //    converted into decimal format then a trailing decimal point is appended.
+  //    Example: 2345.0 is converted to "2345.".
+  //  - EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT: in addition to a trailing decimal point
+  //    emits a trailing '0'-character. This flag requires the
+  //    EXMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT flag.
+  //    Example: 2345.0 is converted to "2345.0".
+  //  - UNIQUE_ZERO: "-0.0" is converted to "0.0".
+  //
+  // Infinity symbol and nan_symbol provide the string representation for these
+  // special values. If the string is NULL and the special value is encountered
+  // then the conversion functions return false.
+  //
+  // The exponent_character is used in exponential representations. It is
+  // usually 'e' or 'E'.
+  //
+  // When converting to the shortest representation the converter will
+  // represent input numbers in decimal format if they are in the interval
+  // [10^decimal_in_shortest_low; 10^decimal_in_shortest_high[
+  //    (lower boundary included, greater boundary excluded).
+  // Example: with decimal_in_shortest_low = -6 and
+  //               decimal_in_shortest_high = 21:
+  //   ToShortest(0.000001)  -> "0.000001"
+  //   ToShortest(0.0000001) -> "1e-7"
+  //   ToShortest(111111111111111111111.0)  -> "111111111111111110000"
+  //   ToShortest(100000000000000000000.0)  -> "100000000000000000000"
+  //   ToShortest(1111111111111111111111.0) -> "1.1111111111111111e+21"
+  //
+  // When converting to precision mode the converter may add
+  // max_leading_padding_zeroes before returning the number in exponential
+  // format.
+  // Example with max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode = 6.
+  //   ToPrecision(0.0000012345, 2) -> "0.0000012"
+  //   ToPrecision(0.00000012345, 2) -> "1.2e-7"
+  // Similarily the converter may add up to
+  // max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode in precision mode to avoid
+  // returning an exponential representation. A zero added by the
+  // EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT flag is counted for this limit.
+  // Examples for max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode = 1:
+  //   ToPrecision(230.0, 2) -> "230"
+  //   ToPrecision(230.0, 2) -> "230."  with EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT.
+  //   ToPrecision(230.0, 2) -> "2.3e2" with EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT.
+  DoubleToStringConverter(int flags,
+                          const char* infinity_symbol,
+                          const char* nan_symbol,
+                          char exponent_character,
+                          int decimal_in_shortest_low,
+                          int decimal_in_shortest_high,
+                          int max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode,
+                          int max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode)
+      : flags_(flags),
+        infinity_symbol_(infinity_symbol),
+        nan_symbol_(nan_symbol),
+        exponent_character_(exponent_character),
+        decimal_in_shortest_low_(decimal_in_shortest_low),
+        decimal_in_shortest_high_(decimal_in_shortest_high),
+        max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_(
+            max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode),
+        max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_(
+            max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode) {
+    // When 'trailing zero after the point' is set, then 'trailing point'
+    // must be set too.
+    ASSERT(((flags & EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT) != 0) ||
+        !((flags & EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT) != 0));
+  }
+
+  // Returns a converter following the EcmaScript specification.
+  static const DoubleToStringConverter& EcmaScriptConverter();
+
+  // Computes the shortest string of digits that correctly represent the input
+  // number. Depending on decimal_in_shortest_low and decimal_in_shortest_high
+  // (see constructor) it then either returns a decimal representation, or an
+  // exponential representation.
+  // Example with decimal_in_shortest_low = -6,
+  //              decimal_in_shortest_high = 21,
+  //              EMIT_POSITIVE_EXPONENT_SIGN activated, and
+  //              EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT deactived:
+  //   ToShortest(0.000001)  -> "0.000001"
+  //   ToShortest(0.0000001) -> "1e-7"
+  //   ToShortest(111111111111111111111.0)  -> "111111111111111110000"
+  //   ToShortest(100000000000000000000.0)  -> "100000000000000000000"
+  //   ToShortest(1111111111111111111111.0) -> "1.1111111111111111e+21"
+  //
+  // Note: the conversion may round the output if the returned string
+  // is accurate enough to uniquely identify the input-number.
+  // For example the most precise representation of the double 9e59 equals
+  // "899999999999999918767229449717619953810131273674690656206848", but
+  // the converter will return the shorter (but still correct) "9e59".
+  //
+  // Returns true if the conversion succeeds. The conversion always succeeds
+  // except when the input value is special and no infinity_symbol or
+  // nan_symbol has been given to the constructor.
+  bool ToShortest(double value, StringBuilder* result_builder) const {
+    return ToShortestIeeeNumber(value, result_builder, SHORTEST);
+  }
+
+  // Same as ToShortest, but for single-precision floats.
+  bool ToShortestSingle(float value, StringBuilder* result_builder) const {
+    return ToShortestIeeeNumber(value, result_builder, SHORTEST_SINGLE);
+  }
+
+
+  // Computes a decimal representation with a fixed number of digits after the
+  // decimal point. The last emitted digit is rounded.
+  //
+  // Examples:
+  //   ToFixed(3.12, 1) -> "3.1"
+  //   ToFixed(3.1415, 3) -> "3.142"
+  //   ToFixed(1234.56789, 4) -> "1234.5679"
+  //   ToFixed(1.23, 5) -> "1.23000"
+  //   ToFixed(0.1, 4) -> "0.1000"
+  //   ToFixed(1e30, 2) -> "1000000000000000019884624838656.00"
+  //   ToFixed(0.1, 30) -> "0.100000000000000005551115123126"
+  //   ToFixed(0.1, 17) -> "0.10000000000000001"
+  //
+  // If requested_digits equals 0, then the tail of the result depends on
+  // the EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT and EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT.
+  // Examples, for requested_digits == 0,
+  //   let EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT and EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT be
+  //    - false and false: then 123.45 -> 123
+  //                             0.678 -> 1
+  //    - true and false: then 123.45 -> 123.
+  //                            0.678 -> 1.
+  //    - true and true: then 123.45 -> 123.0
+  //                           0.678 -> 1.0
+  //
+  // Returns true if the conversion succeeds. The conversion always succeeds
+  // except for the following cases:
+  //   - the input value is special and no infinity_symbol or nan_symbol has
+  //     been provided to the constructor,
+  //   - 'value' > 10^kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint, or
+  //   - 'requested_digits' > kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint.
+  // The last two conditions imply that the result will never contain more than
+  // 1 + kMaxFixedDigitsBeforePoint + 1 + kMaxFixedDigitsAfterPoint characters
+  // (one additional character for the sign, and one for the decimal point).
+  bool ToFixed(double value,
+               int requested_digits,
+               StringBuilder* result_builder) const;
+
+  // Computes a representation in exponential format with requested_digits
+  // after the decimal point. The last emitted digit is rounded.
+  // If requested_digits equals -1, then the shortest exponential representation
+  // is computed.
+  //
+  // Examples with EMIT_POSITIVE_EXPONENT_SIGN deactivated, and
+  //               exponent_character set to 'e'.
+  //   ToExponential(3.12, 1) -> "3.1e0"
+  //   ToExponential(5.0, 3) -> "5.000e0"
+  //   ToExponential(0.001, 2) -> "1.00e-3"
+  //   ToExponential(3.1415, -1) -> "3.1415e0"
+  //   ToExponential(3.1415, 4) -> "3.1415e0"
+  //   ToExponential(3.1415, 3) -> "3.142e0"
+  //   ToExponential(123456789000000, 3) -> "1.235e14"
+  //   ToExponential(1000000000000000019884624838656.0, -1) -> "1e30"
+  //   ToExponential(1000000000000000019884624838656.0, 32) ->
+  //                     "1.00000000000000001988462483865600e30"
+  //   ToExponential(1234, 0) -> "1e3"
+  //
+  // Returns true if the conversion succeeds. The conversion always succeeds
+  // except for the following cases:
+  //   - the input value is special and no infinity_symbol or nan_symbol has
+  //     been provided to the constructor,
+  //   - 'requested_digits' > kMaxExponentialDigits.
+  // The last condition implies that the result will never contain more than
+  // kMaxExponentialDigits + 8 characters (the sign, the digit before the
+  // decimal point, the decimal point, the exponent character, the
+  // exponent's sign, and at most 3 exponent digits).
+  bool ToExponential(double value,
+                     int requested_digits,
+                     StringBuilder* result_builder) const;
+
+  // Computes 'precision' leading digits of the given 'value' and returns them
+  // either in exponential or decimal format, depending on
+  // max_{leading|trailing}_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode (given to the
+  // constructor).
+  // The last computed digit is rounded.
+  //
+  // Example with max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode = 6.
+  //   ToPrecision(0.0000012345, 2) -> "0.0000012"
+  //   ToPrecision(0.00000012345, 2) -> "1.2e-7"
+  // Similarily the converter may add up to
+  // max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode in precision mode to avoid
+  // returning an exponential representation. A zero added by the
+  // EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT flag is counted for this limit.
+  // Examples for max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode = 1:
+  //   ToPrecision(230.0, 2) -> "230"
+  //   ToPrecision(230.0, 2) -> "230."  with EMIT_TRAILING_DECIMAL_POINT.
+  //   ToPrecision(230.0, 2) -> "2.3e2" with EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT.
+  // Examples for max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode = 3, and no
+  //    EMIT_TRAILING_ZERO_AFTER_POINT:
+  //   ToPrecision(123450.0, 6) -> "123450"
+  //   ToPrecision(123450.0, 5) -> "123450"
+  //   ToPrecision(123450.0, 4) -> "123500"
+  //   ToPrecision(123450.0, 3) -> "123000"
+  //   ToPrecision(123450.0, 2) -> "1.2e5"
+  //
+  // Returns true if the conversion succeeds. The conversion always succeeds
+  // except for the following cases:
+  //   - the input value is special and no infinity_symbol or nan_symbol has
+  //     been provided to the constructor,
+  //   - precision < kMinPericisionDigits
+  //   - precision > kMaxPrecisionDigits
+  // The last condition implies that the result will never contain more than
+  // kMaxPrecisionDigits + 7 characters (the sign, the decimal point, the
+  // exponent character, the exponent's sign, and at most 3 exponent digits).
+  bool ToPrecision(double value,
+                   int precision,
+                   StringBuilder* result_builder) const;
+
+  enum DtoaMode {
+    // Produce the shortest correct representation.
+    // For example the output of 0.299999999999999988897 is (the less accurate
+    // but correct) 0.3.
+    SHORTEST,
+    // Same as SHORTEST, but for single-precision floats.
+    SHORTEST_SINGLE,
+    // Produce a fixed number of digits after the decimal point.
+    // For instance fixed(0.1, 4) becomes 0.1000
+    // If the input number is big, the output will be big.
+    FIXED,
+    // Fixed number of digits (independent of the decimal point).
+    PRECISION
+  };
+
+  // The maximal number of digits that are needed to emit a double in base 10.
+  // A higher precision can be achieved by using more digits, but the shortest
+  // accurate representation of any double will never use more digits than
+  // kBase10MaximalLength.
+  // Note that DoubleToAscii null-terminates its input. So the given buffer
+  // should be at least kBase10MaximalLength + 1 characters long.
+  static const int kBase10MaximalLength = 17;
+
+  // Converts the given double 'v' to ascii. 'v' must not be NaN, +Infinity, or
+  // -Infinity. In SHORTEST_SINGLE-mode this restriction also applies to 'v'
+  // after it has been casted to a single-precision float. That is, in this
+  // mode static_cast<float>(v) must not be NaN, +Infinity or -Infinity.
+  //
+  // The result should be interpreted as buffer * 10^(point-length).
+  //
+  // The output depends on the given mode:
+  //  - SHORTEST: produce the least amount of digits for which the internal
+  //   identity requirement is still satisfied. If the digits are printed
+  //   (together with the correct exponent) then reading this number will give
+  //   'v' again. The buffer will choose the representation that is closest to
+  //   'v'. If there are two at the same distance, than the one farther away
+  //   from 0 is chosen (halfway cases - ending with 5 - are rounded up).
+  //   In this mode the 'requested_digits' parameter is ignored.
+  //  - SHORTEST_SINGLE: same as SHORTEST but with single-precision.
+  //  - FIXED: produces digits necessary to print a given number with
+  //   'requested_digits' digits after the decimal point. The produced digits
+  //   might be too short in which case the caller has to fill the remainder
+  //   with '0's.
+  //   Example: toFixed(0.001, 5) is allowed to return buffer="1", point=-2.
+  //   Halfway cases are rounded towards +/-Infinity (away from 0). The call
+  //   toFixed(0.15, 2) thus returns buffer="2", point=0.
+  //   The returned buffer may contain digits that would be truncated from the
+  //   shortest representation of the input.
+  //  - PRECISION: produces 'requested_digits' where the first digit is not '0'.
+  //   Even though the length of produced digits usually equals
+  //   'requested_digits', the function is allowed to return fewer digits, in
+  //   which case the caller has to fill the missing digits with '0's.
+  //   Halfway cases are again rounded away from 0.
+  // DoubleToAscii expects the given buffer to be big enough to hold all
+  // digits and a terminating null-character. In SHORTEST-mode it expects a
+  // buffer of at least kBase10MaximalLength + 1. In all other modes the
+  // requested_digits parameter and the padding-zeroes limit the size of the
+  // output. Don't forget the decimal point, the exponent character and the
+  // terminating null-character when computing the maximal output size.
+  // The given length is only used in debug mode to ensure the buffer is big
+  // enough.
+  static void DoubleToAscii(double v,
+                            DtoaMode mode,
+                            int requested_digits,
+                            char* buffer,
+                            int buffer_length,
+                            bool* sign,
+                            int* length,
+                            int* point);
+
+ private:
+  // Implementation for ToShortest and ToShortestSingle.
+  bool ToShortestIeeeNumber(double value,
+                            StringBuilder* result_builder,
+                            DtoaMode mode) const;
+
+  // If the value is a special value (NaN or Infinity) constructs the
+  // corresponding string using the configured infinity/nan-symbol.
+  // If either of them is NULL or the value is not special then the
+  // function returns false.
+  bool HandleSpecialValues(double value, StringBuilder* result_builder) const;
+  // Constructs an exponential representation (i.e. 1.234e56).
+  // The given exponent assumes a decimal point after the first decimal digit.
+  void CreateExponentialRepresentation(const char* decimal_digits,
+                                       int length,
+                                       int exponent,
+                                       StringBuilder* result_builder) const;
+  // Creates a decimal representation (i.e 1234.5678).
+  void CreateDecimalRepresentation(const char* decimal_digits,
+                                   int length,
+                                   int decimal_point,
+                                   int digits_after_point,
+                                   StringBuilder* result_builder) const;
+
+  const int flags_;
+  const char* const infinity_symbol_;
+  const char* const nan_symbol_;
+  const char exponent_character_;
+  const int decimal_in_shortest_low_;
+  const int decimal_in_shortest_high_;
+  const int max_leading_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_;
+  const int max_trailing_padding_zeroes_in_precision_mode_;
+
+  DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(DoubleToStringConverter);
+};
+
+
+class StringToDoubleConverter {
+ public:
+  // Enumeration for allowing octals and ignoring junk when converting
+  // strings to numbers.
+  enum Flags {
+    NO_FLAGS = 0,
+    ALLOW_HEX = 1,
+    ALLOW_OCTALS = 2,
+    ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK = 4,
+    ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES = 8,
+    ALLOW_TRAILING_SPACES = 16,
+    ALLOW_SPACES_AFTER_SIGN = 32
+  };
+
+  // Flags should be a bit-or combination of the possible Flags-enum.
+  //  - NO_FLAGS: no special flags.
+  //  - ALLOW_HEX: recognizes the prefix "0x". Hex numbers may only be integers.
+  //      Ex: StringToDouble("0x1234") -> 4660.0
+  //          In StringToDouble("0x1234.56") the characters ".56" are trailing
+  //          junk. The result of the call is hence dependent on
+  //          the ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK flag and/or the junk value.
+  //      With this flag "0x" is a junk-string. Even with ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK,
+  //      the string will not be parsed as "0" followed by junk.
+  //
+  //  - ALLOW_OCTALS: recognizes the prefix "0" for octals:
+  //      If a sequence of octal digits starts with '0', then the number is
+  //      read as octal integer. Octal numbers may only be integers.
+  //      Ex: StringToDouble("01234") -> 668.0
+  //          StringToDouble("012349") -> 12349.0  // Not a sequence of octal
+  //                                               // digits.
+  //          In StringToDouble("01234.56") the characters ".56" are trailing
+  //          junk. The result of the call is hence dependent on
+  //          the ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK flag and/or the junk value.
+  //          In StringToDouble("01234e56") the characters "e56" are trailing
+  //          junk, too.
+  //  - ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK: ignore trailing characters that are not part of
+  //      a double literal.
+  //  - ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES: skip over leading spaces.
+  //  - ALLOW_TRAILING_SPACES: ignore trailing spaces.
+  //  - ALLOW_SPACES_AFTER_SIGN: ignore spaces after the sign.
+  //       Ex: StringToDouble("-   123.2") -> -123.2.
+  //           StringToDouble("+   123.2") -> 123.2
+  //
+  // empty_string_value is returned when an empty string is given as input.
+  // If ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES or ALLOW_TRAILING_SPACES are set, then a string
+  // containing only spaces is converted to the 'empty_string_value', too.
+  //
+  // junk_string_value is returned when
+  //  a) ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK is not set, and a junk character (a character not
+  //     part of a double-literal) is found.
+  //  b) ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK is set, but the string does not start with a
+  //     double literal.
+  //
+  // infinity_symbol and nan_symbol are strings that are used to detect
+  // inputs that represent infinity and NaN. They can be null, in which case
+  // they are ignored.
+  // The conversion routine first reads any possible signs. Then it compares the
+  // following character of the input-string with the first character of
+  // the infinity, and nan-symbol. If either matches, the function assumes, that
+  // a match has been found, and expects the following input characters to match
+  // the remaining characters of the special-value symbol.
+  // This means that the following restrictions apply to special-value symbols:
+  //  - they must not start with signs ('+', or '-'),
+  //  - they must not have the same first character.
+  //  - they must not start with digits.
+  //
+  // Examples:
+  //  flags = ALLOW_HEX | ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK,
+  //  empty_string_value = 0.0,
+  //  junk_string_value = NaN,
+  //  infinity_symbol = "infinity",
+  //  nan_symbol = "nan":
+  //    StringToDouble("0x1234") -> 4660.0.
+  //    StringToDouble("0x1234K") -> 4660.0.
+  //    StringToDouble("") -> 0.0  // empty_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble(" ") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble(" 1") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble("0x") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble("-123.45") -> -123.45.
+  //    StringToDouble("--123.45") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble("123e45") -> 123e45.
+  //    StringToDouble("123E45") -> 123e45.
+  //    StringToDouble("123e+45") -> 123e45.
+  //    StringToDouble("123E-45") -> 123e-45.
+  //    StringToDouble("123e") -> 123.0  // trailing junk ignored.
+  //    StringToDouble("123e-") -> 123.0  // trailing junk ignored.
+  //    StringToDouble("+NaN") -> NaN  // NaN string literal.
+  //    StringToDouble("-infinity") -> -inf.  // infinity literal.
+  //    StringToDouble("Infinity") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //
+  //  flags = ALLOW_OCTAL | ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES,
+  //  empty_string_value = 0.0,
+  //  junk_string_value = NaN,
+  //  infinity_symbol = NULL,
+  //  nan_symbol = NULL:
+  //    StringToDouble("0x1234") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble("01234") -> 668.0.
+  //    StringToDouble("") -> 0.0  // empty_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble(" ") -> 0.0  // empty_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble(" 1") -> 1.0
+  //    StringToDouble("0x") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble("0123e45") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble("01239E45") -> 1239e45.
+  //    StringToDouble("-infinity") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  //    StringToDouble("NaN") -> NaN  // junk_string_value.
+  StringToDoubleConverter(int flags,
+                          double empty_string_value,
+                          double junk_string_value,
+                          const char* infinity_symbol,
+                          const char* nan_symbol)
+      : flags_(flags),
+        empty_string_value_(empty_string_value),
+        junk_string_value_(junk_string_value),
+        infinity_symbol_(infinity_symbol),
+        nan_symbol_(nan_symbol) {
+  }
+
+  // Performs the conversion.
+  // The output parameter 'processed_characters_count' is set to the number
+  // of characters that have been processed to read the number.
+  // Spaces than are processed with ALLOW_{LEADING|TRAILING}_SPACES are included
+  // in the 'processed_characters_count'. Trailing junk is never included.
+  double StringToDouble(const char* buffer,
+                        int length,
+                        int* processed_characters_count) const {
+    return StringToIeee(buffer, length, processed_characters_count, true);
+  }
+
+  // Same as StringToDouble but reads a float.
+  // Note that this is not equivalent to static_cast<float>(StringToDouble(...))
+  // due to potential double-rounding.
+  float StringToFloat(const char* buffer,
+                      int length,
+                      int* processed_characters_count) const {
+    return static_cast<float>(StringToIeee(buffer, length,
+                                           processed_characters_count, false));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  const int flags_;
+  const double empty_string_value_;
+  const double junk_string_value_;
+  const char* const infinity_symbol_;
+  const char* const nan_symbol_;
+
+  double StringToIeee(const char* buffer,
+                      int length,
+                      int* processed_characters_count,
+                      bool read_as_double) const;
+
+  DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(StringToDoubleConverter);
+};
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DOUBLE_CONVERSION_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/fast-dtoa.cc b/klm/util/double-conversion/fast-dtoa.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1a0f8235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/fast-dtoa.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,664 @@
+// Copyright 2012 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include "fast-dtoa.h"
+
+#include "cached-powers.h"
+#include "diy-fp.h"
+#include "ieee.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+// The minimal and maximal target exponent define the range of w's binary
+// exponent, where 'w' is the result of multiplying the input by a cached power
+// of ten.
+//
+// A different range might be chosen on a different platform, to optimize digit
+// generation, but a smaller range requires more powers of ten to be cached.
+static const int kMinimalTargetExponent = -60;
+static const int kMaximalTargetExponent = -32;
+
+
+// Adjusts the last digit of the generated number, and screens out generated
+// solutions that may be inaccurate. A solution may be inaccurate if it is
+// outside the safe interval, or if we cannot prove that it is closer to the
+// input than a neighboring representation of the same length.
+//
+// Input: * buffer containing the digits of too_high / 10^kappa
+//        * the buffer's length
+//        * distance_too_high_w == (too_high - w).f() * unit
+//        * unsafe_interval == (too_high - too_low).f() * unit
+//        * rest = (too_high - buffer * 10^kappa).f() * unit
+//        * ten_kappa = 10^kappa * unit
+//        * unit = the common multiplier
+// Output: returns true if the buffer is guaranteed to contain the closest
+//    representable number to the input.
+//  Modifies the generated digits in the buffer to approach (round towards) w.
+static bool RoundWeed(Vector<char> buffer,
+                      int length,
+                      uint64_t distance_too_high_w,
+                      uint64_t unsafe_interval,
+                      uint64_t rest,
+                      uint64_t ten_kappa,
+                      uint64_t unit) {
+  uint64_t small_distance = distance_too_high_w - unit;
+  uint64_t big_distance = distance_too_high_w + unit;
+  // Let w_low  = too_high - big_distance, and
+  //     w_high = too_high - small_distance.
+  // Note: w_low < w < w_high
+  //
+  // The real w (* unit) must lie somewhere inside the interval
+  // ]w_low; w_high[ (often written as "(w_low; w_high)")
+
+  // Basically the buffer currently contains a number in the unsafe interval
+  // ]too_low; too_high[ with too_low < w < too_high
+  //
+  //  too_high - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+  //                     ^v 1 unit            ^      ^                 ^      ^
+  //  boundary_high ---------------------     .      .                 .      .
+  //                     ^v 1 unit            .      .                 .      .
+  //   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -  +  - - + - - - - - -     .      .
+  //                                          .      .         ^       .      .
+  //                                          .  big_distance  .       .      .
+  //                                          .      .         .       .    rest
+  //                              small_distance     .         .       .      .
+  //                                          v      .         .       .      .
+  //  w_high - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -     .         .       .      .
+  //                     ^v 1 unit                   .         .       .      .
+  //  w ----------------------------------------     .         .       .      .
+  //                     ^v 1 unit                   v         .       .      .
+  //  w_low  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -         .       .      .
+  //                                                           .       .      v
+  //  buffer --------------------------------------------------+-------+--------
+  //                                                           .       .
+  //                                                  safe_interval    .
+  //                                                           v       .
+  //   - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -     .
+  //                     ^v 1 unit                                     .
+  //  boundary_low -------------------------                     unsafe_interval
+  //                     ^v 1 unit                                     v
+  //  too_low  - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
+  //
+  //
+  // Note that the value of buffer could lie anywhere inside the range too_low
+  // to too_high.
+  //
+  // boundary_low, boundary_high and w are approximations of the real boundaries
+  // and v (the input number). They are guaranteed to be precise up to one unit.
+  // In fact the error is guaranteed to be strictly less than one unit.
+  //
+  // Anything that lies outside the unsafe interval is guaranteed not to round
+  // to v when read again.
+  // Anything that lies inside the safe interval is guaranteed to round to v
+  // when read again.
+  // If the number inside the buffer lies inside the unsafe interval but not
+  // inside the safe interval then we simply do not know and bail out (returning
+  // false).
+  //
+  // Similarly we have to take into account the imprecision of 'w' when finding
+  // the closest representation of 'w'. If we have two potential
+  // representations, and one is closer to both w_low and w_high, then we know
+  // it is closer to the actual value v.
+  //
+  // By generating the digits of too_high we got the largest (closest to
+  // too_high) buffer that is still in the unsafe interval. In the case where
+  // w_high < buffer < too_high we try to decrement the buffer.
+  // This way the buffer approaches (rounds towards) w.
+  // There are 3 conditions that stop the decrementation process:
+  //   1) the buffer is already below w_high
+  //   2) decrementing the buffer would make it leave the unsafe interval
+  //   3) decrementing the buffer would yield a number below w_high and farther
+  //      away than the current number. In other words:
+  //              (buffer{-1} < w_high) && w_high - buffer{-1} > buffer - w_high
+  // Instead of using the buffer directly we use its distance to too_high.
+  // Conceptually rest ~= too_high - buffer
+  // We need to do the following tests in this order to avoid over- and
+  // underflows.
+  ASSERT(rest <= unsafe_interval);
+  while (rest < small_distance &&  // Negated condition 1
+         unsafe_interval - rest >= ten_kappa &&  // Negated condition 2
+         (rest + ten_kappa < small_distance ||  // buffer{-1} > w_high
+          small_distance - rest >= rest + ten_kappa - small_distance)) {
+    buffer[length - 1]--;
+    rest += ten_kappa;
+  }
+
+  // We have approached w+ as much as possible. We now test if approaching w-
+  // would require changing the buffer. If yes, then we have two possible
+  // representations close to w, but we cannot decide which one is closer.
+  if (rest < big_distance &&
+      unsafe_interval - rest >= ten_kappa &&
+      (rest + ten_kappa < big_distance ||
+       big_distance - rest > rest + ten_kappa - big_distance)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Weeding test.
+  //   The safe interval is [too_low + 2 ulp; too_high - 2 ulp]
+  //   Since too_low = too_high - unsafe_interval this is equivalent to
+  //      [too_high - unsafe_interval + 4 ulp; too_high - 2 ulp]
+  //   Conceptually we have: rest ~= too_high - buffer
+  return (2 * unit <= rest) && (rest <= unsafe_interval - 4 * unit);
+}
+
+
+// Rounds the buffer upwards if the result is closer to v by possibly adding
+// 1 to the buffer. If the precision of the calculation is not sufficient to
+// round correctly, return false.
+// The rounding might shift the whole buffer in which case the kappa is
+// adjusted. For example "99", kappa = 3 might become "10", kappa = 4.
+//
+// If 2*rest > ten_kappa then the buffer needs to be round up.
+// rest can have an error of +/- 1 unit. This function accounts for the
+// imprecision and returns false, if the rounding direction cannot be
+// unambiguously determined.
+//
+// Precondition: rest < ten_kappa.
+static bool RoundWeedCounted(Vector<char> buffer,
+                             int length,
+                             uint64_t rest,
+                             uint64_t ten_kappa,
+                             uint64_t unit,
+                             int* kappa) {
+  ASSERT(rest < ten_kappa);
+  // The following tests are done in a specific order to avoid overflows. They
+  // will work correctly with any uint64 values of rest < ten_kappa and unit.
+  //
+  // If the unit is too big, then we don't know which way to round. For example
+  // a unit of 50 means that the real number lies within rest +/- 50. If
+  // 10^kappa == 40 then there is no way to tell which way to round.
+  if (unit >= ten_kappa) return false;
+  // Even if unit is just half the size of 10^kappa we are already completely
+  // lost. (And after the previous test we know that the expression will not
+  // over/underflow.)
+  if (ten_kappa - unit <= unit) return false;
+  // If 2 * (rest + unit) <= 10^kappa we can safely round down.
+  if ((ten_kappa - rest > rest) && (ten_kappa - 2 * rest >= 2 * unit)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  // If 2 * (rest - unit) >= 10^kappa, then we can safely round up.
+  if ((rest > unit) && (ten_kappa - (rest - unit) <= (rest - unit))) {
+    // Increment the last digit recursively until we find a non '9' digit.
+    buffer[length - 1]++;
+    for (int i = length - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+      if (buffer[i] != '0' + 10) break;
+      buffer[i] = '0';
+      buffer[i - 1]++;
+    }
+    // If the first digit is now '0'+ 10 we had a buffer with all '9's. With the
+    // exception of the first digit all digits are now '0'. Simply switch the
+    // first digit to '1' and adjust the kappa. Example: "99" becomes "10" and
+    // the power (the kappa) is increased.
+    if (buffer[0] == '0' + 10) {
+      buffer[0] = '1';
+      (*kappa) += 1;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Returns the biggest power of ten that is less than or equal to the given
+// number. We furthermore receive the maximum number of bits 'number' has.
+//
+// Returns power == 10^(exponent_plus_one-1) such that
+//    power <= number < power * 10.
+// If number_bits == 0 then 0^(0-1) is returned.
+// The number of bits must be <= 32.
+// Precondition: number < (1 << (number_bits + 1)).
+
+// Inspired by the method for finding an integer log base 10 from here:
+// http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#IntegerLog10
+static unsigned int const kSmallPowersOfTen[] =
+    {0, 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000,
+     1000000000};
+
+static void BiggestPowerTen(uint32_t number,
+                            int number_bits,
+                            uint32_t* power,
+                            int* exponent_plus_one) {
+  ASSERT(number < (1u << (number_bits + 1)));
+  // 1233/4096 is approximately 1/lg(10).
+  int exponent_plus_one_guess = ((number_bits + 1) * 1233 >> 12);
+  // We increment to skip over the first entry in the kPowersOf10 table.
+  // Note: kPowersOf10[i] == 10^(i-1).
+  exponent_plus_one_guess++;
+  // We don't have any guarantees that 2^number_bits <= number.
+  // TODO(floitsch): can we change the 'while' into an 'if'? We definitely see
+  // number < (2^number_bits - 1), but I haven't encountered
+  // number < (2^number_bits - 2) yet.
+  while (number < kSmallPowersOfTen[exponent_plus_one_guess]) {
+    exponent_plus_one_guess--;
+  }
+  *power = kSmallPowersOfTen[exponent_plus_one_guess];
+  *exponent_plus_one = exponent_plus_one_guess;
+}
+
+// Generates the digits of input number w.
+// w is a floating-point number (DiyFp), consisting of a significand and an
+// exponent. Its exponent is bounded by kMinimalTargetExponent and
+// kMaximalTargetExponent.
+//       Hence -60 <= w.e() <= -32.
+//
+// Returns false if it fails, in which case the generated digits in the buffer
+// should not be used.
+// Preconditions:
+//  * low, w and high are correct up to 1 ulp (unit in the last place). That
+//    is, their error must be less than a unit of their last digits.
+//  * low.e() == w.e() == high.e()
+//  * low < w < high, and taking into account their error: low~ <= high~
+//  * kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() <= kMaximalTargetExponent
+// Postconditions: returns false if procedure fails.
+//   otherwise:
+//     * buffer is not null-terminated, but len contains the number of digits.
+//     * buffer contains the shortest possible decimal digit-sequence
+//       such that LOW < buffer * 10^kappa < HIGH, where LOW and HIGH are the
+//       correct values of low and high (without their error).
+//     * if more than one decimal representation gives the minimal number of
+//       decimal digits then the one closest to W (where W is the correct value
+//       of w) is chosen.
+// Remark: this procedure takes into account the imprecision of its input
+//   numbers. If the precision is not enough to guarantee all the postconditions
+//   then false is returned. This usually happens rarely (~0.5%).
+//
+// Say, for the sake of example, that
+//   w.e() == -48, and w.f() == 0x1234567890abcdef
+// w's value can be computed by w.f() * 2^w.e()
+// We can obtain w's integral digits by simply shifting w.f() by -w.e().
+//  -> w's integral part is 0x1234
+//  w's fractional part is therefore 0x567890abcdef.
+// Printing w's integral part is easy (simply print 0x1234 in decimal).
+// In order to print its fraction we repeatedly multiply the fraction by 10 and
+// get each digit. Example the first digit after the point would be computed by
+//   (0x567890abcdef * 10) >> 48. -> 3
+// The whole thing becomes slightly more complicated because we want to stop
+// once we have enough digits. That is, once the digits inside the buffer
+// represent 'w' we can stop. Everything inside the interval low - high
+// represents w. However we have to pay attention to low, high and w's
+// imprecision.
+static bool DigitGen(DiyFp low,
+                     DiyFp w,
+                     DiyFp high,
+                     Vector<char> buffer,
+                     int* length,
+                     int* kappa) {
+  ASSERT(low.e() == w.e() && w.e() == high.e());
+  ASSERT(low.f() + 1 <= high.f() - 1);
+  ASSERT(kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() && w.e() <= kMaximalTargetExponent);
+  // low, w and high are imprecise, but by less than one ulp (unit in the last
+  // place).
+  // If we remove (resp. add) 1 ulp from low (resp. high) we are certain that
+  // the new numbers are outside of the interval we want the final
+  // representation to lie in.
+  // Inversely adding (resp. removing) 1 ulp from low (resp. high) would yield
+  // numbers that are certain to lie in the interval. We will use this fact
+  // later on.
+  // We will now start by generating the digits within the uncertain
+  // interval. Later we will weed out representations that lie outside the safe
+  // interval and thus _might_ lie outside the correct interval.
+  uint64_t unit = 1;
+  DiyFp too_low = DiyFp(low.f() - unit, low.e());
+  DiyFp too_high = DiyFp(high.f() + unit, high.e());
+  // too_low and too_high are guaranteed to lie outside the interval we want the
+  // generated number in.
+  DiyFp unsafe_interval = DiyFp::Minus(too_high, too_low);
+  // We now cut the input number into two parts: the integral digits and the
+  // fractionals. We will not write any decimal separator though, but adapt
+  // kappa instead.
+  // Reminder: we are currently computing the digits (stored inside the buffer)
+  // such that:   too_low < buffer * 10^kappa < too_high
+  // We use too_high for the digit_generation and stop as soon as possible.
+  // If we stop early we effectively round down.
+  DiyFp one = DiyFp(static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << -w.e(), w.e());
+  // Division by one is a shift.
+  uint32_t integrals = static_cast<uint32_t>(too_high.f() >> -one.e());
+  // Modulo by one is an and.
+  uint64_t fractionals = too_high.f() & (one.f() - 1);
+  uint32_t divisor;
+  int divisor_exponent_plus_one;
+  BiggestPowerTen(integrals, DiyFp::kSignificandSize - (-one.e()),
+                  &divisor, &divisor_exponent_plus_one);
+  *kappa = divisor_exponent_plus_one;
+  *length = 0;
+  // Loop invariant: buffer = too_high / 10^kappa  (integer division)
+  // The invariant holds for the first iteration: kappa has been initialized
+  // with the divisor exponent + 1. And the divisor is the biggest power of ten
+  // that is smaller than integrals.
+  while (*kappa > 0) {
+    int digit = integrals / divisor;
+    buffer[*length] = '0' + digit;
+    (*length)++;
+    integrals %= divisor;
+    (*kappa)--;
+    // Note that kappa now equals the exponent of the divisor and that the
+    // invariant thus holds again.
+    uint64_t rest =
+        (static_cast<uint64_t>(integrals) << -one.e()) + fractionals;
+    // Invariant: too_high = buffer * 10^kappa + DiyFp(rest, one.e())
+    // Reminder: unsafe_interval.e() == one.e()
+    if (rest < unsafe_interval.f()) {
+      // Rounding down (by not emitting the remaining digits) yields a number
+      // that lies within the unsafe interval.
+      return RoundWeed(buffer, *length, DiyFp::Minus(too_high, w).f(),
+                       unsafe_interval.f(), rest,
+                       static_cast<uint64_t>(divisor) << -one.e(), unit);
+    }
+    divisor /= 10;
+  }
+
+  // The integrals have been generated. We are at the point of the decimal
+  // separator. In the following loop we simply multiply the remaining digits by
+  // 10 and divide by one. We just need to pay attention to multiply associated
+  // data (like the interval or 'unit'), too.
+  // Note that the multiplication by 10 does not overflow, because w.e >= -60
+  // and thus one.e >= -60.
+  ASSERT(one.e() >= -60);
+  ASSERT(fractionals < one.f());
+  ASSERT(UINT64_2PART_C(0xFFFFFFFF, FFFFFFFF) / 10 >= one.f());
+  while (true) {
+    fractionals *= 10;
+    unit *= 10;
+    unsafe_interval.set_f(unsafe_interval.f() * 10);
+    // Integer division by one.
+    int digit = static_cast<int>(fractionals >> -one.e());
+    buffer[*length] = '0' + digit;
+    (*length)++;
+    fractionals &= one.f() - 1;  // Modulo by one.
+    (*kappa)--;
+    if (fractionals < unsafe_interval.f()) {
+      return RoundWeed(buffer, *length, DiyFp::Minus(too_high, w).f() * unit,
+                       unsafe_interval.f(), fractionals, one.f(), unit);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+// Generates (at most) requested_digits digits of input number w.
+// w is a floating-point number (DiyFp), consisting of a significand and an
+// exponent. Its exponent is bounded by kMinimalTargetExponent and
+// kMaximalTargetExponent.
+//       Hence -60 <= w.e() <= -32.
+//
+// Returns false if it fails, in which case the generated digits in the buffer
+// should not be used.
+// Preconditions:
+//  * w is correct up to 1 ulp (unit in the last place). That
+//    is, its error must be strictly less than a unit of its last digit.
+//  * kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() <= kMaximalTargetExponent
+//
+// Postconditions: returns false if procedure fails.
+//   otherwise:
+//     * buffer is not null-terminated, but length contains the number of
+//       digits.
+//     * the representation in buffer is the most precise representation of
+//       requested_digits digits.
+//     * buffer contains at most requested_digits digits of w. If there are less
+//       than requested_digits digits then some trailing '0's have been removed.
+//     * kappa is such that
+//            w = buffer * 10^kappa + eps with |eps| < 10^kappa / 2.
+//
+// Remark: This procedure takes into account the imprecision of its input
+//   numbers. If the precision is not enough to guarantee all the postconditions
+//   then false is returned. This usually happens rarely, but the failure-rate
+//   increases with higher requested_digits.
+static bool DigitGenCounted(DiyFp w,
+                            int requested_digits,
+                            Vector<char> buffer,
+                            int* length,
+                            int* kappa) {
+  ASSERT(kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() && w.e() <= kMaximalTargetExponent);
+  ASSERT(kMinimalTargetExponent >= -60);
+  ASSERT(kMaximalTargetExponent <= -32);
+  // w is assumed to have an error less than 1 unit. Whenever w is scaled we
+  // also scale its error.
+  uint64_t w_error = 1;
+  // We cut the input number into two parts: the integral digits and the
+  // fractional digits. We don't emit any decimal separator, but adapt kappa
+  // instead. Example: instead of writing "1.2" we put "12" into the buffer and
+  // increase kappa by 1.
+  DiyFp one = DiyFp(static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << -w.e(), w.e());
+  // Division by one is a shift.
+  uint32_t integrals = static_cast<uint32_t>(w.f() >> -one.e());
+  // Modulo by one is an and.
+  uint64_t fractionals = w.f() & (one.f() - 1);
+  uint32_t divisor;
+  int divisor_exponent_plus_one;
+  BiggestPowerTen(integrals, DiyFp::kSignificandSize - (-one.e()),
+                  &divisor, &divisor_exponent_plus_one);
+  *kappa = divisor_exponent_plus_one;
+  *length = 0;
+
+  // Loop invariant: buffer = w / 10^kappa  (integer division)
+  // The invariant holds for the first iteration: kappa has been initialized
+  // with the divisor exponent + 1. And the divisor is the biggest power of ten
+  // that is smaller than 'integrals'.
+  while (*kappa > 0) {
+    int digit = integrals / divisor;
+    buffer[*length] = '0' + digit;
+    (*length)++;
+    requested_digits--;
+    integrals %= divisor;
+    (*kappa)--;
+    // Note that kappa now equals the exponent of the divisor and that the
+    // invariant thus holds again.
+    if (requested_digits == 0) break;
+    divisor /= 10;
+  }
+
+  if (requested_digits == 0) {
+    uint64_t rest =
+        (static_cast<uint64_t>(integrals) << -one.e()) + fractionals;
+    return RoundWeedCounted(buffer, *length, rest,
+                            static_cast<uint64_t>(divisor) << -one.e(), w_error,
+                            kappa);
+  }
+
+  // The integrals have been generated. We are at the point of the decimal
+  // separator. In the following loop we simply multiply the remaining digits by
+  // 10 and divide by one. We just need to pay attention to multiply associated
+  // data (the 'unit'), too.
+  // Note that the multiplication by 10 does not overflow, because w.e >= -60
+  // and thus one.e >= -60.
+  ASSERT(one.e() >= -60);
+  ASSERT(fractionals < one.f());
+  ASSERT(UINT64_2PART_C(0xFFFFFFFF, FFFFFFFF) / 10 >= one.f());
+  while (requested_digits > 0 && fractionals > w_error) {
+    fractionals *= 10;
+    w_error *= 10;
+    // Integer division by one.
+    int digit = static_cast<int>(fractionals >> -one.e());
+    buffer[*length] = '0' + digit;
+    (*length)++;
+    requested_digits--;
+    fractionals &= one.f() - 1;  // Modulo by one.
+    (*kappa)--;
+  }
+  if (requested_digits != 0) return false;
+  return RoundWeedCounted(buffer, *length, fractionals, one.f(), w_error,
+                          kappa);
+}
+
+
+// Provides a decimal representation of v.
+// Returns true if it succeeds, otherwise the result cannot be trusted.
+// There will be *length digits inside the buffer (not null-terminated).
+// If the function returns true then
+//        v == (double) (buffer * 10^decimal_exponent).
+// The digits in the buffer are the shortest representation possible: no
+// 0.09999999999999999 instead of 0.1. The shorter representation will even be
+// chosen even if the longer one would be closer to v.
+// The last digit will be closest to the actual v. That is, even if several
+// digits might correctly yield 'v' when read again, the closest will be
+// computed.
+static bool Grisu3(double v,
+                   FastDtoaMode mode,
+                   Vector<char> buffer,
+                   int* length,
+                   int* decimal_exponent) {
+  DiyFp w = Double(v).AsNormalizedDiyFp();
+  // boundary_minus and boundary_plus are the boundaries between v and its
+  // closest floating-point neighbors. Any number strictly between
+  // boundary_minus and boundary_plus will round to v when convert to a double.
+  // Grisu3 will never output representations that lie exactly on a boundary.
+  DiyFp boundary_minus, boundary_plus;
+  if (mode == FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST) {
+    Double(v).NormalizedBoundaries(&boundary_minus, &boundary_plus);
+  } else {
+    ASSERT(mode == FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE);
+    float single_v = static_cast<float>(v);
+    Single(single_v).NormalizedBoundaries(&boundary_minus, &boundary_plus);
+  }
+  ASSERT(boundary_plus.e() == w.e());
+  DiyFp ten_mk;  // Cached power of ten: 10^-k
+  int mk;        // -k
+  int ten_mk_minimal_binary_exponent =
+     kMinimalTargetExponent - (w.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  int ten_mk_maximal_binary_exponent =
+     kMaximalTargetExponent - (w.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForBinaryExponentRange(
+      ten_mk_minimal_binary_exponent,
+      ten_mk_maximal_binary_exponent,
+      &ten_mk, &mk);
+  ASSERT((kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() + ten_mk.e() +
+          DiyFp::kSignificandSize) &&
+         (kMaximalTargetExponent >= w.e() + ten_mk.e() +
+          DiyFp::kSignificandSize));
+  // Note that ten_mk is only an approximation of 10^-k. A DiyFp only contains a
+  // 64 bit significand and ten_mk is thus only precise up to 64 bits.
+
+  // The DiyFp::Times procedure rounds its result, and ten_mk is approximated
+  // too. The variable scaled_w (as well as scaled_boundary_minus/plus) are now
+  // off by a small amount.
+  // In fact: scaled_w - w*10^k < 1ulp (unit in the last place) of scaled_w.
+  // In other words: let f = scaled_w.f() and e = scaled_w.e(), then
+  //           (f-1) * 2^e < w*10^k < (f+1) * 2^e
+  DiyFp scaled_w = DiyFp::Times(w, ten_mk);
+  ASSERT(scaled_w.e() ==
+         boundary_plus.e() + ten_mk.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  // In theory it would be possible to avoid some recomputations by computing
+  // the difference between w and boundary_minus/plus (a power of 2) and to
+  // compute scaled_boundary_minus/plus by subtracting/adding from
+  // scaled_w. However the code becomes much less readable and the speed
+  // enhancements are not terriffic.
+  DiyFp scaled_boundary_minus = DiyFp::Times(boundary_minus, ten_mk);
+  DiyFp scaled_boundary_plus  = DiyFp::Times(boundary_plus,  ten_mk);
+
+  // DigitGen will generate the digits of scaled_w. Therefore we have
+  // v == (double) (scaled_w * 10^-mk).
+  // Set decimal_exponent == -mk and pass it to DigitGen. If scaled_w is not an
+  // integer than it will be updated. For instance if scaled_w == 1.23 then
+  // the buffer will be filled with "123" und the decimal_exponent will be
+  // decreased by 2.
+  int kappa;
+  bool result = DigitGen(scaled_boundary_minus, scaled_w, scaled_boundary_plus,
+                         buffer, length, &kappa);
+  *decimal_exponent = -mk + kappa;
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+// The "counted" version of grisu3 (see above) only generates requested_digits
+// number of digits. This version does not generate the shortest representation,
+// and with enough requested digits 0.1 will at some point print as 0.9999999...
+// Grisu3 is too imprecise for real halfway cases (1.5 will not work) and
+// therefore the rounding strategy for halfway cases is irrelevant.
+static bool Grisu3Counted(double v,
+                          int requested_digits,
+                          Vector<char> buffer,
+                          int* length,
+                          int* decimal_exponent) {
+  DiyFp w = Double(v).AsNormalizedDiyFp();
+  DiyFp ten_mk;  // Cached power of ten: 10^-k
+  int mk;        // -k
+  int ten_mk_minimal_binary_exponent =
+     kMinimalTargetExponent - (w.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  int ten_mk_maximal_binary_exponent =
+     kMaximalTargetExponent - (w.e() + DiyFp::kSignificandSize);
+  PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForBinaryExponentRange(
+      ten_mk_minimal_binary_exponent,
+      ten_mk_maximal_binary_exponent,
+      &ten_mk, &mk);
+  ASSERT((kMinimalTargetExponent <= w.e() + ten_mk.e() +
+          DiyFp::kSignificandSize) &&
+         (kMaximalTargetExponent >= w.e() + ten_mk.e() +
+          DiyFp::kSignificandSize));
+  // Note that ten_mk is only an approximation of 10^-k. A DiyFp only contains a
+  // 64 bit significand and ten_mk is thus only precise up to 64 bits.
+
+  // The DiyFp::Times procedure rounds its result, and ten_mk is approximated
+  // too. The variable scaled_w (as well as scaled_boundary_minus/plus) are now
+  // off by a small amount.
+  // In fact: scaled_w - w*10^k < 1ulp (unit in the last place) of scaled_w.
+  // In other words: let f = scaled_w.f() and e = scaled_w.e(), then
+  //           (f-1) * 2^e < w*10^k < (f+1) * 2^e
+  DiyFp scaled_w = DiyFp::Times(w, ten_mk);
+
+  // We now have (double) (scaled_w * 10^-mk).
+  // DigitGen will generate the first requested_digits digits of scaled_w and
+  // return together with a kappa such that scaled_w ~= buffer * 10^kappa. (It
+  // will not always be exactly the same since DigitGenCounted only produces a
+  // limited number of digits.)
+  int kappa;
+  bool result = DigitGenCounted(scaled_w, requested_digits,
+                                buffer, length, &kappa);
+  *decimal_exponent = -mk + kappa;
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+bool FastDtoa(double v,
+              FastDtoaMode mode,
+              int requested_digits,
+              Vector<char> buffer,
+              int* length,
+              int* decimal_point) {
+  ASSERT(v > 0);
+  ASSERT(!Double(v).IsSpecial());
+
+  bool result = false;
+  int decimal_exponent = 0;
+  switch (mode) {
+    case FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST:
+    case FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE:
+      result = Grisu3(v, mode, buffer, length, &decimal_exponent);
+      break;
+    case FAST_DTOA_PRECISION:
+      result = Grisu3Counted(v, requested_digits,
+                             buffer, length, &decimal_exponent);
+      break;
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+  }
+  if (result) {
+    *decimal_point = *length + decimal_exponent;
+    buffer[*length] = '\0';
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/fast-dtoa.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/fast-dtoa.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5f1e8eee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/fast-dtoa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_FAST_DTOA_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_FAST_DTOA_H_
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+enum FastDtoaMode {
+  // Computes the shortest representation of the given input. The returned
+  // result will be the most accurate number of this length. Longer
+  // representations might be more accurate.
+  FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST,
+  // Same as FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST but for single-precision floats.
+  FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST_SINGLE,
+  // Computes a representation where the precision (number of digits) is
+  // given as input. The precision is independent of the decimal point.
+  FAST_DTOA_PRECISION
+};
+
+// FastDtoa will produce at most kFastDtoaMaximalLength digits. This does not
+// include the terminating '\0' character.
+static const int kFastDtoaMaximalLength = 17;
+// Same for single-precision numbers.
+static const int kFastDtoaMaximalSingleLength = 9;
+
+// Provides a decimal representation of v.
+// The result should be interpreted as buffer * 10^(point - length).
+//
+// Precondition:
+//   * v must be a strictly positive finite double.
+//
+// Returns true if it succeeds, otherwise the result can not be trusted.
+// There will be *length digits inside the buffer followed by a null terminator.
+// If the function returns true and mode equals
+//   - FAST_DTOA_SHORTEST, then
+//     the parameter requested_digits is ignored.
+//     The result satisfies
+//         v == (double) (buffer * 10^(point - length)).
+//     The digits in the buffer are the shortest representation possible. E.g.
+//     if 0.099999999999 and 0.1 represent the same double then "1" is returned
+//     with point = 0.
+//     The last digit will be closest to the actual v. That is, even if several
+//     digits might correctly yield 'v' when read again, the buffer will contain
+//     the one closest to v.
+//   - FAST_DTOA_PRECISION, then
+//     the buffer contains requested_digits digits.
+//     the difference v - (buffer * 10^(point-length)) is closest to zero for
+//     all possible representations of requested_digits digits.
+//     If there are two values that are equally close, then FastDtoa returns
+//     false.
+// For both modes the buffer must be large enough to hold the result.
+bool FastDtoa(double d,
+              FastDtoaMode mode,
+              int requested_digits,
+              Vector<char> buffer,
+              int* length,
+              int* decimal_point);
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_FAST_DTOA_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/fixed-dtoa.cc b/klm/util/double-conversion/fixed-dtoa.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d56b1449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/fixed-dtoa.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include <math.h>
+
+#include "fixed-dtoa.h"
+#include "ieee.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+// Represents a 128bit type. This class should be replaced by a native type on
+// platforms that support 128bit integers.
+class UInt128 {
+ public:
+  UInt128() : high_bits_(0), low_bits_(0) { }
+  UInt128(uint64_t high, uint64_t low) : high_bits_(high), low_bits_(low) { }
+
+  void Multiply(uint32_t multiplicand) {
+    uint64_t accumulator;
+
+    accumulator = (low_bits_ & kMask32) * multiplicand;
+    uint32_t part = static_cast<uint32_t>(accumulator & kMask32);
+    accumulator >>= 32;
+    accumulator = accumulator + (low_bits_ >> 32) * multiplicand;
+    low_bits_ = (accumulator << 32) + part;
+    accumulator >>= 32;
+    accumulator = accumulator + (high_bits_ & kMask32) * multiplicand;
+    part = static_cast<uint32_t>(accumulator & kMask32);
+    accumulator >>= 32;
+    accumulator = accumulator + (high_bits_ >> 32) * multiplicand;
+    high_bits_ = (accumulator << 32) + part;
+    ASSERT((accumulator >> 32) == 0);
+  }
+
+  void Shift(int shift_amount) {
+    ASSERT(-64 <= shift_amount && shift_amount <= 64);
+    if (shift_amount == 0) {
+      return;
+    } else if (shift_amount == -64) {
+      high_bits_ = low_bits_;
+      low_bits_ = 0;
+    } else if (shift_amount == 64) {
+      low_bits_ = high_bits_;
+      high_bits_ = 0;
+    } else if (shift_amount <= 0) {
+      high_bits_ <<= -shift_amount;
+      high_bits_ += low_bits_ >> (64 + shift_amount);
+      low_bits_ <<= -shift_amount;
+    } else {
+      low_bits_ >>= shift_amount;
+      low_bits_ += high_bits_ << (64 - shift_amount);
+      high_bits_ >>= shift_amount;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Modifies *this to *this MOD (2^power).
+  // Returns *this DIV (2^power).
+  int DivModPowerOf2(int power) {
+    if (power >= 64) {
+      int result = static_cast<int>(high_bits_ >> (power - 64));
+      high_bits_ -= static_cast<uint64_t>(result) << (power - 64);
+      return result;
+    } else {
+      uint64_t part_low = low_bits_ >> power;
+      uint64_t part_high = high_bits_ << (64 - power);
+      int result = static_cast<int>(part_low + part_high);
+      high_bits_ = 0;
+      low_bits_ -= part_low << power;
+      return result;
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool IsZero() const {
+    return high_bits_ == 0 && low_bits_ == 0;
+  }
+
+  int BitAt(int position) {
+    if (position >= 64) {
+      return static_cast<int>(high_bits_ >> (position - 64)) & 1;
+    } else {
+      return static_cast<int>(low_bits_ >> position) & 1;
+    }
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static const uint64_t kMask32 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  // Value == (high_bits_ << 64) + low_bits_
+  uint64_t high_bits_;
+  uint64_t low_bits_;
+};
+
+
+static const int kDoubleSignificandSize = 53;  // Includes the hidden bit.
+
+
+static void FillDigits32FixedLength(uint32_t number, int requested_length,
+                                    Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  for (int i = requested_length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+    buffer[(*length) + i] = '0' + number % 10;
+    number /= 10;
+  }
+  *length += requested_length;
+}
+
+
+static void FillDigits32(uint32_t number, Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  int number_length = 0;
+  // We fill the digits in reverse order and exchange them afterwards.
+  while (number != 0) {
+    int digit = number % 10;
+    number /= 10;
+    buffer[(*length) + number_length] = '0' + digit;
+    number_length++;
+  }
+  // Exchange the digits.
+  int i = *length;
+  int j = *length + number_length - 1;
+  while (i < j) {
+    char tmp = buffer[i];
+    buffer[i] = buffer[j];
+    buffer[j] = tmp;
+    i++;
+    j--;
+  }
+  *length += number_length;
+}
+
+
+static void FillDigits64FixedLength(uint64_t number, int requested_length,
+                                    Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  const uint32_t kTen7 = 10000000;
+  // For efficiency cut the number into 3 uint32_t parts, and print those.
+  uint32_t part2 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number % kTen7);
+  number /= kTen7;
+  uint32_t part1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number % kTen7);
+  uint32_t part0 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number / kTen7);
+
+  FillDigits32FixedLength(part0, 3, buffer, length);
+  FillDigits32FixedLength(part1, 7, buffer, length);
+  FillDigits32FixedLength(part2, 7, buffer, length);
+}
+
+
+static void FillDigits64(uint64_t number, Vector<char> buffer, int* length) {
+  const uint32_t kTen7 = 10000000;
+  // For efficiency cut the number into 3 uint32_t parts, and print those.
+  uint32_t part2 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number % kTen7);
+  number /= kTen7;
+  uint32_t part1 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number % kTen7);
+  uint32_t part0 = static_cast<uint32_t>(number / kTen7);
+
+  if (part0 != 0) {
+    FillDigits32(part0, buffer, length);
+    FillDigits32FixedLength(part1, 7, buffer, length);
+    FillDigits32FixedLength(part2, 7, buffer, length);
+  } else if (part1 != 0) {
+    FillDigits32(part1, buffer, length);
+    FillDigits32FixedLength(part2, 7, buffer, length);
+  } else {
+    FillDigits32(part2, buffer, length);
+  }
+}
+
+
+static void RoundUp(Vector<char> buffer, int* length, int* decimal_point) {
+  // An empty buffer represents 0.
+  if (*length == 0) {
+    buffer[0] = '1';
+    *decimal_point = 1;
+    *length = 1;
+    return;
+  }
+  // Round the last digit until we either have a digit that was not '9' or until
+  // we reached the first digit.
+  buffer[(*length) - 1]++;
+  for (int i = (*length) - 1; i > 0; --i) {
+    if (buffer[i] != '0' + 10) {
+      return;
+    }
+    buffer[i] = '0';
+    buffer[i - 1]++;
+  }
+  // If the first digit is now '0' + 10, we would need to set it to '0' and add
+  // a '1' in front. However we reach the first digit only if all following
+  // digits had been '9' before rounding up. Now all trailing digits are '0' and
+  // we simply switch the first digit to '1' and update the decimal-point
+  // (indicating that the point is now one digit to the right).
+  if (buffer[0] == '0' + 10) {
+    buffer[0] = '1';
+    (*decimal_point)++;
+  }
+}
+
+
+// The given fractionals number represents a fixed-point number with binary
+// point at bit (-exponent).
+// Preconditions:
+//   -128 <= exponent <= 0.
+//   0 <= fractionals * 2^exponent < 1
+//   The buffer holds the result.
+// The function will round its result. During the rounding-process digits not
+// generated by this function might be updated, and the decimal-point variable
+// might be updated. If this function generates the digits 99 and the buffer
+// already contained "199" (thus yielding a buffer of "19999") then a
+// rounding-up will change the contents of the buffer to "20000".
+static void FillFractionals(uint64_t fractionals, int exponent,
+                            int fractional_count, Vector<char> buffer,
+                            int* length, int* decimal_point) {
+  ASSERT(-128 <= exponent && exponent <= 0);
+  // 'fractionals' is a fixed-point number, with binary point at bit
+  // (-exponent). Inside the function the non-converted remainder of fractionals
+  // is a fixed-point number, with binary point at bit 'point'.
+  if (-exponent <= 64) {
+    // One 64 bit number is sufficient.
+    ASSERT(fractionals >> 56 == 0);
+    int point = -exponent;
+    for (int i = 0; i < fractional_count; ++i) {
+      if (fractionals == 0) break;
+      // Instead of multiplying by 10 we multiply by 5 and adjust the point
+      // location. This way the fractionals variable will not overflow.
+      // Invariant at the beginning of the loop: fractionals < 2^point.
+      // Initially we have: point <= 64 and fractionals < 2^56
+      // After each iteration the point is decremented by one.
+      // Note that 5^3 = 125 < 128 = 2^7.
+      // Therefore three iterations of this loop will not overflow fractionals
+      // (even without the subtraction at the end of the loop body). At this
+      // time point will satisfy point <= 61 and therefore fractionals < 2^point
+      // and any further multiplication of fractionals by 5 will not overflow.
+      fractionals *= 5;
+      point--;
+      int digit = static_cast<int>(fractionals >> point);
+      buffer[*length] = '0' + digit;
+      (*length)++;
+      fractionals -= static_cast<uint64_t>(digit) << point;
+    }
+    // If the first bit after the point is set we have to round up.
+    if (((fractionals >> (point - 1)) & 1) == 1) {
+      RoundUp(buffer, length, decimal_point);
+    }
+  } else {  // We need 128 bits.
+    ASSERT(64 < -exponent && -exponent <= 128);
+    UInt128 fractionals128 = UInt128(fractionals, 0);
+    fractionals128.Shift(-exponent - 64);
+    int point = 128;
+    for (int i = 0; i < fractional_count; ++i) {
+      if (fractionals128.IsZero()) break;
+      // As before: instead of multiplying by 10 we multiply by 5 and adjust the
+      // point location.
+      // This multiplication will not overflow for the same reasons as before.
+      fractionals128.Multiply(5);
+      point--;
+      int digit = fractionals128.DivModPowerOf2(point);
+      buffer[*length] = '0' + digit;
+      (*length)++;
+    }
+    if (fractionals128.BitAt(point - 1) == 1) {
+      RoundUp(buffer, length, decimal_point);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+// Removes leading and trailing zeros.
+// If leading zeros are removed then the decimal point position is adjusted.
+static void TrimZeros(Vector<char> buffer, int* length, int* decimal_point) {
+  while (*length > 0 && buffer[(*length) - 1] == '0') {
+    (*length)--;
+  }
+  int first_non_zero = 0;
+  while (first_non_zero < *length && buffer[first_non_zero] == '0') {
+    first_non_zero++;
+  }
+  if (first_non_zero != 0) {
+    for (int i = first_non_zero; i < *length; ++i) {
+      buffer[i - first_non_zero] = buffer[i];
+    }
+    *length -= first_non_zero;
+    *decimal_point -= first_non_zero;
+  }
+}
+
+
+bool FastFixedDtoa(double v,
+                   int fractional_count,
+                   Vector<char> buffer,
+                   int* length,
+                   int* decimal_point) {
+  const uint32_t kMaxUInt32 = 0xFFFFFFFF;
+  uint64_t significand = Double(v).Significand();
+  int exponent = Double(v).Exponent();
+  // v = significand * 2^exponent (with significand a 53bit integer).
+  // If the exponent is larger than 20 (i.e. we may have a 73bit number) then we
+  // don't know how to compute the representation. 2^73 ~= 9.5*10^21.
+  // If necessary this limit could probably be increased, but we don't need
+  // more.
+  if (exponent > 20) return false;
+  if (fractional_count > 20) return false;
+  *length = 0;
+  // At most kDoubleSignificandSize bits of the significand are non-zero.
+  // Given a 64 bit integer we have 11 0s followed by 53 potentially non-zero
+  // bits:  0..11*..0xxx..53*..xx
+  if (exponent + kDoubleSignificandSize > 64) {
+    // The exponent must be > 11.
+    //
+    // We know that v = significand * 2^exponent.
+    // And the exponent > 11.
+    // We simplify the task by dividing v by 10^17.
+    // The quotient delivers the first digits, and the remainder fits into a 64
+    // bit number.
+    // Dividing by 10^17 is equivalent to dividing by 5^17*2^17.
+    const uint64_t kFive17 = UINT64_2PART_C(0xB1, A2BC2EC5);  // 5^17
+    uint64_t divisor = kFive17;
+    int divisor_power = 17;
+    uint64_t dividend = significand;
+    uint32_t quotient;
+    uint64_t remainder;
+    // Let v = f * 2^e with f == significand and e == exponent.
+    // Then need q (quotient) and r (remainder) as follows:
+    //   v            = q * 10^17       + r
+    //   f * 2^e      = q * 10^17       + r
+    //   f * 2^e      = q * 5^17 * 2^17 + r
+    // If e > 17 then
+    //   f * 2^(e-17) = q * 5^17        + r/2^17
+    // else
+    //   f  = q * 5^17 * 2^(17-e) + r/2^e
+    if (exponent > divisor_power) {
+      // We only allow exponents of up to 20 and therefore (17 - e) <= 3
+      dividend <<= exponent - divisor_power;
+      quotient = static_cast<uint32_t>(dividend / divisor);
+      remainder = (dividend % divisor) << divisor_power;
+    } else {
+      divisor <<= divisor_power - exponent;
+      quotient = static_cast<uint32_t>(dividend / divisor);
+      remainder = (dividend % divisor) << exponent;
+    }
+    FillDigits32(quotient, buffer, length);
+    FillDigits64FixedLength(remainder, divisor_power, buffer, length);
+    *decimal_point = *length;
+  } else if (exponent >= 0) {
+    // 0 <= exponent <= 11
+    significand <<= exponent;
+    FillDigits64(significand, buffer, length);
+    *decimal_point = *length;
+  } else if (exponent > -kDoubleSignificandSize) {
+    // We have to cut the number.
+    uint64_t integrals = significand >> -exponent;
+    uint64_t fractionals = significand - (integrals << -exponent);
+    if (integrals > kMaxUInt32) {
+      FillDigits64(integrals, buffer, length);
+    } else {
+      FillDigits32(static_cast<uint32_t>(integrals), buffer, length);
+    }
+    *decimal_point = *length;
+    FillFractionals(fractionals, exponent, fractional_count,
+                    buffer, length, decimal_point);
+  } else if (exponent < -128) {
+    // This configuration (with at most 20 digits) means that all digits must be
+    // 0.
+    ASSERT(fractional_count <= 20);
+    buffer[0] = '\0';
+    *length = 0;
+    *decimal_point = -fractional_count;
+  } else {
+    *decimal_point = 0;
+    FillFractionals(significand, exponent, fractional_count,
+                    buffer, length, decimal_point);
+  }
+  TrimZeros(buffer, length, decimal_point);
+  buffer[*length] = '\0';
+  if ((*length) == 0) {
+    // The string is empty and the decimal_point thus has no importance. Mimick
+    // Gay's dtoa and and set it to -fractional_count.
+    *decimal_point = -fractional_count;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/fixed-dtoa.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/fixed-dtoa.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3bdd08e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/fixed-dtoa.h
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_FIXED_DTOA_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_FIXED_DTOA_H_
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+// Produces digits necessary to print a given number with
+// 'fractional_count' digits after the decimal point.
+// The buffer must be big enough to hold the result plus one terminating null
+// character.
+//
+// The produced digits might be too short in which case the caller has to fill
+// the gaps with '0's.
+// Example: FastFixedDtoa(0.001, 5, ...) is allowed to return buffer = "1", and
+// decimal_point = -2.
+// Halfway cases are rounded towards +/-Infinity (away from 0). The call
+// FastFixedDtoa(0.15, 2, ...) thus returns buffer = "2", decimal_point = 0.
+// The returned buffer may contain digits that would be truncated from the
+// shortest representation of the input.
+//
+// This method only works for some parameters. If it can't handle the input it
+// returns false. The output is null-terminated when the function succeeds.
+bool FastFixedDtoa(double v, int fractional_count,
+                   Vector<char> buffer, int* length, int* decimal_point);
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_FIXED_DTOA_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/ieee.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/ieee.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..839dc47d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/ieee.h
@@ -0,0 +1,398 @@
+// Copyright 2012 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DOUBLE_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DOUBLE_H_
+
+#include "diy-fp.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+// We assume that doubles and uint64_t have the same endianness.
+static uint64_t double_to_uint64(double d) { return BitCast<uint64_t>(d); }
+static double uint64_to_double(uint64_t d64) { return BitCast<double>(d64); }
+static uint32_t float_to_uint32(float f) { return BitCast<uint32_t>(f); }
+static float uint32_to_float(uint32_t d32) { return BitCast<float>(d32); }
+
+// Helper functions for doubles.
+class Double {
+ public:
+  static const uint64_t kSignMask = UINT64_2PART_C(0x80000000, 00000000);
+  static const uint64_t kExponentMask = UINT64_2PART_C(0x7FF00000, 00000000);
+  static const uint64_t kSignificandMask = UINT64_2PART_C(0x000FFFFF, FFFFFFFF);
+  static const uint64_t kHiddenBit = UINT64_2PART_C(0x00100000, 00000000);
+  static const int kPhysicalSignificandSize = 52;  // Excludes the hidden bit.
+  static const int kSignificandSize = 53;
+
+  Double() : d64_(0) {}
+  explicit Double(double d) : d64_(double_to_uint64(d)) {}
+  explicit Double(uint64_t d64) : d64_(d64) {}
+  explicit Double(DiyFp diy_fp)
+    : d64_(DiyFpToUint64(diy_fp)) {}
+
+  // The value encoded by this Double must be greater or equal to +0.0.
+  // It must not be special (infinity, or NaN).
+  DiyFp AsDiyFp() const {
+    ASSERT(Sign() > 0);
+    ASSERT(!IsSpecial());
+    return DiyFp(Significand(), Exponent());
+  }
+
+  // The value encoded by this Double must be strictly greater than 0.
+  DiyFp AsNormalizedDiyFp() const {
+    ASSERT(value() > 0.0);
+    uint64_t f = Significand();
+    int e = Exponent();
+
+    // The current double could be a denormal.
+    while ((f & kHiddenBit) == 0) {
+      f <<= 1;
+      e--;
+    }
+    // Do the final shifts in one go.
+    f <<= DiyFp::kSignificandSize - kSignificandSize;
+    e -= DiyFp::kSignificandSize - kSignificandSize;
+    return DiyFp(f, e);
+  }
+
+  // Returns the double's bit as uint64.
+  uint64_t AsUint64() const {
+    return d64_;
+  }
+
+  // Returns the next greater double. Returns +infinity on input +infinity.
+  double NextDouble() const {
+    if (d64_ == kInfinity) return Double(kInfinity).value();
+    if (Sign() < 0 && Significand() == 0) {
+      // -0.0
+      return 0.0;
+    }
+    if (Sign() < 0) {
+      return Double(d64_ - 1).value();
+    } else {
+      return Double(d64_ + 1).value();
+    }
+  }
+
+  double PreviousDouble() const {
+    if (d64_ == (kInfinity | kSignMask)) return -Double::Infinity();
+    if (Sign() < 0) {
+      return Double(d64_ + 1).value();
+    } else {
+      if (Significand() == 0) return -0.0;
+      return Double(d64_ - 1).value();
+    }
+  }
+
+  int Exponent() const {
+    if (IsDenormal()) return kDenormalExponent;
+
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    int biased_e =
+        static_cast<int>((d64 & kExponentMask) >> kPhysicalSignificandSize);
+    return biased_e - kExponentBias;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t Significand() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    uint64_t significand = d64 & kSignificandMask;
+    if (!IsDenormal()) {
+      return significand + kHiddenBit;
+    } else {
+      return significand;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Returns true if the double is a denormal.
+  bool IsDenormal() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return (d64 & kExponentMask) == 0;
+  }
+
+  // We consider denormals not to be special.
+  // Hence only Infinity and NaN are special.
+  bool IsSpecial() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return (d64 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask;
+  }
+
+  bool IsNan() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return ((d64 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask) &&
+        ((d64 & kSignificandMask) != 0);
+  }
+
+  bool IsInfinite() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return ((d64 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask) &&
+        ((d64 & kSignificandMask) == 0);
+  }
+
+  int Sign() const {
+    uint64_t d64 = AsUint64();
+    return (d64 & kSignMask) == 0? 1: -1;
+  }
+
+  // Precondition: the value encoded by this Double must be greater or equal
+  // than +0.0.
+  DiyFp UpperBoundary() const {
+    ASSERT(Sign() > 0);
+    return DiyFp(Significand() * 2 + 1, Exponent() - 1);
+  }
+
+  // Computes the two boundaries of this.
+  // The bigger boundary (m_plus) is normalized. The lower boundary has the same
+  // exponent as m_plus.
+  // Precondition: the value encoded by this Double must be greater than 0.
+  void NormalizedBoundaries(DiyFp* out_m_minus, DiyFp* out_m_plus) const {
+    ASSERT(value() > 0.0);
+    DiyFp v = this->AsDiyFp();
+    DiyFp m_plus = DiyFp::Normalize(DiyFp((v.f() << 1) + 1, v.e() - 1));
+    DiyFp m_minus;
+    if (LowerBoundaryIsCloser()) {
+      m_minus = DiyFp((v.f() << 2) - 1, v.e() - 2);
+    } else {
+      m_minus = DiyFp((v.f() << 1) - 1, v.e() - 1);
+    }
+    m_minus.set_f(m_minus.f() << (m_minus.e() - m_plus.e()));
+    m_minus.set_e(m_plus.e());
+    *out_m_plus = m_plus;
+    *out_m_minus = m_minus;
+  }
+
+  bool LowerBoundaryIsCloser() const {
+    // The boundary is closer if the significand is of the form f == 2^p-1 then
+    // the lower boundary is closer.
+    // Think of v = 1000e10 and v- = 9999e9.
+    // Then the boundary (== (v - v-)/2) is not just at a distance of 1e9 but
+    // at a distance of 1e8.
+    // The only exception is for the smallest normal: the largest denormal is
+    // at the same distance as its successor.
+    // Note: denormals have the same exponent as the smallest normals.
+    bool physical_significand_is_zero = ((AsUint64() & kSignificandMask) == 0);
+    return physical_significand_is_zero && (Exponent() != kDenormalExponent);
+  }
+
+  double value() const { return uint64_to_double(d64_); }
+
+  // Returns the significand size for a given order of magnitude.
+  // If v = f*2^e with 2^p-1 <= f <= 2^p then p+e is v's order of magnitude.
+  // This function returns the number of significant binary digits v will have
+  // once it's encoded into a double. In almost all cases this is equal to
+  // kSignificandSize. The only exceptions are denormals. They start with
+  // leading zeroes and their effective significand-size is hence smaller.
+  static int SignificandSizeForOrderOfMagnitude(int order) {
+    if (order >= (kDenormalExponent + kSignificandSize)) {
+      return kSignificandSize;
+    }
+    if (order <= kDenormalExponent) return 0;
+    return order - kDenormalExponent;
+  }
+
+  static double Infinity() {
+    return Double(kInfinity).value();
+  }
+
+  static double NaN() {
+    return Double(kNaN).value();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static const int kExponentBias = 0x3FF + kPhysicalSignificandSize;
+  static const int kDenormalExponent = -kExponentBias + 1;
+  static const int kMaxExponent = 0x7FF - kExponentBias;
+  static const uint64_t kInfinity = UINT64_2PART_C(0x7FF00000, 00000000);
+  static const uint64_t kNaN = UINT64_2PART_C(0x7FF80000, 00000000);
+
+  const uint64_t d64_;
+
+  static uint64_t DiyFpToUint64(DiyFp diy_fp) {
+    uint64_t significand = diy_fp.f();
+    int exponent = diy_fp.e();
+    while (significand > kHiddenBit + kSignificandMask) {
+      significand >>= 1;
+      exponent++;
+    }
+    if (exponent >= kMaxExponent) {
+      return kInfinity;
+    }
+    if (exponent < kDenormalExponent) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    while (exponent > kDenormalExponent && (significand & kHiddenBit) == 0) {
+      significand <<= 1;
+      exponent--;
+    }
+    uint64_t biased_exponent;
+    if (exponent == kDenormalExponent && (significand & kHiddenBit) == 0) {
+      biased_exponent = 0;
+    } else {
+      biased_exponent = static_cast<uint64_t>(exponent + kExponentBias);
+    }
+    return (significand & kSignificandMask) |
+        (biased_exponent << kPhysicalSignificandSize);
+  }
+};
+
+class Single {
+ public:
+  static const uint32_t kSignMask = 0x80000000;
+  static const uint32_t kExponentMask = 0x7F800000;
+  static const uint32_t kSignificandMask = 0x007FFFFF;
+  static const uint32_t kHiddenBit = 0x00800000;
+  static const int kPhysicalSignificandSize = 23;  // Excludes the hidden bit.
+  static const int kSignificandSize = 24;
+
+  Single() : d32_(0) {}
+  explicit Single(float f) : d32_(float_to_uint32(f)) {}
+  explicit Single(uint32_t d32) : d32_(d32) {}
+
+  // The value encoded by this Single must be greater or equal to +0.0.
+  // It must not be special (infinity, or NaN).
+  DiyFp AsDiyFp() const {
+    ASSERT(Sign() > 0);
+    ASSERT(!IsSpecial());
+    return DiyFp(Significand(), Exponent());
+  }
+
+  // Returns the single's bit as uint64.
+  uint32_t AsUint32() const {
+    return d32_;
+  }
+
+  int Exponent() const {
+    if (IsDenormal()) return kDenormalExponent;
+
+    uint32_t d32 = AsUint32();
+    int biased_e =
+        static_cast<int>((d32 & kExponentMask) >> kPhysicalSignificandSize);
+    return biased_e - kExponentBias;
+  }
+
+  uint32_t Significand() const {
+    uint32_t d32 = AsUint32();
+    uint32_t significand = d32 & kSignificandMask;
+    if (!IsDenormal()) {
+      return significand + kHiddenBit;
+    } else {
+      return significand;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Returns true if the single is a denormal.
+  bool IsDenormal() const {
+    uint32_t d32 = AsUint32();
+    return (d32 & kExponentMask) == 0;
+  }
+
+  // We consider denormals not to be special.
+  // Hence only Infinity and NaN are special.
+  bool IsSpecial() const {
+    uint32_t d32 = AsUint32();
+    return (d32 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask;
+  }
+
+  bool IsNan() const {
+    uint32_t d32 = AsUint32();
+    return ((d32 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask) &&
+        ((d32 & kSignificandMask) != 0);
+  }
+
+  bool IsInfinite() const {
+    uint32_t d32 = AsUint32();
+    return ((d32 & kExponentMask) == kExponentMask) &&
+        ((d32 & kSignificandMask) == 0);
+  }
+
+  int Sign() const {
+    uint32_t d32 = AsUint32();
+    return (d32 & kSignMask) == 0? 1: -1;
+  }
+
+  // Computes the two boundaries of this.
+  // The bigger boundary (m_plus) is normalized. The lower boundary has the same
+  // exponent as m_plus.
+  // Precondition: the value encoded by this Single must be greater than 0.
+  void NormalizedBoundaries(DiyFp* out_m_minus, DiyFp* out_m_plus) const {
+    ASSERT(value() > 0.0);
+    DiyFp v = this->AsDiyFp();
+    DiyFp m_plus = DiyFp::Normalize(DiyFp((v.f() << 1) + 1, v.e() - 1));
+    DiyFp m_minus;
+    if (LowerBoundaryIsCloser()) {
+      m_minus = DiyFp((v.f() << 2) - 1, v.e() - 2);
+    } else {
+      m_minus = DiyFp((v.f() << 1) - 1, v.e() - 1);
+    }
+    m_minus.set_f(m_minus.f() << (m_minus.e() - m_plus.e()));
+    m_minus.set_e(m_plus.e());
+    *out_m_plus = m_plus;
+    *out_m_minus = m_minus;
+  }
+
+  // Precondition: the value encoded by this Single must be greater or equal
+  // than +0.0.
+  DiyFp UpperBoundary() const {
+    ASSERT(Sign() > 0);
+    return DiyFp(Significand() * 2 + 1, Exponent() - 1);
+  }
+
+  bool LowerBoundaryIsCloser() const {
+    // The boundary is closer if the significand is of the form f == 2^p-1 then
+    // the lower boundary is closer.
+    // Think of v = 1000e10 and v- = 9999e9.
+    // Then the boundary (== (v - v-)/2) is not just at a distance of 1e9 but
+    // at a distance of 1e8.
+    // The only exception is for the smallest normal: the largest denormal is
+    // at the same distance as its successor.
+    // Note: denormals have the same exponent as the smallest normals.
+    bool physical_significand_is_zero = ((AsUint32() & kSignificandMask) == 0);
+    return physical_significand_is_zero && (Exponent() != kDenormalExponent);
+  }
+
+  float value() const { return uint32_to_float(d32_); }
+
+  static float Infinity() {
+    return Single(kInfinity).value();
+  }
+
+  static float NaN() {
+    return Single(kNaN).value();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  static const int kExponentBias = 0x7F + kPhysicalSignificandSize;
+  static const int kDenormalExponent = -kExponentBias + 1;
+  static const int kMaxExponent = 0xFF - kExponentBias;
+  static const uint32_t kInfinity = 0x7F800000;
+  static const uint32_t kNaN = 0x7FC00000;
+
+  const uint32_t d32_;
+};
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_DOUBLE_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/strtod.cc b/klm/util/double-conversion/strtod.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e298766a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/strtod.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+
+#include "strtod.h"
+#include "bignum.h"
+#include "cached-powers.h"
+#include "ieee.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+// 2^53 = 9007199254740992.
+// Any integer with at most 15 decimal digits will hence fit into a double
+// (which has a 53bit significand) without loss of precision.
+static const int kMaxExactDoubleIntegerDecimalDigits = 15;
+// 2^64 = 18446744073709551616 > 10^19
+static const int kMaxUint64DecimalDigits = 19;
+
+// Max double: 1.7976931348623157 x 10^308
+// Min non-zero double: 4.9406564584124654 x 10^-324
+// Any x >= 10^309 is interpreted as +infinity.
+// Any x <= 10^-324 is interpreted as 0.
+// Note that 2.5e-324 (despite being smaller than the min double) will be read
+// as non-zero (equal to the min non-zero double).
+static const int kMaxDecimalPower = 309;
+static const int kMinDecimalPower = -324;
+
+// 2^64 = 18446744073709551616
+static const uint64_t kMaxUint64 = UINT64_2PART_C(0xFFFFFFFF, FFFFFFFF);
+
+
+static const double exact_powers_of_ten[] = {
+  1.0,  // 10^0
+  10.0,
+  100.0,
+  1000.0,
+  10000.0,
+  100000.0,
+  1000000.0,
+  10000000.0,
+  100000000.0,
+  1000000000.0,
+  10000000000.0,  // 10^10
+  100000000000.0,
+  1000000000000.0,
+  10000000000000.0,
+  100000000000000.0,
+  1000000000000000.0,
+  10000000000000000.0,
+  100000000000000000.0,
+  1000000000000000000.0,
+  10000000000000000000.0,
+  100000000000000000000.0,  // 10^20
+  1000000000000000000000.0,
+  // 10^22 = 0x21e19e0c9bab2400000 = 0x878678326eac9 * 2^22
+  10000000000000000000000.0
+};
+static const int kExactPowersOfTenSize = ARRAY_SIZE(exact_powers_of_ten);
+
+// Maximum number of significant digits in the decimal representation.
+// In fact the value is 772 (see conversions.cc), but to give us some margin
+// we round up to 780.
+static const int kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits = 780;
+
+static Vector<const char> TrimLeadingZeros(Vector<const char> buffer) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < buffer.length(); i++) {
+    if (buffer[i] != '0') {
+      return buffer.SubVector(i, buffer.length());
+    }
+  }
+  return Vector<const char>(buffer.start(), 0);
+}
+
+
+static Vector<const char> TrimTrailingZeros(Vector<const char> buffer) {
+  for (int i = buffer.length() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+    if (buffer[i] != '0') {
+      return buffer.SubVector(0, i + 1);
+    }
+  }
+  return Vector<const char>(buffer.start(), 0);
+}
+
+
+static void CutToMaxSignificantDigits(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                                       int exponent,
+                                       char* significant_buffer,
+                                       int* significant_exponent) {
+  for (int i = 0; i < kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits - 1; ++i) {
+    significant_buffer[i] = buffer[i];
+  }
+  // The input buffer has been trimmed. Therefore the last digit must be
+  // different from '0'.
+  ASSERT(buffer[buffer.length() - 1] != '0');
+  // Set the last digit to be non-zero. This is sufficient to guarantee
+  // correct rounding.
+  significant_buffer[kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits - 1] = '1';
+  *significant_exponent =
+      exponent + (buffer.length() - kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits);
+}
+
+
+// Trims the buffer and cuts it to at most kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits.
+// If possible the input-buffer is reused, but if the buffer needs to be
+// modified (due to cutting), then the input needs to be copied into the
+// buffer_copy_space.
+static void TrimAndCut(Vector<const char> buffer, int exponent,
+                       char* buffer_copy_space, int space_size,
+                       Vector<const char>* trimmed, int* updated_exponent) {
+  Vector<const char> left_trimmed = TrimLeadingZeros(buffer);
+  Vector<const char> right_trimmed = TrimTrailingZeros(left_trimmed);
+  exponent += left_trimmed.length() - right_trimmed.length();
+  if (right_trimmed.length() > kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits) {
+    ASSERT(space_size >= kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits);
+    CutToMaxSignificantDigits(right_trimmed, exponent,
+                              buffer_copy_space, updated_exponent);
+    *trimmed = Vector<const char>(buffer_copy_space,
+                                 kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits);
+  } else {
+    *trimmed = right_trimmed;
+    *updated_exponent = exponent;
+  }
+}
+
+
+// Reads digits from the buffer and converts them to a uint64.
+// Reads in as many digits as fit into a uint64.
+// When the string starts with "1844674407370955161" no further digit is read.
+// Since 2^64 = 18446744073709551616 it would still be possible read another
+// digit if it was less or equal than 6, but this would complicate the code.
+static uint64_t ReadUint64(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                           int* number_of_read_digits) {
+  uint64_t result = 0;
+  int i = 0;
+  while (i < buffer.length() && result <= (kMaxUint64 / 10 - 1)) {
+    int digit = buffer[i++] - '0';
+    ASSERT(0 <= digit && digit <= 9);
+    result = 10 * result + digit;
+  }
+  *number_of_read_digits = i;
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+// Reads a DiyFp from the buffer.
+// The returned DiyFp is not necessarily normalized.
+// If remaining_decimals is zero then the returned DiyFp is accurate.
+// Otherwise it has been rounded and has error of at most 1/2 ulp.
+static void ReadDiyFp(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                      DiyFp* result,
+                      int* remaining_decimals) {
+  int read_digits;
+  uint64_t significand = ReadUint64(buffer, &read_digits);
+  if (buffer.length() == read_digits) {
+    *result = DiyFp(significand, 0);
+    *remaining_decimals = 0;
+  } else {
+    // Round the significand.
+    if (buffer[read_digits] >= '5') {
+      significand++;
+    }
+    // Compute the binary exponent.
+    int exponent = 0;
+    *result = DiyFp(significand, exponent);
+    *remaining_decimals = buffer.length() - read_digits;
+  }
+}
+
+
+static bool DoubleStrtod(Vector<const char> trimmed,
+                         int exponent,
+                         double* result) {
+#if !defined(DOUBLE_CONVERSION_CORRECT_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS)
+  // On x86 the floating-point stack can be 64 or 80 bits wide. If it is
+  // 80 bits wide (as is the case on Linux) then double-rounding occurs and the
+  // result is not accurate.
+  // We know that Windows32 uses 64 bits and is therefore accurate.
+  // Note that the ARM simulator is compiled for 32bits. It therefore exhibits
+  // the same problem.
+  return false;
+#endif
+  if (trimmed.length() <= kMaxExactDoubleIntegerDecimalDigits) {
+    int read_digits;
+    // The trimmed input fits into a double.
+    // If the 10^exponent (resp. 10^-exponent) fits into a double too then we
+    // can compute the result-double simply by multiplying (resp. dividing) the
+    // two numbers.
+    // This is possible because IEEE guarantees that floating-point operations
+    // return the best possible approximation.
+    if (exponent < 0 && -exponent < kExactPowersOfTenSize) {
+      // 10^-exponent fits into a double.
+      *result = static_cast<double>(ReadUint64(trimmed, &read_digits));
+      ASSERT(read_digits == trimmed.length());
+      *result /= exact_powers_of_ten[-exponent];
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (0 <= exponent && exponent < kExactPowersOfTenSize) {
+      // 10^exponent fits into a double.
+      *result = static_cast<double>(ReadUint64(trimmed, &read_digits));
+      ASSERT(read_digits == trimmed.length());
+      *result *= exact_powers_of_ten[exponent];
+      return true;
+    }
+    int remaining_digits =
+        kMaxExactDoubleIntegerDecimalDigits - trimmed.length();
+    if ((0 <= exponent) &&
+        (exponent - remaining_digits < kExactPowersOfTenSize)) {
+      // The trimmed string was short and we can multiply it with
+      // 10^remaining_digits. As a result the remaining exponent now fits
+      // into a double too.
+      *result = static_cast<double>(ReadUint64(trimmed, &read_digits));
+      ASSERT(read_digits == trimmed.length());
+      *result *= exact_powers_of_ten[remaining_digits];
+      *result *= exact_powers_of_ten[exponent - remaining_digits];
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+
+// Returns 10^exponent as an exact DiyFp.
+// The given exponent must be in the range [1; kDecimalExponentDistance[.
+static DiyFp AdjustmentPowerOfTen(int exponent) {
+  ASSERT(0 < exponent);
+  ASSERT(exponent < PowersOfTenCache::kDecimalExponentDistance);
+  // Simply hardcode the remaining powers for the given decimal exponent
+  // distance.
+  ASSERT(PowersOfTenCache::kDecimalExponentDistance == 8);
+  switch (exponent) {
+    case 1: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xa0000000, 00000000), -60);
+    case 2: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xc8000000, 00000000), -57);
+    case 3: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xfa000000, 00000000), -54);
+    case 4: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0x9c400000, 00000000), -50);
+    case 5: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xc3500000, 00000000), -47);
+    case 6: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0xf4240000, 00000000), -44);
+    case 7: return DiyFp(UINT64_2PART_C(0x98968000, 00000000), -40);
+    default:
+      UNREACHABLE();
+      return DiyFp(0, 0);
+  }
+}
+
+
+// If the function returns true then the result is the correct double.
+// Otherwise it is either the correct double or the double that is just below
+// the correct double.
+static bool DiyFpStrtod(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                        int exponent,
+                        double* result) {
+  DiyFp input;
+  int remaining_decimals;
+  ReadDiyFp(buffer, &input, &remaining_decimals);
+  // Since we may have dropped some digits the input is not accurate.
+  // If remaining_decimals is different than 0 than the error is at most
+  // .5 ulp (unit in the last place).
+  // We don't want to deal with fractions and therefore keep a common
+  // denominator.
+  const int kDenominatorLog = 3;
+  const int kDenominator = 1 << kDenominatorLog;
+  // Move the remaining decimals into the exponent.
+  exponent += remaining_decimals;
+  int error = (remaining_decimals == 0 ? 0 : kDenominator / 2);
+
+  int old_e = input.e();
+  input.Normalize();
+  error <<= old_e - input.e();
+
+  ASSERT(exponent <= PowersOfTenCache::kMaxDecimalExponent);
+  if (exponent < PowersOfTenCache::kMinDecimalExponent) {
+    *result = 0.0;
+    return true;
+  }
+  DiyFp cached_power;
+  int cached_decimal_exponent;
+  PowersOfTenCache::GetCachedPowerForDecimalExponent(exponent,
+                                                     &cached_power,
+                                                     &cached_decimal_exponent);
+
+  if (cached_decimal_exponent != exponent) {
+    int adjustment_exponent = exponent - cached_decimal_exponent;
+    DiyFp adjustment_power = AdjustmentPowerOfTen(adjustment_exponent);
+    input.Multiply(adjustment_power);
+    if (kMaxUint64DecimalDigits - buffer.length() >= adjustment_exponent) {
+      // The product of input with the adjustment power fits into a 64 bit
+      // integer.
+      ASSERT(DiyFp::kSignificandSize == 64);
+    } else {
+      // The adjustment power is exact. There is hence only an error of 0.5.
+      error += kDenominator / 2;
+    }
+  }
+
+  input.Multiply(cached_power);
+  // The error introduced by a multiplication of a*b equals
+  //   error_a + error_b + error_a*error_b/2^64 + 0.5
+  // Substituting a with 'input' and b with 'cached_power' we have
+  //   error_b = 0.5  (all cached powers have an error of less than 0.5 ulp),
+  //   error_ab = 0 or 1 / kDenominator > error_a*error_b/ 2^64
+  int error_b = kDenominator / 2;
+  int error_ab = (error == 0 ? 0 : 1);  // We round up to 1.
+  int fixed_error = kDenominator / 2;
+  error += error_b + error_ab + fixed_error;
+
+  old_e = input.e();
+  input.Normalize();
+  error <<= old_e - input.e();
+
+  // See if the double's significand changes if we add/subtract the error.
+  int order_of_magnitude = DiyFp::kSignificandSize + input.e();
+  int effective_significand_size =
+      Double::SignificandSizeForOrderOfMagnitude(order_of_magnitude);
+  int precision_digits_count =
+      DiyFp::kSignificandSize - effective_significand_size;
+  if (precision_digits_count + kDenominatorLog >= DiyFp::kSignificandSize) {
+    // This can only happen for very small denormals. In this case the
+    // half-way multiplied by the denominator exceeds the range of an uint64.
+    // Simply shift everything to the right.
+    int shift_amount = (precision_digits_count + kDenominatorLog) -
+        DiyFp::kSignificandSize + 1;
+    input.set_f(input.f() >> shift_amount);
+    input.set_e(input.e() + shift_amount);
+    // We add 1 for the lost precision of error, and kDenominator for
+    // the lost precision of input.f().
+    error = (error >> shift_amount) + 1 + kDenominator;
+    precision_digits_count -= shift_amount;
+  }
+  // We use uint64_ts now. This only works if the DiyFp uses uint64_ts too.
+  ASSERT(DiyFp::kSignificandSize == 64);
+  ASSERT(precision_digits_count < 64);
+  uint64_t one64 = 1;
+  uint64_t precision_bits_mask = (one64 << precision_digits_count) - 1;
+  uint64_t precision_bits = input.f() & precision_bits_mask;
+  uint64_t half_way = one64 << (precision_digits_count - 1);
+  precision_bits *= kDenominator;
+  half_way *= kDenominator;
+  DiyFp rounded_input(input.f() >> precision_digits_count,
+                      input.e() + precision_digits_count);
+  if (precision_bits >= half_way + error) {
+    rounded_input.set_f(rounded_input.f() + 1);
+  }
+  // If the last_bits are too close to the half-way case than we are too
+  // inaccurate and round down. In this case we return false so that we can
+  // fall back to a more precise algorithm.
+
+  *result = Double(rounded_input).value();
+  if (half_way - error < precision_bits && precision_bits < half_way + error) {
+    // Too imprecise. The caller will have to fall back to a slower version.
+    // However the returned number is guaranteed to be either the correct
+    // double, or the next-lower double.
+    return false;
+  } else {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+
+// Returns
+//   - -1 if buffer*10^exponent < diy_fp.
+//   -  0 if buffer*10^exponent == diy_fp.
+//   - +1 if buffer*10^exponent > diy_fp.
+// Preconditions:
+//   buffer.length() + exponent <= kMaxDecimalPower + 1
+//   buffer.length() + exponent > kMinDecimalPower
+//   buffer.length() <= kMaxDecimalSignificantDigits
+static int CompareBufferWithDiyFp(Vector<const char> buffer,
+                                  int exponent,
+                                  DiyFp diy_fp) {
+  ASSERT(buffer.length() + exponent <= kMaxDecimalPower + 1);
+  ASSERT(buffer.length() + exponent > kMinDecimalPower);
+  ASSERT(buffer.length() <= kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits);
+  // Make sure that the Bignum will be able to hold all our numbers.
+  // Our Bignum implementation has a separate field for exponents. Shifts will
+  // consume at most one bigit (< 64 bits).
+  // ln(10) == 3.3219...
+  ASSERT(((kMaxDecimalPower + 1) * 333 / 100) < Bignum::kMaxSignificantBits);
+  Bignum buffer_bignum;
+  Bignum diy_fp_bignum;
+  buffer_bignum.AssignDecimalString(buffer);
+  diy_fp_bignum.AssignUInt64(diy_fp.f());
+  if (exponent >= 0) {
+    buffer_bignum.MultiplyByPowerOfTen(exponent);
+  } else {
+    diy_fp_bignum.MultiplyByPowerOfTen(-exponent);
+  }
+  if (diy_fp.e() > 0) {
+    diy_fp_bignum.ShiftLeft(diy_fp.e());
+  } else {
+    buffer_bignum.ShiftLeft(-diy_fp.e());
+  }
+  return Bignum::Compare(buffer_bignum, diy_fp_bignum);
+}
+
+
+// Returns true if the guess is the correct double.
+// Returns false, when guess is either correct or the next-lower double.
+static bool ComputeGuess(Vector<const char> trimmed, int exponent,
+                         double* guess) {
+  if (trimmed.length() == 0) {
+    *guess = 0.0;
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (exponent + trimmed.length() - 1 >= kMaxDecimalPower) {
+    *guess = Double::Infinity();
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (exponent + trimmed.length() <= kMinDecimalPower) {
+    *guess = 0.0;
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (DoubleStrtod(trimmed, exponent, guess) ||
+      DiyFpStrtod(trimmed, exponent, guess)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (*guess == Double::Infinity()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+double Strtod(Vector<const char> buffer, int exponent) {
+  char copy_buffer[kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits];
+  Vector<const char> trimmed;
+  int updated_exponent;
+  TrimAndCut(buffer, exponent, copy_buffer, kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits,
+             &trimmed, &updated_exponent);
+  exponent = updated_exponent;
+
+  double guess;
+  bool is_correct = ComputeGuess(trimmed, exponent, &guess);
+  if (is_correct) return guess;
+
+  DiyFp upper_boundary = Double(guess).UpperBoundary();
+  int comparison = CompareBufferWithDiyFp(trimmed, exponent, upper_boundary);
+  if (comparison < 0) {
+    return guess;
+  } else if (comparison > 0) {
+    return Double(guess).NextDouble();
+  } else if ((Double(guess).Significand() & 1) == 0) {
+    // Round towards even.
+    return guess;
+  } else {
+    return Double(guess).NextDouble();
+  }
+}
+
+float Strtof(Vector<const char> buffer, int exponent) {
+  char copy_buffer[kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits];
+  Vector<const char> trimmed;
+  int updated_exponent;
+  TrimAndCut(buffer, exponent, copy_buffer, kMaxSignificantDecimalDigits,
+             &trimmed, &updated_exponent);
+  exponent = updated_exponent;
+
+  double double_guess;
+  bool is_correct = ComputeGuess(trimmed, exponent, &double_guess);
+
+  float float_guess = static_cast<float>(double_guess);
+  if (float_guess == double_guess) {
+    // This shortcut triggers for integer values.
+    return float_guess;
+  }
+
+  // We must catch double-rounding. Say the double has been rounded up, and is
+  // now a boundary of a float, and rounds up again. This is why we have to
+  // look at previous too.
+  // Example (in decimal numbers):
+  //    input: 12349
+  //    high-precision (4 digits): 1235
+  //    low-precision (3 digits):
+  //       when read from input: 123
+  //       when rounded from high precision: 124.
+  // To do this we simply look at the neigbors of the correct result and see
+  // if they would round to the same float. If the guess is not correct we have
+  // to look at four values (since two different doubles could be the correct
+  // double).
+
+  double double_next = Double(double_guess).NextDouble();
+  double double_previous = Double(double_guess).PreviousDouble();
+
+  float f1 = static_cast<float>(double_previous);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  float f2 = float_guess;
+#endif
+  float f3 = static_cast<float>(double_next);
+  float f4;
+  if (is_correct) {
+    f4 = f3;
+  } else {
+    double double_next2 = Double(double_next).NextDouble();
+    f4 = static_cast<float>(double_next2);
+  }
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  ASSERT(f1 <= f2 && f2 <= f3 && f3 <= f4);
+#endif
+
+  // If the guess doesn't lie near a single-precision boundary we can simply
+  // return its float-value.
+  if (f1 == f4) {
+    return float_guess;
+  }
+
+  ASSERT((f1 != f2 && f2 == f3 && f3 == f4) ||
+         (f1 == f2 && f2 != f3 && f3 == f4) ||
+         (f1 == f2 && f2 == f3 && f3 != f4));
+
+  // guess and next are the two possible canditates (in the same way that
+  // double_guess was the lower candidate for a double-precision guess).
+  float guess = f1;
+  float next = f4;
+  DiyFp upper_boundary;
+  if (guess == 0.0f) {
+    float min_float = 1e-45f;
+    upper_boundary = Double(static_cast<double>(min_float) / 2).AsDiyFp();
+  } else {
+    upper_boundary = Single(guess).UpperBoundary();
+  }
+  int comparison = CompareBufferWithDiyFp(trimmed, exponent, upper_boundary);
+  if (comparison < 0) {
+    return guess;
+  } else if (comparison > 0) {
+    return next;
+  } else if ((Single(guess).Significand() & 1) == 0) {
+    // Round towards even.
+    return guess;
+  } else {
+    return next;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/strtod.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/strtod.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ed0293b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/strtod.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_STRTOD_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_STRTOD_H_
+
+#include "utils.h"
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+// The buffer must only contain digits in the range [0-9]. It must not
+// contain a dot or a sign. It must not start with '0', and must not be empty.
+double Strtod(Vector<const char> buffer, int exponent);
+
+// The buffer must only contain digits in the range [0-9]. It must not
+// contain a dot or a sign. It must not start with '0', and must not be empty.
+float Strtof(Vector<const char> buffer, int exponent);
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_STRTOD_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/double-conversion/utils.h b/klm/util/double-conversion/utils.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..767094b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/double-conversion/utils.h
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+// Copyright 2010 the V8 project authors. All rights reserved.
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+//       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+//       copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
+//       disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
+//       with the distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+//       contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
+//       from this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+
+#ifndef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_UTILS_H_
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_UTILS_H_
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#ifndef ASSERT
+#define ASSERT(condition)      (assert(condition))
+#endif
+#ifndef UNIMPLEMENTED
+#define UNIMPLEMENTED() (abort())
+#endif
+#ifndef UNREACHABLE
+#define UNREACHABLE()   (abort())
+#endif
+
+// Double operations detection based on target architecture.
+// Linux uses a 80bit wide floating point stack on x86. This induces double
+// rounding, which in turn leads to wrong results.
+// An easy way to test if the floating-point operations are correct is to
+// evaluate: 89255.0/1e22. If the floating-point stack is 64 bits wide then
+// the result is equal to 89255e-22.
+// The best way to test this, is to create a division-function and to compare
+// the output of the division with the expected result. (Inlining must be
+// disabled.)
+// On Linux,x86 89255e-22 != Div_double(89255.0/1e22)
+#if defined(_M_X64) || defined(__x86_64__) || \
+    defined(__ARMEL__) || defined(__avr32__) || \
+    defined(__hppa__) || defined(__ia64__) || \
+    defined(__mips__) || defined(__powerpc__) || \
+    defined(__sparc__) || defined(__sparc) || defined(__s390__) || \
+    defined(__SH4__) || defined(__alpha__) || \
+    defined(_MIPS_ARCH_MIPS32R2)
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_CORRECT_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS 1
+#elif defined(_M_IX86) || defined(__i386__) || defined(__i386)
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+// Windows uses a 64bit wide floating point stack.
+#define DOUBLE_CONVERSION_CORRECT_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS 1
+#else
+#undef DOUBLE_CONVERSION_CORRECT_DOUBLE_OPERATIONS
+#endif  // _WIN32
+#else
+#error Target architecture was not detected as supported by Double-Conversion.
+#endif
+
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__)
+
+typedef signed char int8_t;
+typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
+typedef short int16_t;  // NOLINT
+typedef unsigned short uint16_t;  // NOLINT
+typedef int int32_t;
+typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
+typedef __int64 int64_t;
+typedef unsigned __int64 uint64_t;
+// intptr_t and friends are defined in crtdefs.h through stdio.h.
+
+#else
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#endif
+
+// The following macro works on both 32 and 64-bit platforms.
+// Usage: instead of writing 0x1234567890123456
+//      write UINT64_2PART_C(0x12345678,90123456);
+#define UINT64_2PART_C(a, b) (((static_cast<uint64_t>(a) << 32) + 0x##b##u))
+
+
+// The expression ARRAY_SIZE(a) is a compile-time constant of type
+// size_t which represents the number of elements of the given
+// array. You should only use ARRAY_SIZE on statically allocated
+// arrays.
+#ifndef ARRAY_SIZE
+#define ARRAY_SIZE(a)                                   \
+  ((sizeof(a) / sizeof(*(a))) /                         \
+  static_cast<size_t>(!(sizeof(a) % sizeof(*(a)))))
+#endif
+
+// A macro to disallow the evil copy constructor and operator= functions
+// This should be used in the private: declarations for a class
+#ifndef DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN
+#define DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName)      \
+  TypeName(const TypeName&);                    \
+  void operator=(const TypeName&)
+#endif
+
+// A macro to disallow all the implicit constructors, namely the
+// default constructor, copy constructor and operator= functions.
+//
+// This should be used in the private: declarations for a class
+// that wants to prevent anyone from instantiating it. This is
+// especially useful for classes containing only static methods.
+#ifndef DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS
+#define DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(TypeName) \
+  TypeName();                                    \
+  DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(TypeName)
+#endif
+
+namespace double_conversion {
+
+static const int kCharSize = sizeof(char);
+
+// Returns the maximum of the two parameters.
+template <typename T>
+static T Max(T a, T b) {
+  return a < b ? b : a;
+}
+
+
+// Returns the minimum of the two parameters.
+template <typename T>
+static T Min(T a, T b) {
+  return a < b ? a : b;
+}
+
+
+inline int StrLength(const char* string) {
+  size_t length = strlen(string);
+  ASSERT(length == static_cast<size_t>(static_cast<int>(length)));
+  return static_cast<int>(length);
+}
+
+// This is a simplified version of V8's Vector class.
+template <typename T>
+class Vector {
+ public:
+  Vector() : start_(NULL), length_(0) {}
+  Vector(T* data, int length) : start_(data), length_(length) {
+    ASSERT(length == 0 || (length > 0 && data != NULL));
+  }
+
+  // Returns a vector using the same backing storage as this one,
+  // spanning from and including 'from', to but not including 'to'.
+  Vector<T> SubVector(int from, int to) {
+    ASSERT(to <= length_);
+    ASSERT(from < to);
+    ASSERT(0 <= from);
+    return Vector<T>(start() + from, to - from);
+  }
+
+  // Returns the length of the vector.
+  int length() const { return length_; }
+
+  // Returns whether or not the vector is empty.
+  bool is_empty() const { return length_ == 0; }
+
+  // Returns the pointer to the start of the data in the vector.
+  T* start() const { return start_; }
+
+  // Access individual vector elements - checks bounds in debug mode.
+  T& operator[](int index) const {
+    ASSERT(0 <= index && index < length_);
+    return start_[index];
+  }
+
+  T& first() { return start_[0]; }
+
+  T& last() { return start_[length_ - 1]; }
+
+ private:
+  T* start_;
+  int length_;
+};
+
+
+// Helper class for building result strings in a character buffer. The
+// purpose of the class is to use safe operations that checks the
+// buffer bounds on all operations in debug mode.
+class StringBuilder {
+ public:
+  StringBuilder(char* buffer, int size)
+      : buffer_(buffer, size), position_(0) { }
+
+  ~StringBuilder() { if (!is_finalized()) Finalize(); }
+
+  int size() const { return buffer_.length(); }
+
+  // Get the current position in the builder.
+  int position() const {
+    ASSERT(!is_finalized());
+    return position_;
+  }
+
+  // Reset the position.
+  void Reset() { position_ = 0; }
+
+  // Add a single character to the builder. It is not allowed to add
+  // 0-characters; use the Finalize() method to terminate the string
+  // instead.
+  void AddCharacter(char c) {
+    ASSERT(c != '\0');
+    ASSERT(!is_finalized() && position_ < buffer_.length());
+    buffer_[position_++] = c;
+  }
+
+  // Add an entire string to the builder. Uses strlen() internally to
+  // compute the length of the input string.
+  void AddString(const char* s) {
+    AddSubstring(s, StrLength(s));
+  }
+
+  // Add the first 'n' characters of the given string 's' to the
+  // builder. The input string must have enough characters.
+  void AddSubstring(const char* s, int n) {
+    ASSERT(!is_finalized() && position_ + n < buffer_.length());
+    ASSERT(static_cast<size_t>(n) <= strlen(s));
+    memmove(&buffer_[position_], s, n * kCharSize);
+    position_ += n;
+  }
+
+
+  // Add character padding to the builder. If count is non-positive,
+  // nothing is added to the builder.
+  void AddPadding(char c, int count) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+      AddCharacter(c);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Finalize the string by 0-terminating it and returning the buffer.
+  char* Finalize() {
+    ASSERT(!is_finalized() && position_ < buffer_.length());
+    buffer_[position_] = '\0';
+    // Make sure nobody managed to add a 0-character to the
+    // buffer while building the string.
+    ASSERT(strlen(buffer_.start()) == static_cast<size_t>(position_));
+    position_ = -1;
+    ASSERT(is_finalized());
+    return buffer_.start();
+  }
+
+ private:
+  Vector<char> buffer_;
+  int position_;
+
+  bool is_finalized() const { return position_ < 0; }
+
+  DISALLOW_IMPLICIT_CONSTRUCTORS(StringBuilder);
+};
+
+// The type-based aliasing rule allows the compiler to assume that pointers of
+// different types (for some definition of different) never alias each other.
+// Thus the following code does not work:
+//
+// float f = foo();
+// int fbits = *(int*)(&f);
+//
+// The compiler 'knows' that the int pointer can't refer to f since the types
+// don't match, so the compiler may cache f in a register, leaving random data
+// in fbits.  Using C++ style casts makes no difference, however a pointer to
+// char data is assumed to alias any other pointer.  This is the 'memcpy
+// exception'.
+//
+// Bit_cast uses the memcpy exception to move the bits from a variable of one
+// type of a variable of another type.  Of course the end result is likely to
+// be implementation dependent.  Most compilers (gcc-4.2 and MSVC 2005)
+// will completely optimize BitCast away.
+//
+// There is an additional use for BitCast.
+// Recent gccs will warn when they see casts that may result in breakage due to
+// the type-based aliasing rule.  If you have checked that there is no breakage
+// you can use BitCast to cast one pointer type to another.  This confuses gcc
+// enough that it can no longer see that you have cast one pointer type to
+// another thus avoiding the warning.
+template <class Dest, class Source>
+inline Dest BitCast(const Source& source) {
+  // Compile time assertion: sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source)
+  // A compile error here means your Dest and Source have different sizes.
+  typedef char VerifySizesAreEqual[sizeof(Dest) == sizeof(Source) ? 1 : -1];
+
+  Dest dest;
+  memmove(&dest, &source, sizeof(dest));
+  return dest;
+}
+
+template <class Dest, class Source>
+inline Dest BitCast(Source* source) {
+  return BitCast<Dest>(reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(source));
+}
+
+}  // namespace double_conversion
+
+#endif  // DOUBLE_CONVERSION_UTILS_H_
diff --git a/klm/util/ersatz_progress.cc b/klm/util/ersatz_progress.cc
index eb635ad8..498ab5c5 100644
--- a/klm/util/ersatz_progress.cc
+++ b/klm/util/ersatz_progress.cc
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ namespace util {
 
 namespace { const unsigned char kWidth = 100; }
 
+const char kProgressBanner[] = "----5---10---15---20---25---30---35---40---45---50---55---60---65---70---75---80---85---90---95--100\n";
+
 ErsatzProgress::ErsatzProgress() : current_(0), next_(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()), complete_(next_), out_(NULL) {}
 
 ErsatzProgress::~ErsatzProgress() {
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ ErsatzProgress::ErsatzProgress(uint64_t complete, std::ostream *to, const std::s
     return;
   }
   if (!message.empty()) *out_ << message << '\n';
-  *out_ << "----5---10---15---20---25---30---35---40---45---50---55---60---65---70---75---80---85---90---95--100\n";
+  *out_ << kProgressBanner;
 }
 
 void ErsatzProgress::Milestone() {
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ void ErsatzProgress::Milestone() {
     next_ = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
     out_ = NULL;
   } else {
-    next_ = std::max(next_, (stone * complete_) / kWidth);
+    next_ = std::max(next_, ((stone + 1) * complete_ + kWidth - 1) / kWidth);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/klm/util/ersatz_progress.hh b/klm/util/ersatz_progress.hh
index 9909736d..b94399a8 100644
--- a/klm/util/ersatz_progress.hh
+++ b/klm/util/ersatz_progress.hh
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@
 // boost.  Also adds option to print nothing.  
 
 namespace util {
+
+extern const char kProgressBanner[];
+
 class ErsatzProgress {
   public:
     // No output.  
@@ -32,7 +35,6 @@ class ErsatzProgress {
 
     void Set(uint64_t to) {
       if ((current_ = to) >= next_) Milestone();
-      Milestone();
     }
 
     void Finished() {
diff --git a/klm/util/exception.cc b/klm/util/exception.cc
index 3806e6de..557c3986 100644
--- a/klm/util/exception.cc
+++ b/klm/util/exception.cc
@@ -79,11 +79,6 @@ ErrnoException::ErrnoException() throw() : errno_(errno) {
 
 ErrnoException::~ErrnoException() throw() {}
 
-EndOfFileException::EndOfFileException() throw() {
-  *this << "End of file";
-}
-EndOfFileException::~EndOfFileException() throw() {}
-
 OverflowException::OverflowException() throw() {}
 OverflowException::~OverflowException() throw() {}
 
diff --git a/klm/util/exception.hh b/klm/util/exception.hh
index 0165a7a3..74046cf9 100644
--- a/klm/util/exception.hh
+++ b/klm/util/exception.hh
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Exception : public std::exception {
 };
 
 /* This implements the normal operator<< for Exception and all its children. 
- * SNIFAE means it only applies to Exception.  Think of this as an ersatz
+ * SFINAE means it only applies to Exception.  Think of this as an ersatz
  * boost::enable_if.  
  */
 template <class Except, class Data> typename Except::template ExceptionTag<Except&>::Identity operator<<(Except &e, const Data &data) {
@@ -62,30 +62,26 @@ template <class Except, class Data> typename Except::template ExceptionTag<Excep
 #endif
 #endif
 
-#define UTIL_SET_LOCATION(UTIL_e, child, condition) do { \
-  (UTIL_e).SetLocation(__FILE__, __LINE__, UTIL_FUNC_NAME, (child), (condition)); \
-} while (0)
-
 /* Create an instance of Exception, add the message Modify, and throw it.
  * Modify is appended to the what() message and can contain << for ostream
  * operations.  
  *
  * do .. while kludge to swallow trailing ; character
  * http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/cpp/Swallowing-the-Semicolon.html .  
+ * Arg can be a constructor argument to the exception.
  */
-#define UTIL_THROW(Exception, Modify) do { \
-  Exception UTIL_e; \
-  UTIL_SET_LOCATION(UTIL_e, #Exception, NULL); \
+#define UTIL_THROW_BACKEND(Condition, Exception, Arg, Modify) do { \
+  Exception UTIL_e Arg; \
+  UTIL_e.SetLocation(__FILE__, __LINE__, UTIL_FUNC_NAME, #Exception, Condition); \
   UTIL_e << Modify; \
   throw UTIL_e; \
 } while (0)
 
-#define UTIL_THROW_VAR(Var, Modify) do { \
-  Exception &UTIL_e = (Var); \
-  UTIL_SET_LOCATION(UTIL_e, NULL, NULL); \
-  UTIL_e << Modify; \
-  throw UTIL_e; \
-} while (0)
+#define UTIL_THROW_ARG(Exception, Arg, Modify) \
+  UTIL_THROW_BACKEND(NULL, Exception, Arg, Modify)
+
+#define UTIL_THROW(Exception, Modify) \
+  UTIL_THROW_BACKEND(NULL, Exception, , Modify);
 
 #if __GNUC__ >= 3
 #define UTIL_UNLIKELY(x) __builtin_expect (!!(x), 0)
@@ -93,15 +89,16 @@ template <class Except, class Data> typename Except::template ExceptionTag<Excep
 #define UTIL_UNLIKELY(x) (x)
 #endif
 
-#define UTIL_THROW_IF(Condition, Exception, Modify) do { \
+#define UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(Condition, Exception, Arg, Modify) do { \
   if (UTIL_UNLIKELY(Condition)) { \
-    Exception UTIL_e; \
-    UTIL_SET_LOCATION(UTIL_e, #Exception, #Condition); \
-    UTIL_e << Modify; \
-    throw UTIL_e; \
+    UTIL_THROW_BACKEND(#Condition, Exception, Arg, Modify); \
   } \
 } while (0)
 
+#define UTIL_THROW_IF(Condition, Exception, Modify) \
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(Condition, Exception, , Modify)
+
+// Exception that records errno and adds it to the message.
 class ErrnoException : public Exception {
   public:
     ErrnoException() throw();
@@ -114,12 +111,7 @@ class ErrnoException : public Exception {
     int errno_;
 };
 
-class EndOfFileException : public Exception {
-  public:
-    EndOfFileException() throw();
-    ~EndOfFileException() throw();
-};
-
+// Utilities for overflow checking.  
 class OverflowException : public Exception {
   public:
     OverflowException() throw();
diff --git a/klm/util/file.cc b/klm/util/file.cc
index b9a77cf9..86d9b12d 100644
--- a/klm/util/file.cc
+++ b/klm/util/file.cc
@@ -1,12 +1,17 @@
+#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
+#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS 64
+
 #include "util/file.hh"
 
 #include "util/exception.hh"
 
 #include <cstdlib>
 #include <cstdio>
+#include <sstream>
 #include <iostream>
 
 #include <assert.h>
+#include <errno.h>
 #include <sys/types.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
@@ -17,6 +22,7 @@
 #include <io.h>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <limits.h>
+#include <limits>
 #else
 #include <unistd.h>
 #endif
@@ -37,6 +43,18 @@ scoped_FILE::~scoped_FILE() {
   }
 }
 
+// Note that ErrnoException records errno before NameFromFD is called.
+FDException::FDException(int fd) throw() : fd_(fd), name_guess_(NameFromFD(fd)) {
+  *this << "in " << name_guess_ << ' ';
+}
+
+FDException::~FDException() throw() {}
+
+EndOfFileException::EndOfFileException() throw() {
+  *this << "End of file";
+}
+EndOfFileException::~EndOfFileException() throw() {}
+
 int OpenReadOrThrow(const char *name) {
   int ret;
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
@@ -61,19 +79,36 @@ uint64_t SizeFile(int fd) {
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
   __int64 ret = _filelengthi64(fd);
   return (ret == -1) ? kBadSize : ret;
+#else // Not windows.
+
+#ifdef OS_ANDROID
+  struct stat64 sb;
+  int ret = fstat64(fd, &sb);
 #else
   struct stat sb;
-  if (fstat(fd, &sb) == -1 || (!sb.st_size && !S_ISREG(sb.st_mode))) return kBadSize;
+  int ret = fstat(fd, &sb);
+#endif
+  if (ret == -1 || (!sb.st_size && !S_ISREG(sb.st_mode))) return kBadSize;
   return sb.st_size;
 #endif
 }
 
+uint64_t SizeOrThrow(int fd) {
+  uint64_t ret = SizeFile(fd);
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(ret == kBadSize, FDException, (fd), "Failed to size");
+  return ret;
+}
+
 void ResizeOrThrow(int fd, uint64_t to) {
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
-  UTIL_THROW_IF(_chsize_s(fd, to), ErrnoException, "Resizing to " << to << " bytes failed");
+    errno_t ret = _chsize_s
+#elif defined(OS_ANDROID)
+    int ret = ftruncate64
 #else
-  UTIL_THROW_IF(ftruncate(fd, to), ErrnoException, "Resizing to " << to << " bytes failed");
+    int ret = ftruncate
 #endif
+    (fd, to);
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(ret, FDException, (fd), "while resizing to " << to << " bytes");
 }
 
 std::size_t PartialRead(int fd, void *to, std::size_t amount) {
@@ -81,9 +116,13 @@ std::size_t PartialRead(int fd, void *to, std::size_t amount) {
   amount = min(static_cast<std::size_t>(INT_MAX), amount);
   int ret = _read(fd, to, amount); 
 #else
-  ssize_t ret = read(fd, to, amount);
+  errno = 0;
+  ssize_t ret;
+  do {
+    ret = read(fd, to, amount);
+  } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR);
 #endif
-  UTIL_THROW_IF(ret < 0, ErrnoException, "Reading " << amount << " from fd " << fd << " failed.");
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(ret < 0, FDException, (fd), "while reading " << amount << " bytes");
   return static_cast<std::size_t>(ret);
 }
 
@@ -91,7 +130,7 @@ void ReadOrThrow(int fd, void *to_void, std::size_t amount) {
   uint8_t *to = static_cast<uint8_t*>(to_void);
   while (amount) {
     std::size_t ret = PartialRead(fd, to, amount);
-    UTIL_THROW_IF(ret == 0, EndOfFileException, " in fd " << fd << " but there should be " << amount << " more bytes to read.");
+    UTIL_THROW_IF(ret == 0, EndOfFileException, " in " << NameFromFD(fd) << " but there should be " << amount << " more bytes to read.");
     amount -= ret;
     to += ret;
   }
@@ -109,40 +148,98 @@ std::size_t ReadOrEOF(int fd, void *to_void, std::size_t amount) {
   return amount;
 }
 
+void PReadOrThrow(int fd, void *to_void, std::size_t size, uint64_t off) {
+  uint8_t *to = static_cast<uint8_t*>(to_void);
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+  UTIL_THROW(Exception, "This pread implementation for windows is broken.  Please send me a patch that does not change the file pointer.  Atomically.  Or send me an implementation of pwrite that is allowed to change the file pointer but can be called concurrently with pread.");
+  const std::size_t kMaxDWORD = static_cast<std::size_t>(4294967295UL);
+#endif
+  for (;size ;) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+    /* BROKEN: changes file pointer.  Even if you save it and change it back, it won't be safe to use concurrently with write() or read() which lmplz does. */
+    // size_t might be 64-bit.  DWORD is always 32.
+    DWORD reading = static_cast<DWORD>(std::min<std::size_t>(kMaxDWORD, size));
+    DWORD ret;
+    OVERLAPPED overlapped;
+    memset(&overlapped, 0, sizeof(OVERLAPPED));
+    overlapped.Offset = static_cast<DWORD>(off);
+    overlapped.OffsetHigh = static_cast<DWORD>(off >> 32);
+    UTIL_THROW_IF(!ReadFile((HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(fd), to, reading, &ret, &overlapped), Exception, "ReadFile failed for offset " << off);
+#else
+    ssize_t ret;
+    errno = 0;
+    do {
+#ifdef OS_ANDROID
+      ret = pread64(fd, to, size, off);
+#else
+      ret = pread(fd, to, size, off);
+#endif
+    } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR);
+    if (ret <= 0) {
+      UTIL_THROW_IF(ret == 0, EndOfFileException, " for reading " << size << " bytes at " << off << " from " << NameFromFD(fd));
+      UTIL_THROW_ARG(FDException, (fd), "while reading " << size << " bytes at offset " << off);
+    }
+#endif
+    size -= ret;
+    off += ret;
+    to += ret;
+  }
+}
+
 void WriteOrThrow(int fd, const void *data_void, std::size_t size) {
   const uint8_t *data = static_cast<const uint8_t*>(data_void);
   while (size) {
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
     int ret = write(fd, data, min(static_cast<std::size_t>(INT_MAX), size));
 #else
-    ssize_t ret = write(fd, data, size);
+    errno = 0;
+    ssize_t ret;
+    do {
+      ret = write(fd, data, size);
+    } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR);
 #endif
-    if (ret < 1) UTIL_THROW(util::ErrnoException, "Write failed");
+    UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(ret < 1, FDException, (fd), "while writing " << size << " bytes");
     data += ret;
     size -= ret;
   }
 }
 
 void WriteOrThrow(FILE *to, const void *data, std::size_t size) {
-  assert(size);
-  UTIL_THROW_IF(1 != std::fwrite(data, size, 1, to), util::ErrnoException, "Short write; requested size " << size);
+  if (!size) return;
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(1 != std::fwrite(data, size, 1, to), ErrnoException, "Short write; requested size " << size);
 }
 
 void FSyncOrThrow(int fd) {
 // Apparently windows doesn't have fsync?  
 #if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
-  UTIL_THROW_IF(-1 == fsync(fd), ErrnoException, "Sync of " << fd << " failed.");
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(-1 == fsync(fd), FDException, (fd), "while syncing");
 #endif
 }
 
 namespace {
+
+// Static assert for 64-bit off_t size.
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64) && !defined(OS_ANDROID)
+template <unsigned> struct CheckOffT;
+template <> struct CheckOffT<8> {
+  struct True {};
+};
+// If there's a compiler error on the next line, then off_t isn't 64 bit.  And
+// that makes me a sad panda.
+typedef CheckOffT<sizeof(off_t)>::True IgnoredType;
+#endif
+
+// Can't we all just get along?  
 void InternalSeek(int fd, int64_t off, int whence) {
+  if (
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
-  UTIL_THROW_IF((__int64)-1 == _lseeki64(fd, off, whence), ErrnoException, "Windows seek failed");
-
+    (__int64)-1 == _lseeki64(fd, off, whence)
+#elif defined(OS_ANDROID)
+    (off64_t)-1 == lseek64(fd, off, whence)
 #else
-  UTIL_THROW_IF((off_t)-1 == lseek(fd, off, whence), ErrnoException, "Seek failed");
+    (off_t)-1 == lseek(fd, off, whence)
 #endif
+  ) UTIL_THROW_ARG(FDException, (fd), "while seeking to " << off << " whence " << whence);
 }
 } // namespace
 
@@ -160,22 +257,18 @@ void SeekEnd(int fd) {
 
 std::FILE *FDOpenOrThrow(scoped_fd &file) {
   std::FILE *ret = fdopen(file.get(), "r+b");
-  if (!ret) UTIL_THROW(util::ErrnoException, "Could not fdopen descriptor " << file.get());
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(!ret, FDException, (file.get()), "Could not fdopen for write");
   file.release();
   return ret;
 }
 
 std::FILE *FDOpenReadOrThrow(scoped_fd &file) {
   std::FILE *ret = fdopen(file.get(), "rb");
-  if (!ret) UTIL_THROW(util::ErrnoException, "Could not fdopen descriptor " << file.get());
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(!ret, FDException, (file.get()), "Could not fdopen for read");
   file.release();
   return ret;
 }
 
-TempMaker::TempMaker(const std::string &prefix) : base_(prefix) {
-  base_ += "XXXXXX";
-}
-
 // Sigh.  Windows temporary file creation is full of race conditions.
 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
 /* mkstemp extracted from libc/sysdeps/posix/tempname.c.  Copyright
@@ -292,23 +385,93 @@ int
 mkstemp_and_unlink(char *tmpl) {
   int ret = mkstemp(tmpl);
   if (ret != -1) {
-    UTIL_THROW_IF(unlink(tmpl), util::ErrnoException, "Failed to delete " << tmpl);
+    UTIL_THROW_IF(unlink(tmpl), ErrnoException, "while deleting delete " << tmpl);
   }
   return ret;
 }
 #endif
 
-int TempMaker::Make() const {
-  std::string name(base_);
+// If it's a directory, add a /.  This lets users say -T /tmp without creating
+// /tmpAAAAAA
+void NormalizeTempPrefix(std::string &base) {
+  if (base.empty()) return;
+  if (base[base.size() - 1] == '/') return;
+  struct stat sb;
+  // It's fine for it to not exist.
+  if (-1 == stat(base.c_str(), &sb)) return;
+  if (
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+    sb.st_mode & _S_IFDIR
+#else
+    S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)
+#endif
+    ) base += '/';
+}
+
+int MakeTemp(const std::string &base) {
+  std::string name(base);
+  name += "XXXXXX";
   name.push_back(0);
   int ret;
-  UTIL_THROW_IF(-1 == (ret = mkstemp_and_unlink(&name[0])), util::ErrnoException, "Failed to make a temporary based on " << base_);
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(-1 == (ret = mkstemp_and_unlink(&name[0])), ErrnoException, "while making a temporary based on " << base);
   return ret;
 }
 
-std::FILE *TempMaker::MakeFile() const {
-  util::scoped_fd file(Make());
+std::FILE *FMakeTemp(const std::string &base) {
+  util::scoped_fd file(MakeTemp(base));
   return FDOpenOrThrow(file);
 }
 
+int DupOrThrow(int fd) {
+  int ret = dup(fd);
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(ret == -1, FDException, (fd), "in duplicating the file descriptor");
+  return ret;
+}
+
+namespace {
+// Try to name things but be willing to fail too.
+bool TryName(int fd, std::string &out) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+  return false;
+#else
+  std::string name("/proc/self/fd/");
+  std::ostringstream convert;
+  convert << fd;
+  name += convert.str();
+  
+  struct stat sb;
+  if (-1 == lstat(name.c_str(), &sb)) 
+    return false;
+  out.resize(sb.st_size + 1);
+  ssize_t ret = readlink(name.c_str(), &out[0], sb.st_size + 1);
+  if (-1 == ret)
+    return false;
+  if (ret > sb.st_size) {
+    // Increased in size?!
+    return false;
+  }
+  out.resize(ret);
+  // Don't use the non-file names.
+  if (!out.empty() && out[0] != '/') 
+    return false;
+  return true;
+#endif
+}
+} // namespace
+
+std::string NameFromFD(int fd) {
+  std::string ret;
+  if (TryName(fd, ret)) return ret;
+  switch (fd) {
+    case 0: return "stdin";
+    case 1: return "stdout";
+    case 2: return "stderr";
+  }
+  ret = "fd ";
+  std::ostringstream convert;
+  convert << fd;
+  ret += convert.str();
+  return ret;
+}
+
 } // namespace util
diff --git a/klm/util/file.hh b/klm/util/file.hh
index c24580d6..be88431d 100644
--- a/klm/util/file.hh
+++ b/klm/util/file.hh
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef UTIL_FILE__
 #define UTIL_FILE__
 
+#include "util/exception.hh"
+
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <string>
@@ -17,7 +19,7 @@ class scoped_fd {
 
     ~scoped_fd();
 
-    void reset(int to) {
+    void reset(int to = -1) {
       scoped_fd other(fd_);
       fd_ = to;
     }
@@ -63,6 +65,32 @@ class scoped_FILE {
     std::FILE *file_;
 };
 
+/* Thrown for any operation where the fd is known. */
+class FDException : public ErrnoException {
+  public:
+    explicit FDException(int fd) throw();
+
+    virtual ~FDException() throw();
+
+    // This may no longer be valid if the exception was thrown past open.
+    int FD() const { return fd_; }
+
+    // Guess from NameFromFD.
+    const std::string &NameGuess() const { return name_guess_; }
+
+  private:
+    int fd_;
+
+    std::string name_guess_;
+};
+
+// End of file reached.
+class EndOfFileException : public Exception {
+  public:
+    EndOfFileException() throw();
+    ~EndOfFileException() throw();
+};
+
 // Open for read only.  
 int OpenReadOrThrow(const char *name);
 // Create file if it doesn't exist, truncate if it does.  Opened for write.   
@@ -71,12 +99,15 @@ int CreateOrThrow(const char *name);
 // Return value for SizeFile when it can't size properly.  
 const uint64_t kBadSize = (uint64_t)-1;
 uint64_t SizeFile(int fd);
+uint64_t SizeOrThrow(int fd);
 
 void ResizeOrThrow(int fd, uint64_t to);
 
 std::size_t PartialRead(int fd, void *to, std::size_t size);
 void ReadOrThrow(int fd, void *to, std::size_t size);
 std::size_t ReadOrEOF(int fd, void *to_void, std::size_t size);
+// Positioned: unix only for now.  
+void PReadOrThrow(int fd, void *to, std::size_t size, uint64_t off);
 
 void WriteOrThrow(int fd, const void *data_void, std::size_t size);
 void WriteOrThrow(FILE *to, const void *data, std::size_t size);
@@ -91,17 +122,20 @@ void SeekEnd(int fd);
 std::FILE *FDOpenOrThrow(scoped_fd &file);
 std::FILE *FDOpenReadOrThrow(scoped_fd &file);
 
-class TempMaker {
-  public:
-    explicit TempMaker(const std::string &prefix);
+// Temporary files
+// Append a / if base is a directory.
+void NormalizeTempPrefix(std::string &base);
+int MakeTemp(const std::string &prefix);
+std::FILE *FMakeTemp(const std::string &prefix);
 
-    // These will already be unlinked for you.  
-    int Make() const;
-    std::FILE *MakeFile() const;
+// dup an fd.
+int DupOrThrow(int fd);
 
-  private:
-    std::string base_;
-};
+/* Attempt get file name from fd.  This won't always work (i.e. on Windows or
+ * a pipe).  The file might have been renamed.  It's intended for diagnostics
+ * and logging only.
+ */
+std::string NameFromFD(int fd);
 
 } // namespace util
 
diff --git a/klm/util/file_piece.cc b/klm/util/file_piece.cc
index 5a208eff..9de30fc4 100644
--- a/klm/util/file_piece.cc
+++ b/klm/util/file_piece.cc
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 #include "util/file_piece.hh"
 
+#include "util/double-conversion/double-conversion.h"
 #include "util/exception.hh"
 #include "util/file.hh"
 #include "util/mmap.hh"
-#ifdef WIN32
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
 #include <io.h>
 #else
 #include <unistd.h>
-#endif // WIN32
+#endif
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
@@ -34,10 +36,29 @@ FilePiece::FilePiece(const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress, std::size_t
   Initialize(name, show_progress, min_buffer);
 }
 
-FilePiece::FilePiece(int fd, const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress, std::size_t min_buffer)  : 
+namespace {
+std::string NamePossiblyFind(int fd, const char *name) {
+  if (name) return name;
+  return NameFromFD(fd);
+}
+} // namespace
+
+FilePiece::FilePiece(int fd, const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress, std::size_t min_buffer) : 
   file_(fd), total_size_(SizeFile(file_.get())), page_(SizePage()),
-  progress_(total_size_, total_size_ == kBadSize ? NULL : show_progress, std::string("Reading ") + name) {
-  Initialize(name, show_progress, min_buffer);
+  progress_(total_size_, total_size_ == kBadSize ? NULL : show_progress, std::string("Reading ") + NamePossiblyFind(fd, name)) {
+  Initialize(NamePossiblyFind(fd, name).c_str(), show_progress, min_buffer);
+}
+
+FilePiece::FilePiece(std::istream &stream, const char *name, std::size_t min_buffer) :
+  total_size_(kBadSize), page_(SizePage()) {
+  InitializeNoRead(name ? name : "istream", min_buffer);
+
+  fallback_to_read_ = true;
+  data_.reset(MallocOrThrow(default_map_size_), default_map_size_, scoped_memory::MALLOC_ALLOCATED);
+  position_ = data_.begin();
+  position_end_ = position_;
+  
+  fell_back_.Reset(stream);
 }
 
 FilePiece::~FilePiece() {}
@@ -74,7 +95,34 @@ unsigned long int FilePiece::ReadULong() {
   return ReadNumber<unsigned long int>();
 }
 
-void FilePiece::Initialize(const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress, std::size_t min_buffer)  {
+std::size_t FilePiece::Raw(void *to, std::size_t limit) {
+  if (!limit) return 0;
+  std::size_t in_buf = static_cast<std::size_t>(position_end_ - position_);
+  if (in_buf) {
+    std::size_t amount = std::min(in_buf, limit);
+    memcpy(to, position_, amount);
+    position_ += amount;
+    return amount;
+  }
+
+  std::size_t read_return;
+  if (fallback_to_read_) {
+    read_return = fell_back_.Read(to, limit);
+    progress_.Set(fell_back_.RawAmount());
+  } else {
+    uint64_t desired_begin = mapped_offset_ + static_cast<uint64_t>(position_ - data_.begin());
+    SeekOrThrow(file_.get(), desired_begin);
+    read_return = ReadOrEOF(file_.get(), to, limit);
+    // Good thing we never rewind.  This makes desired_begin calculate the right way the next time.
+    mapped_offset_ += static_cast<uint64_t>(read_return);
+    progress_ += read_return;
+  }
+  at_end_ |= (read_return == 0);
+  return read_return;
+}
+
+// Factored out so that istream can call this.
+void FilePiece::InitializeNoRead(const char *name, std::size_t min_buffer) {
   file_name_ = name;
 
   default_map_size_ = page_ * std::max<std::size_t>((min_buffer / page_ + 1), 2);
@@ -82,6 +130,10 @@ void FilePiece::Initialize(const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress, std::s
   position_end_ = NULL;
   mapped_offset_ = 0;
   at_end_ = false;
+}
+
+void FilePiece::Initialize(const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress, std::size_t min_buffer) {
+  InitializeNoRead(name, min_buffer);
 
   if (total_size_ == kBadSize) {
     // So the assertion passes.  
@@ -103,21 +155,33 @@ void FilePiece::Initialize(const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress, std::s
 }
 
 namespace {
-void ParseNumber(const char *begin, char *&end, float &out) {
-#if defined(sun) || defined(WIN32)
-  out = static_cast<float>(strtod(begin, &end));
-#else
-  out = strtof(begin, &end);
-#endif
+
+static const double_conversion::StringToDoubleConverter kConverter(
+    double_conversion::StringToDoubleConverter::ALLOW_TRAILING_JUNK | double_conversion::StringToDoubleConverter::ALLOW_LEADING_SPACES,
+    std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN(),
+    std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN(),
+    "inf",
+    "NaN");
+
+void ParseNumber(const char *begin, const char *&end, float &out) {
+  int count;
+  out = kConverter.StringToFloat(begin, end - begin, &count);
+  end = begin + count;
 }
-void ParseNumber(const char *begin, char *&end, double &out) {
-  out = strtod(begin, &end);
+void ParseNumber(const char *begin, const char *&end, double &out) {
+  int count;
+  out = kConverter.StringToDouble(begin, end - begin, &count);
+  end = begin + count;
 }
-void ParseNumber(const char *begin, char *&end, long int &out) {
-  out = strtol(begin, &end, 10);
+void ParseNumber(const char *begin, const char *&end, long int &out) {
+  char *silly_end;
+  out = strtol(begin, &silly_end, 10);
+  end = silly_end;
 }
-void ParseNumber(const char *begin, char *&end, unsigned long int &out) {
-  out = strtoul(begin, &end, 10);
+void ParseNumber(const char *begin, const char *&end, unsigned long int &out) {
+  char *silly_end;
+  out = strtoul(begin, &silly_end, 10);
+  end = silly_end;
 }
 } // namespace
 
@@ -127,16 +191,17 @@ template <class T> T FilePiece::ReadNumber() {
     if (at_end_) {
       // Hallucinate a null off the end of the file.
       std::string buffer(position_, position_end_);
-      char *end;
+      const char *buf = buffer.c_str();
+      const char *end = buf + buffer.size();
       T ret;
-      ParseNumber(buffer.c_str(), end, ret);
-      if (buffer.c_str() == end) throw ParseNumberException(buffer);
-      position_ += end - buffer.c_str();
+      ParseNumber(buf, end, ret);
+      if (buf == end) throw ParseNumberException(buffer);
+      position_ += end - buf;
       return ret;
     }
     Shift();
   }
-  char *end;
+  const char *end = last_space_;
   T ret;
   ParseNumber(position_, end, ret);
   if (end == position_) throw ParseNumberException(ReadDelimited());
@@ -217,8 +282,7 @@ void FilePiece::TransitionToRead() {
   assert(!fallback_to_read_);
   fallback_to_read_ = true;
   data_.reset();
-  data_.reset(malloc(default_map_size_), default_map_size_, scoped_memory::MALLOC_ALLOCATED);
-  UTIL_THROW_IF(!data_.get(), ErrnoException, "malloc failed for " << default_map_size_);
+  data_.reset(MallocOrThrow(default_map_size_), default_map_size_, scoped_memory::MALLOC_ALLOCATED);
   position_ = data_.begin();
   position_end_ = position_;
 
diff --git a/klm/util/file_piece.hh b/klm/util/file_piece.hh
index 39bd1581..1b110287 100644
--- a/klm/util/file_piece.hh
+++ b/klm/util/file_piece.hh
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "util/string_piece.hh"
 
 #include <cstddef>
+#include <iosfwd>
 #include <string>
 
 #include <stdint.h>
@@ -29,7 +30,14 @@ class FilePiece {
     // 1 MB default.
     explicit FilePiece(const char *file, std::ostream *show_progress = NULL, std::size_t min_buffer = 1048576);
     // Takes ownership of fd.  name is used for messages.
-    explicit FilePiece(int fd, const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress = NULL, std::size_t min_buffer = 1048576);
+    explicit FilePiece(int fd, const char *name = NULL, std::ostream *show_progress = NULL, std::size_t min_buffer = 1048576);
+
+    /* Read from an istream.  Don't use this if you can avoid it.  Raw fd IO is
+     * much faster.  But sometimes you just have an istream like Boost's HTTP
+     * server and want to parse it the same way.
+     * name is just used for messages and FileName().
+     */
+    explicit FilePiece(std::istream &stream, const char *name = NULL, std::size_t min_buffer = 1048576);
 
     ~FilePiece();
 
@@ -56,7 +64,10 @@ class FilePiece {
     long int ReadLong();
     unsigned long int ReadULong();
 
-    // Skip spaces defined by isspace.
+    // Fake read() function.  Reads up to limit bytes, returning the amount read.  Returns 0 on EOF || limit == 0. 
+    std::size_t Raw(void *to, std::size_t limit);
+
+    // Skip spaces defined by being in delim.
     void SkipSpaces(const bool *delim = kSpaces) {
       for (; ; ++position_) {
         if (position_ == position_end_) Shift();
@@ -71,6 +82,8 @@ class FilePiece {
     const std::string &FileName() const { return file_name_; }
 
   private:
+    void InitializeNoRead(const char *name, std::size_t min_buffer);
+    // Calls InitializeNoRead, so don't call both.
     void Initialize(const char *name, std::ostream *show_progress, std::size_t min_buffer);
 
     template <class T> T ReadNumber();
diff --git a/klm/util/file_piece_test.cc b/klm/util/file_piece_test.cc
index e79ece7a..7336007d 100644
--- a/klm/util/file_piece_test.cc
+++ b/klm/util/file_piece_test.cc
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // Tests might fail if you have creative characters in your path.  Sue me.  
 #include "util/file_piece.hh"
 
+#include "util/file.hh"
 #include "util/scoped.hh"
 
 #define BOOST_TEST_MODULE FilePieceTest
@@ -23,6 +24,20 @@ std::string FileLocation() {
   return ret;
 }
 
+/* istream */
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IStream) {
+  std::fstream ref(FileLocation().c_str(), std::ios::in);
+  std::fstream backing(FileLocation().c_str(), std::ios::in);
+  FilePiece test(backing);
+  std::string ref_line;
+  while (getline(ref, ref_line)) {
+    StringPiece test_line(test.ReadLine());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(ref_line, test_line);
+  }
+  BOOST_CHECK_THROW(test.get(), EndOfFileException);
+  BOOST_CHECK_THROW(test.get(), EndOfFileException);
+}
+
 /* mmap implementation */
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(MMapReadLine) {
   std::fstream ref(FileLocation().c_str(), std::ios::in);
diff --git a/klm/util/have.hh b/klm/util/have.hh
index 85b838e4..6e18529d 100644
--- a/klm/util/have.hh
+++ b/klm/util/have.hh
@@ -2,16 +2,12 @@
 #ifndef UTIL_HAVE__
 #define UTIL_HAVE__
 
-#ifndef HAVE_ICU
-//#define HAVE_ICU
-#endif
-
-#ifndef HAVE_BOOST
-//#define HAVE_BOOST
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
 #include "config.h"
 #endif
 
+#ifndef HAVE_ICU
+//#define HAVE_ICU
+#endif
+
 #endif // UTIL_HAVE__
diff --git a/klm/util/multi_intersection.hh b/klm/util/multi_intersection.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8334d39d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/multi_intersection.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_MULTI_INTERSECTION__
+#define UTIL_MULTI_INTERSECTION__
+
+#include <boost/optional.hpp>
+#include <boost/range/iterator_range.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <functional>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace util {
+
+namespace detail {
+template <class Range> struct RangeLessBySize : public std::binary_function<const Range &, const Range &, bool> {
+  bool operator()(const Range &left, const Range &right) const {
+    return left.size() < right.size();
+  }
+};
+
+/* Takes sets specified by their iterators and a boost::optional containing
+ * the lowest intersection if any.  Each set must be sorted in increasing
+ * order.  sets is changed to truncate the beginning of each sequence to the
+ * location of the match or an empty set.  Precondition: sets is not empty
+ * since the intersection over null is the universe and this function does not
+ * know the universe.   
+ */
+template <class Iterator, class Less> boost::optional<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type> FirstIntersectionSorted(std::vector<boost::iterator_range<Iterator> > &sets, const Less &less = std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type>()) {
+  typedef std::vector<boost::iterator_range<Iterator> > Sets;
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type Value;
+
+  assert(!sets.empty());
+
+  if (sets.front().empty()) return boost::optional<Value>();
+  // Possibly suboptimal to copy for general Value; makes unsigned int go slightly faster.  
+  Value highest(sets.front().front());
+  for (typename Sets::iterator i(sets.begin()); i != sets.end(); ) {
+    i->advance_begin(std::lower_bound(i->begin(), i->end(), highest, less) - i->begin());
+    if (i->empty()) return boost::optional<Value>();
+    if (less(highest, i->front())) {
+      highest = i->front();
+      // start over
+      i = sets.begin();
+    } else {
+      ++i;
+    }
+  }
+  return boost::optional<Value>(highest);
+}
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+template <class Iterator, class Less> boost::optional<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type> FirstIntersection(std::vector<boost::iterator_range<Iterator> > &sets, const Less less) {
+  assert(!sets.empty());
+
+  std::sort(sets.begin(), sets.end(), detail::RangeLessBySize<boost::iterator_range<Iterator> >());
+  return detail::FirstIntersectionSorted(sets, less);
+}
+
+template <class Iterator> boost::optional<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type> FirstIntersection(std::vector<boost::iterator_range<Iterator> > &sets) {
+  return FirstIntersection(sets, std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+template <class Iterator, class Output, class Less> void AllIntersection(std::vector<boost::iterator_range<Iterator> > &sets, Output &out, const Less less) {
+  typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type Value;
+  assert(!sets.empty());
+
+  std::sort(sets.begin(), sets.end(), detail::RangeLessBySize<boost::iterator_range<Iterator> >());
+  boost::optional<Value> ret;
+  for (boost::optional<Value> ret; ret = detail::FirstIntersectionSorted(sets, less); sets.front().advance_begin(1)) {
+    out(*ret);
+  }
+}
+
+template <class Iterator, class Output> void AllIntersection(std::vector<boost::iterator_range<Iterator> > &sets, Output &out) {
+  AllIntersection(sets, out, std::less<typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type>());
+}
+
+} // namespace util
+
+#endif // UTIL_MULTI_INTERSECTION__
diff --git a/klm/util/multi_intersection_test.cc b/klm/util/multi_intersection_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..970afc17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/multi_intersection_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#include "util/multi_intersection.hh"
+
+#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE MultiIntersectionTest
+#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
+
+namespace util {
+namespace {
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Empty) {
+  std::vector<boost::iterator_range<const unsigned int*> > sets;
+  
+  sets.push_back(boost::iterator_range<const unsigned int*>(static_cast<const unsigned int*>(NULL), static_cast<const unsigned int*>(NULL)));
+  BOOST_CHECK(!FirstIntersection(sets));
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Single) {
+  std::vector<unsigned int> nums;
+  nums.push_back(1);
+  nums.push_back(4);
+  nums.push_back(100);
+  std::vector<boost::iterator_range<std::vector<unsigned int>::const_iterator> > sets;
+  sets.push_back(nums);
+
+  boost::optional<unsigned int> ret(FirstIntersection(sets));
+
+  BOOST_REQUIRE(ret);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(static_cast<unsigned int>(1), *ret);
+}
+
+template <class T, unsigned int len> boost::iterator_range<const T*> RangeFromArray(const T (&arr)[len]) {
+  return boost::iterator_range<const T*>(arr, arr + len);
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(MultiNone) {
+  unsigned int nums0[] = {1, 3, 4, 22};
+  unsigned int nums1[] = {2, 5, 12};
+  unsigned int nums2[] = {4, 17};
+
+  std::vector<boost::iterator_range<const unsigned int*> > sets;
+  sets.push_back(RangeFromArray(nums0));
+  sets.push_back(RangeFromArray(nums1));
+  sets.push_back(RangeFromArray(nums2));
+
+  BOOST_CHECK(!FirstIntersection(sets));
+}
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(MultiOne) {
+  unsigned int nums0[] = {1, 3, 4, 17, 22};
+  unsigned int nums1[] = {2, 5, 12, 17};
+  unsigned int nums2[] = {4, 17};
+
+  std::vector<boost::iterator_range<const unsigned int*> > sets;
+  sets.push_back(RangeFromArray(nums0));
+  sets.push_back(RangeFromArray(nums1));
+  sets.push_back(RangeFromArray(nums2));
+
+  boost::optional<unsigned int> ret(FirstIntersection(sets));
+  BOOST_REQUIRE(ret);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(static_cast<unsigned int>(17), *ret);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace util
diff --git a/klm/util/pcqueue.hh b/klm/util/pcqueue.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3df8749b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/pcqueue.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_PCQUEUE__
+#define UTIL_PCQUEUE__
+
+#include <boost/interprocess/sync/interprocess_semaphore.hpp>
+#include <boost/scoped_array.hpp>
+#include <boost/thread/mutex.hpp>
+#include <boost/utility.hpp>
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+namespace util {
+
+inline void WaitSemaphore (boost::interprocess::interprocess_semaphore &on) {
+  while (1) {
+    try {
+      on.wait();
+      break;
+    }
+    catch (boost::interprocess::interprocess_exception &e) {
+      if (e.get_native_error() != EINTR) throw;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+/* Producer consumer queue safe for multiple producers and multiple consumers.
+ * T must be default constructable and have operator=.  
+ * The value is copied twice for Consume(T &out) or three times for Consume(),
+ * so larger objects should be passed via pointer.
+ * Strong exception guarantee if operator= throws.  Undefined if semaphores throw.  
+ */
+template <class T> class PCQueue : boost::noncopyable {
+ public:
+  explicit PCQueue(size_t size)
+   : empty_(size), used_(0),
+     storage_(new T[size]),
+     end_(storage_.get() + size),
+     produce_at_(storage_.get()),
+     consume_at_(storage_.get()) {}
+
+  // Add a value to the queue.
+  void Produce(const T &val) {
+    WaitSemaphore(empty_);
+    {
+      boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> produce_lock(produce_at_mutex_);
+      try {
+        *produce_at_ = val;
+      }
+      catch (...) {
+        empty_.post();
+        throw;
+      }
+      if (++produce_at_ == end_) produce_at_ = storage_.get();
+    }
+    used_.post();
+  }
+
+  // Consume a value, assigning it to out.
+  T& Consume(T &out) {
+    WaitSemaphore(used_);
+    {
+      boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> consume_lock(consume_at_mutex_);
+      try {
+        out = *consume_at_;
+      }
+      catch (...) {
+        used_.post();
+        throw;
+      }
+      if (++consume_at_ == end_) consume_at_ = storage_.get();
+    }
+    empty_.post();
+    return out;
+  }
+
+  // Convenience version of Consume that copies the value to return.
+  // The other version is faster.
+  T Consume() {
+    T ret;
+    Consume(ret);
+    return ret;
+  }
+   
+ private:
+  // Number of empty spaces in storage_.
+  boost::interprocess::interprocess_semaphore empty_;
+  // Number of occupied spaces in storage_.
+  boost::interprocess::interprocess_semaphore used_;
+
+  boost::scoped_array<T> storage_;
+
+  T *const end_;
+
+  // Index for next write in storage_.
+  T *produce_at_;
+  boost::mutex produce_at_mutex_;
+
+  // Index for next read from storage_.
+  T *consume_at_;
+  boost::mutex consume_at_mutex_;
+
+};
+
+} // namespace util
+
+#endif // UTIL_PCQUEUE__
diff --git a/klm/util/pool.cc b/klm/util/pool.cc
index 2dffd06f..429ba158 100644
--- a/klm/util/pool.cc
+++ b/klm/util/pool.cc
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "util/pool.hh"
 
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+
 #include <stdlib.h>
 
 namespace util {
@@ -24,8 +26,7 @@ void Pool::FreeAll() {
 
 void *Pool::More(std::size_t size) {
   std::size_t amount = std::max(static_cast<size_t>(32) << free_list_.size(), size);
-  uint8_t *ret = static_cast<uint8_t*>(malloc(amount));
-  if (!ret) throw std::bad_alloc();
+  uint8_t *ret = static_cast<uint8_t*>(MallocOrThrow(amount));
   free_list_.push_back(ret);
   current_ = ret + size;
   current_end_ = ret + amount;
diff --git a/klm/util/probing_hash_table.hh b/klm/util/probing_hash_table.hh
index 4a8aff35..6780489d 100644
--- a/klm/util/probing_hash_table.hh
+++ b/klm/util/probing_hash_table.hh
@@ -126,6 +126,11 @@ template <class EntryT, class HashT, class EqualT = std::equal_to<typename Entry
       }    
     }
 
+    void Clear(Entry invalid) {
+      std::fill(begin_, end_, invalid);
+      entries_ = 0;
+    }
+
   private:
     MutableIterator begin_;
     std::size_t buckets_;
diff --git a/klm/util/read_compressed.cc b/klm/util/read_compressed.cc
index 4ec94c4e..b81549e4 100644
--- a/klm/util/read_compressed.cc
+++ b/klm/util/read_compressed.cc
@@ -320,6 +320,23 @@ class XZip : public ReadBase {
 };
 #endif // HAVE_XZLIB
 
+class IStreamReader : public ReadBase {
+  public:
+    explicit IStreamReader(std::istream &stream) : stream_(stream) {}
+
+    std::size_t Read(void *to, std::size_t amount, ReadCompressed &thunk) {
+      if (!stream_.read(static_cast<char*>(to), amount)) {
+        UTIL_THROW_IF(!stream_.eof(), ErrnoException, "istream error");
+        amount = stream_.gcount();
+      }
+      ReadCount(thunk) += amount;
+      return amount;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    std::istream &stream_;
+};
+
 enum MagicResult {
   UNKNOWN, GZIP, BZIP, XZIP
 };
@@ -329,7 +346,7 @@ MagicResult DetectMagic(const void *from_void) {
   if (header[0] == 0x1f && header[1] == 0x8b) {
     return GZIP;
   }
-  if (header[0] == 'B' && header[1] == 'Z') {
+  if (header[0] == 'B' && header[1] == 'Z' && header[2] == 'h') {
     return BZIP;
   }
   const uint8_t xzmagic[6] = { 0xFD, '7', 'z', 'X', 'Z', 0x00 };
@@ -370,7 +387,7 @@ ReadBase *ReadFactory(int fd, uint64_t &raw_amount) {
       break;
   }
   try {
-    AdvanceOrThrow(fd, -ReadCompressed::kMagicSize);
+    SeekOrThrow(fd, 0);
   } catch (const util::ErrnoException &e) {
     return new UncompressedWithHeader(hold.release(), header, ReadCompressed::kMagicSize);
   }
@@ -387,6 +404,10 @@ ReadCompressed::ReadCompressed(int fd) {
   Reset(fd);
 }
 
+ReadCompressed::ReadCompressed(std::istream &in) {
+  Reset(in);
+}
+
 ReadCompressed::ReadCompressed() {}
 
 ReadCompressed::~ReadCompressed() {}
@@ -396,6 +417,11 @@ void ReadCompressed::Reset(int fd) {
   internal_.reset(ReadFactory(fd, raw_amount_));
 }
 
+void ReadCompressed::Reset(std::istream &in) {
+  internal_.reset();
+  internal_.reset(new IStreamReader(in));
+}
+
 std::size_t ReadCompressed::Read(void *to, std::size_t amount) {
   return internal_->Read(to, amount, *this);
 }
diff --git a/klm/util/read_compressed.hh b/klm/util/read_compressed.hh
index 83ca9fb2..8b54c9e8 100644
--- a/klm/util/read_compressed.hh
+++ b/klm/util/read_compressed.hh
@@ -45,6 +45,10 @@ class ReadCompressed {
     // Takes ownership of fd.   
     explicit ReadCompressed(int fd);
 
+    // Try to avoid using this.  Use the fd instead.
+    // There is no decompression support for istreams.
+    explicit ReadCompressed(std::istream &in);
+
     // Must call Reset later.
     ReadCompressed();
 
@@ -53,6 +57,9 @@ class ReadCompressed {
     // Takes ownership of fd.  
     void Reset(int fd);
 
+    // Same advice as the constructor.
+    void Reset(std::istream &in);
+
     std::size_t Read(void *to, std::size_t amount);
 
     uint64_t RawAmount() const { return raw_amount_; }
diff --git a/klm/util/read_compressed_test.cc b/klm/util/read_compressed_test.cc
index 6fd97e5e..9cb4a4b9 100644
--- a/klm/util/read_compressed_test.cc
+++ b/klm/util/read_compressed_test.cc
@@ -25,19 +25,34 @@ void ReadLoop(ReadCompressed &reader, void *to_void, std::size_t amount) {
   }
 }
 
-void TestRandom(const char *compressor) {
-  const uint32_t kSize4 = 100000 / 4;
+const uint32_t kSize4 = 100000 / 4;
+
+std::string WriteRandom() {
   char name[] = "tempXXXXXX";
+  scoped_fd original(mkstemp(name));
+  BOOST_REQUIRE(original.get() > 0);
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kSize4; ++i) {
+    WriteOrThrow(original.get(), &i, sizeof(uint32_t));
+  }
+  return name;
+}
 
-  // Write test file.  
-  {
-    scoped_fd original(mkstemp(name));
-    BOOST_REQUIRE(original.get() > 0);
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kSize4; ++i) {
-      WriteOrThrow(original.get(), &i, sizeof(uint32_t));
-    }
+void VerifyRead(ReadCompressed &reader) {
+  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kSize4; ++i) {
+    uint32_t got;
+    ReadLoop(reader, &got, sizeof(uint32_t));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(i, got);
   }
 
+  char ignored;
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((std::size_t)0, reader.Read(&ignored, 1));
+  // Test double EOF call.
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((std::size_t)0, reader.Read(&ignored, 1));
+}
+
+void TestRandom(const char *compressor) {
+  std::string name(WriteRandom());
+
   char gzname[] = "tempXXXXXX";
   scoped_fd gzipped(mkstemp(gzname));
 
@@ -52,20 +67,11 @@ void TestRandom(const char *compressor) {
   command += "\"";
   BOOST_REQUIRE_EQUAL(0, system(command.c_str()));
 
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0, unlink(name));
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0, unlink(name.c_str()));
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0, unlink(gzname));
 
   ReadCompressed reader(gzipped.release());
-  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kSize4; ++i) {
-    uint32_t got;
-    ReadLoop(reader, &got, sizeof(uint32_t));
-    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(i, got);
-  }
-
-  char ignored;
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((std::size_t)0, reader.Read(&ignored, 1));
-  // Test double EOF call.
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL((std::size_t)0, reader.Read(&ignored, 1));
+  VerifyRead(reader);
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Uncompressed) {
@@ -90,5 +96,14 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(ReadXZ) {
 }
 #endif
 
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(IStream) {
+  std::string name(WriteRandom());
+  std::fstream stream(name.c_str(), std::ios::in);
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(0, unlink(name.c_str()));
+  ReadCompressed reader;
+  reader.Reset(stream);
+  VerifyRead(reader);
+}
+
 } // namespace
 } // namespace util
diff --git a/klm/util/scoped.cc b/klm/util/scoped.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e7066ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/scoped.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+namespace util {
+
+MallocException::MallocException(std::size_t requested) throw() {
+  *this << "for " << requested << " bytes ";
+}
+
+MallocException::~MallocException() throw() {}
+
+void *MallocOrThrow(std::size_t requested) {
+  void *ret;
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(!(ret = std::malloc(requested)), MallocException, (requested), "in malloc");
+  return ret;
+}
+
+scoped_malloc::~scoped_malloc() {
+  std::free(p_);
+}
+
+void scoped_malloc::call_realloc(std::size_t to) {
+  void *ret;
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(!(ret = std::realloc(p_, to)) && to, MallocException, (to), "in realloc");
+  p_ = ret;
+}
+
+} // namespace util
diff --git a/klm/util/scoped.hh b/klm/util/scoped.hh
index d62c6df1..d0a5aabd 100644
--- a/klm/util/scoped.hh
+++ b/klm/util/scoped.hh
@@ -4,28 +4,31 @@
 
 #include "util/exception.hh"
 #include <cstddef>
-#include <cstdlib>
 
 namespace util {
 
+class MallocException : public ErrnoException {
+  public:
+    explicit MallocException(std::size_t requested) throw();
+    ~MallocException() throw();
+};
+
+void *MallocOrThrow(std::size_t requested);
+
 class scoped_malloc {
   public:
     scoped_malloc() : p_(NULL) {}
 
     scoped_malloc(void *p) : p_(p) {}
 
-    ~scoped_malloc() { std::free(p_); }
+    ~scoped_malloc();
 
     void reset(void *p = NULL) {
       scoped_malloc other(p_);
       p_ = p;
     }
 
-    void call_realloc(std::size_t to) {
-      void *ret;
-      UTIL_THROW_IF(!(ret = std::realloc(p_, to)) && to, util::ErrnoException, "realloc to " << to << " bytes failed.");
-      p_ = ret;
-    }
+    void call_realloc(std::size_t to);
 
     void *get() { return p_; }
     const void *get() const { return p_; }
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/Makefile.am b/klm/util/stream/Makefile.am
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f18cbedb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/Makefile.am
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+noinst_LIBRARIES = libklm_util_stream.a
+
+libklm_util_stream_a_SOURCES = \
+  block.hh \
+  chain.cc \
+  chain.hh \
+  config.hh \
+  io.cc \
+  io.hh \
+  line_input.cc \
+  line_input.hh \
+  multi_progress.cc \
+  multi_progress.hh \
+  sort.hh \
+  stream.hh \
+  timer.hh
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -I$(top_srcdir)/klm
+
+#-I$(top_srcdir)/klm/util/double-conversion
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/block.hh b/klm/util/stream/block.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..11aa991e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/block.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_STREAM_BLOCK__
+#define UTIL_STREAM_BLOCK__
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace util {
+namespace stream {
+
+class Block {
+  public:
+    Block() : mem_(NULL), valid_size_(0) {}
+
+    Block(void *mem, std::size_t size) : mem_(mem), valid_size_(size) {}
+
+    void SetValidSize(std::size_t to) { valid_size_ = to; }
+    // Read might fill in less than Allocated at EOF.   
+    std::size_t ValidSize() const { return valid_size_; }
+
+    void *Get() { return mem_; }
+    const void *Get() const { return mem_; }
+
+    const void *ValidEnd() const { 
+      return reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(mem_) + valid_size_;
+    }
+
+    operator bool() const { return mem_ != NULL; }
+    bool operator!() const { return mem_ == NULL; }
+ 
+  private:
+    friend class Link;
+    void SetToPoison() {
+      mem_ = NULL;
+    }
+
+    void *mem_;
+    std::size_t valid_size_;
+};
+
+} // namespace stream
+} // namespace util
+
+#endif // UTIL_STREAM_BLOCK__
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/chain.cc b/klm/util/stream/chain.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46708c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/chain.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+
+#include "util/stream/io.hh"
+
+#include "util/exception.hh"
+#include "util/pcqueue.hh"
+
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <new>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+namespace util {
+namespace stream {
+
+ChainConfigException::ChainConfigException() throw() { *this << "Chain configured with "; }
+ChainConfigException::~ChainConfigException() throw() {}
+
+Thread::~Thread() {
+  thread_.join();
+}
+
+void Thread::UnhandledException(const std::exception &e) {
+  std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
+  abort();
+}
+
+void Recycler::Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+  for (Link l(position); l; ++l) {
+    l->SetValidSize(position.GetChain().BlockSize());
+  }
+}
+
+const Recycler kRecycle = Recycler();
+
+Chain::Chain(const ChainConfig &config) : config_(config), complete_called_(false) {
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(!config.entry_size, ChainConfigException, "zero-size entries.");
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(!config.block_count, ChainConfigException, "block count zero");
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(config.total_memory < config.entry_size * config.block_count, ChainConfigException, config.total_memory << " total memory, too small for " << config.block_count << " blocks of containing entries of size " << config.entry_size);
+  // Round down block size to a multiple of entry size.   
+  block_size_ = config.total_memory / (config.block_count * config.entry_size) * config.entry_size;
+}
+
+Chain::~Chain() {
+  Wait();
+}
+
+ChainPosition Chain::Add() {
+  if (!Running()) Start();
+  PCQueue<Block> &in = queues_.back();
+  queues_.push_back(new PCQueue<Block>(config_.block_count));
+  return ChainPosition(in, queues_.back(), this, progress_);
+}
+
+Chain &Chain::operator>>(const WriteAndRecycle &writer) {
+  threads_.push_back(new Thread(Complete(), writer));
+  return *this;
+}
+
+void Chain::Wait(bool release_memory) {
+  if (queues_.empty()) {
+    assert(threads_.empty());
+    return; // Nothing to wait for.  
+  }
+  if (!complete_called_) CompleteLoop();
+  threads_.clear();
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; queues_.front().Consume(); ++i) {
+    if (i == config_.block_count) {
+      std::cerr << "Chain ending without poison." << std::endl;
+      abort();
+    }
+  }
+  queues_.clear();
+  progress_.Finished();
+  complete_called_ = false;
+  if (release_memory) memory_.reset();
+}
+
+void Chain::Start() {
+  Wait(false);
+  if (!memory_.get()) {
+    // Allocate memory.  
+    assert(threads_.empty());
+    assert(queues_.empty());
+    std::size_t malloc_size = block_size_ * config_.block_count;
+    memory_.reset(MallocOrThrow(malloc_size));
+  }
+  // This queue can accomodate all blocks.    
+  queues_.push_back(new PCQueue<Block>(config_.block_count));
+  // Populate the lead queue with blocks.  
+  uint8_t *base = static_cast<uint8_t*>(memory_.get());
+  for (std::size_t i = 0; i < config_.block_count; ++i) {
+    queues_.front().Produce(Block(base, block_size_));
+    base += block_size_;
+  }
+}
+
+ChainPosition Chain::Complete() {
+  assert(Running());
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(complete_called_, util::Exception, "CompleteLoop() called twice");
+  complete_called_ = true;
+  return ChainPosition(queues_.back(), queues_.front(), this, progress_);
+}
+
+Link::Link() : in_(NULL), out_(NULL), poisoned_(true) {}
+
+void Link::Init(const ChainPosition &position) {
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(in_, util::Exception, "Link::Init twice");
+  in_ = position.in_;
+  out_ = position.out_;
+  poisoned_ = false;
+  progress_ = position.progress_;
+  in_->Consume(current_);
+}
+
+Link::Link(const ChainPosition &position) : in_(NULL) {
+  Init(position);
+}
+
+Link::~Link() {
+  if (current_) {
+    // Probably an exception unwinding.  
+    std::cerr << "Last input should have been poison." << std::endl;
+//    abort();
+  } else {
+    if (!poisoned_) {
+      // Pass the poison!
+      out_->Produce(current_);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+Link &Link::operator++() {
+  assert(current_);
+  progress_ += current_.ValidSize();
+  out_->Produce(current_);
+  in_->Consume(current_);
+  if (!current_) {
+    poisoned_ = true;
+    out_->Produce(current_);
+  }
+  return *this;
+}
+
+void Link::Poison() {
+  assert(!poisoned_);
+  current_.SetToPoison();
+  out_->Produce(current_);
+  poisoned_ = true;
+}
+
+} // namespace stream
+} // namespace util
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/chain.hh b/klm/util/stream/chain.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..154b9b33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/chain.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_STREAM_CHAIN__
+#define UTIL_STREAM_CHAIN__
+
+#include "util/stream/block.hh"
+#include "util/stream/config.hh"
+#include "util/stream/multi_progress.hh"
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+
+#include <boost/ptr_container/ptr_vector.hpp>
+#include <boost/thread/thread.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#include <assert.h>
+
+namespace util {
+template <class T> class PCQueue;
+namespace stream {
+
+class ChainConfigException : public Exception {
+  public:
+    ChainConfigException() throw();
+    ~ChainConfigException() throw();
+};
+
+class Chain;
+// Specifies position in chain for Link constructor.
+class ChainPosition {
+  public:
+    const Chain &GetChain() const { return *chain_; }
+  private:
+    friend class Chain;
+    friend class Link;
+    ChainPosition(PCQueue<Block> &in, PCQueue<Block> &out, Chain *chain, MultiProgress &progress) 
+      : in_(&in), out_(&out), chain_(chain), progress_(progress.Add()) {}
+
+    PCQueue<Block> *in_, *out_;
+
+    Chain *chain_;
+
+    WorkerProgress progress_;
+};
+
+// Position is usually ChainPosition but if there are multiple streams involved, this can be ChainPositions.  
+class Thread {
+  public:
+    template <class Position, class Worker> Thread(const Position &position, const Worker &worker)
+      : thread_(boost::ref(*this), position, worker) {}
+
+    ~Thread();
+
+    template <class Position, class Worker> void operator()(const Position &position, Worker &worker) {
+      try {
+        worker.Run(position);
+      } catch (const std::exception &e) {
+        UnhandledException(e);
+      }
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void UnhandledException(const std::exception &e);
+
+    boost::thread thread_;
+};
+
+class Recycler {
+  public:
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position);
+};
+
+extern const Recycler kRecycle;
+class WriteAndRecycle;
+
+class Chain {
+  private:
+    template <class T, void (T::*ptr)(const ChainPosition &) = &T::Run> struct CheckForRun {
+      typedef Chain type;
+    };
+
+  public:
+    explicit Chain(const ChainConfig &config);
+
+    ~Chain();
+
+    void ActivateProgress() {
+      assert(!Running());
+      progress_.Activate();
+    }
+
+    void SetProgressTarget(uint64_t target) {
+      progress_.SetTarget(target);
+    }
+
+    std::size_t EntrySize() const {
+      return config_.entry_size;
+    }
+    std::size_t BlockSize() const {
+      return block_size_;
+    }
+
+    // Two ways to add to the chain: Add() or operator>>.  
+    ChainPosition Add();
+
+    // This is for adding threaded workers with a Run method.  
+    template <class Worker> typename CheckForRun<Worker>::type &operator>>(const Worker &worker) {
+      assert(!complete_called_);
+      threads_.push_back(new Thread(Add(), worker));
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    // Avoid copying the worker.  
+    template <class Worker> typename CheckForRun<Worker>::type &operator>>(const boost::reference_wrapper<Worker> &worker) {
+      assert(!complete_called_);
+      threads_.push_back(new Thread(Add(), worker));
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    // Note that Link and Stream also define operator>> outside this class.  
+
+    // To complete the loop, call CompleteLoop(), >> kRecycle, or the destructor.  
+    void CompleteLoop() {
+      threads_.push_back(new Thread(Complete(), kRecycle));
+    }
+
+    Chain &operator>>(const Recycler &recycle) {
+      CompleteLoop();
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    Chain &operator>>(const WriteAndRecycle &writer);
+
+    // Chains are reusable.  Call Wait to wait for everything to finish and free memory.  
+    void Wait(bool release_memory = true);
+
+    // Waits for the current chain to complete (if any) then starts again.  
+    void Start();
+
+    bool Running() const { return !queues_.empty(); }
+
+  private:
+    ChainPosition Complete();
+
+    ChainConfig config_;
+
+    std::size_t block_size_;
+
+    scoped_malloc memory_;
+
+    boost::ptr_vector<PCQueue<Block> > queues_;
+
+    bool complete_called_;
+
+    boost::ptr_vector<Thread> threads_;
+
+    MultiProgress progress_;
+};
+
+// Create the link in the worker thread using the position token.
+class Link {
+  public:
+    // Either default construct and Init or just construct all at once.
+    Link();
+    void Init(const ChainPosition &position);
+
+    explicit Link(const ChainPosition &position);
+
+    ~Link();
+
+    Block &operator*() { return current_; }
+    const Block &operator*() const { return current_; }
+
+    Block *operator->() { return &current_; }
+    const Block *operator->() const { return &current_; }
+
+    Link &operator++();
+
+    operator bool() const { return current_; }
+
+    void Poison();
+
+  private:
+    Block current_;
+    PCQueue<Block> *in_, *out_;
+ 
+    bool poisoned_;
+
+    WorkerProgress progress_;
+};
+
+inline Chain &operator>>(Chain &chain, Link &link) {
+  link.Init(chain.Add());
+  return chain;
+}
+
+} // namespace stream
+} // namespace util
+
+#endif // UTIL_STREAM_CHAIN__
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/config.hh b/klm/util/stream/config.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1eeb3a8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/config.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_STREAM_CONFIG__
+#define UTIL_STREAM_CONFIG__
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace util { namespace stream {
+
+struct ChainConfig {
+  ChainConfig() {}
+
+  ChainConfig(std::size_t in_entry_size, std::size_t in_block_count, std::size_t in_total_memory)
+    : entry_size(in_entry_size), block_count(in_block_count), total_memory(in_total_memory) {}
+
+  std::size_t entry_size;
+  std::size_t block_count;
+  // Chain's constructor will make this a multiple of entry_size. 
+  std::size_t total_memory;
+};
+
+struct SortConfig {
+  std::string temp_prefix;
+
+  // Size of each input/output buffer.
+  std::size_t buffer_size;
+
+  // Total memory to use when running alone.
+  std::size_t total_memory;
+};
+
+}} // namespaces
+#endif // UTIL_STREAM_CONFIG__
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/io.cc b/klm/util/stream/io.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0459f706
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/io.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+#include "util/stream/io.hh"
+
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+namespace util {
+namespace stream {
+
+ReadSizeException::ReadSizeException() throw() {}
+ReadSizeException::~ReadSizeException() throw() {}
+
+void Read::Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+  const std::size_t block_size = position.GetChain().BlockSize();
+  const std::size_t entry_size = position.GetChain().EntrySize();
+  for (Link link(position); link; ++link) {
+    std::size_t got = util::ReadOrEOF(file_, link->Get(), block_size);
+    UTIL_THROW_IF(got % entry_size, ReadSizeException, "File ended with " << got << " bytes, not a multiple of " << entry_size << "."); 
+    if (got == 0) {
+      link.Poison();
+      return;
+    } else {
+      link->SetValidSize(got);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void PRead::Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+  scoped_fd owner;
+  if (own_) owner.reset(file_);
+  const uint64_t size = SizeOrThrow(file_);
+  UTIL_THROW_IF(size % static_cast<uint64_t>(position.GetChain().EntrySize()), ReadSizeException, "File size " << file_ << " size is " << size << " not a multiple of " << position.GetChain().EntrySize());
+  const std::size_t block_size = position.GetChain().BlockSize();
+  const uint64_t block_size64 = static_cast<uint64_t>(block_size);
+  Link link(position);
+  uint64_t offset = 0;
+  for (; offset + block_size64 < size; offset += block_size64, ++link) {
+    PReadOrThrow(file_, link->Get(), block_size, offset);
+    link->SetValidSize(block_size);
+  }
+  // size - offset is <= block_size, so it casts to 32-bit fine.
+  if (size - offset) {
+    PReadOrThrow(file_, link->Get(), size - offset, offset);
+    link->SetValidSize(size - offset);
+    ++link;
+  }
+  link.Poison();
+}
+
+void Write::Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+  for (Link link(position); link; ++link) {
+    WriteOrThrow(file_, link->Get(), link->ValidSize());
+  }
+}
+
+void WriteAndRecycle::Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+  const std::size_t block_size = position.GetChain().BlockSize();
+  for (Link link(position); link; ++link) {
+    WriteOrThrow(file_, link->Get(), link->ValidSize());
+    link->SetValidSize(block_size);
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace stream
+} // namespace util
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/io.hh b/klm/util/stream/io.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..934b6b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/io.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_STREAM_IO__
+#define UTIL_STREAM_IO__
+
+#include "util/exception.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+
+namespace util {
+namespace stream {
+
+class ChainPosition;
+
+class ReadSizeException : public util::Exception {
+  public:
+    ReadSizeException() throw();
+    ~ReadSizeException() throw();
+};
+
+class Read {
+  public:
+    explicit Read(int fd) : file_(fd) {}
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position); 
+  private:
+    int file_;
+};
+
+// Like read but uses pread so that the file can be accessed from multiple threads.  
+class PRead {
+  public:
+    explicit PRead(int fd, bool take_own = false) : file_(fd), own_(take_own) {}
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position);
+  private:
+    int file_;
+    bool own_;
+};
+
+class Write {
+  public:
+    explicit Write(int fd) : file_(fd) {}
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position);
+  private:
+    int file_;
+};
+
+class WriteAndRecycle {
+  public:
+    explicit WriteAndRecycle(int fd) : file_(fd) {}
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position);
+  private:
+    int file_;
+};
+
+// Reuse the same file over and over again to buffer output.  
+class FileBuffer {
+  public:
+    explicit FileBuffer(int fd) : file_(fd) {}
+
+    WriteAndRecycle Sink() const {
+      util::SeekOrThrow(file_.get(), 0);
+      return WriteAndRecycle(file_.get());
+    }
+
+    PRead Source() const {
+      return PRead(file_.get());
+    }
+
+    uint64_t Size() const {
+      return SizeOrThrow(file_.get());
+    }
+
+  private:
+    scoped_fd file_;
+};
+
+} // namespace stream
+} // namespace util
+#endif // UTIL_STREAM_IO__
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/io_test.cc b/klm/util/stream/io_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82108335
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/io_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#include "util/stream/io.hh"
+
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+
+#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE IOTest
+#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+namespace util { namespace stream { namespace {
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(CopyFile) {
+  std::string temps("io_test_temp");
+
+  scoped_fd in(MakeTemp(temps));
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+    WriteOrThrow(in.get(), &i, sizeof(uint64_t));
+  }
+  SeekOrThrow(in.get(), 0);
+  scoped_fd out(MakeTemp(temps));
+
+  ChainConfig config;
+  config.entry_size = 8;
+  config.total_memory = 1024;
+  config.block_count = 10;
+
+  Chain(config) >> PRead(in.get()) >> Write(out.get());
+
+  SeekOrThrow(out.get(), 0);
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+    uint64_t got;
+    ReadOrThrow(out.get(), &got, sizeof(uint64_t));
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(i, got);
+  }
+}
+
+}}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/line_input.cc b/klm/util/stream/line_input.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..dafa5020
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/line_input.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+#include "util/stream/line_input.hh"
+
+#include "util/exception.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/read_compressed.hh"
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace util { namespace stream {
+
+void LineInput::Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+  ReadCompressed reader(fd_);
+  // Holding area for beginning of line to be placed in next block.
+  std::vector<char> carry;
+  
+  for (Link block(position); ; ++block) {
+    char *to = static_cast<char*>(block->Get());
+    char *begin = to;
+    char *end = to + position.GetChain().BlockSize();
+    std::copy(carry.begin(), carry.end(), to);
+    to += carry.size();
+    while (to != end) {
+      std::size_t got = reader.Read(to, end - to);
+      if (!got) {
+        // EOF
+        block->SetValidSize(to - begin);
+        ++block;
+        block.Poison();
+        return;
+      }
+      to += got;
+    }
+
+    // Find the last newline.
+    char *newline;
+    for (newline = to - 1; ; --newline) {
+      UTIL_THROW_IF(newline < begin, Exception, "Did not find a newline in " << position.GetChain().BlockSize() << " bytes of input of " << NameFromFD(fd_) << ".  Is this a text file?");
+      if (*newline == '\n') break;
+    }
+    
+    // Copy everything after the last newline to the carry.
+    carry.clear();
+    carry.resize(to - (newline + 1));
+    std::copy(newline + 1, to, &*carry.begin());
+
+    block->SetValidSize(newline + 1 - begin);
+  }
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/line_input.hh b/klm/util/stream/line_input.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..86db1dd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/line_input.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_STREAM_LINE_INPUT__
+#define UTIL_STREAM_LINE_INPUT__
+namespace util {namespace stream {
+
+class ChainPosition;
+
+/* Worker that reads input into blocks, ensuring that blocks contain whole
+ * lines.  Assumes that the maximum size of a line is less than the block size
+ */
+class LineInput {
+  public:
+    // Takes ownership upon thread execution.
+    explicit LineInput(int fd);
+
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position);
+
+  private:
+    int fd_;
+};
+
+}} // namespaces
+#endif // UTIL_STREAM_LINE_INPUT__
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/multi_progress.cc b/klm/util/stream/multi_progress.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ba10386
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/multi_progress.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#include "util/stream/multi_progress.hh"
+
+// TODO: merge some functionality with the simple progress bar?
+#include "util/ersatz_progress.hh"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <limits>
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+namespace util { namespace stream {
+
+namespace {
+const char kDisplayCharacters[] = "-+*#0123456789";
+
+uint64_t Next(unsigned char stone, uint64_t complete) {
+  return (static_cast<uint64_t>(stone + 1) * complete + MultiProgress::kWidth - 1) / MultiProgress::kWidth;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+MultiProgress::MultiProgress() : active_(false), complete_(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()), character_handout_(0) {}
+
+MultiProgress::~MultiProgress() {
+  if (active_ && complete_ != std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max())
+    std::cerr << '\n';
+}
+
+void MultiProgress::Activate() {
+  active_ = 
+#if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
+    // Is stderr a terminal?  
+    (isatty(2) == 1)
+#else
+    true
+#endif
+    ;
+}
+
+void MultiProgress::SetTarget(uint64_t complete) {
+  if (!active_) return;
+  complete_ = complete;
+  if (!complete) complete_ = 1;
+  memset(display_, 0, sizeof(display_));
+  character_handout_ = 0;
+  std::cerr << kProgressBanner;
+}
+
+WorkerProgress MultiProgress::Add() {
+  if (!active_)
+    return WorkerProgress(std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(), *this, '\0');
+  std::size_t character_index;
+  {
+    boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> lock(mutex_);
+    character_index = character_handout_++;
+    if (character_handout_ == sizeof(kDisplayCharacters) - 1)
+      character_handout_ = 0;
+  }
+  return WorkerProgress(Next(0, complete_), *this, kDisplayCharacters[character_index]);
+}
+
+void MultiProgress::Finished() {
+  if (!active_ || complete_ == std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()) return;
+  std::cerr << '\n';
+  complete_ = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+}
+
+void MultiProgress::Milestone(WorkerProgress &worker) {
+  if (!active_ || complete_ == std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max()) return;
+  unsigned char stone = std::min(static_cast<uint64_t>(kWidth), worker.current_ * kWidth / complete_);
+  for (char *i = &display_[worker.stone_]; i < &display_[stone]; ++i) {
+    *i = worker.character_;
+  }
+  worker.next_ = Next(stone, complete_);
+  worker.stone_ = stone;
+  {
+    boost::unique_lock<boost::mutex> lock(mutex_);
+    std::cerr << '\r' << display_ << std::flush;
+  }
+}
+
+}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/multi_progress.hh b/klm/util/stream/multi_progress.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c4dd45a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/multi_progress.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/* Progress bar suitable for chains of workers */
+#ifndef UTIL_MULTI_PROGRESS__
+#define UTIL_MULTI_PROGRESS__
+
+#include <boost/thread/mutex.hpp>
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace util { namespace stream {
+
+class WorkerProgress;
+
+class MultiProgress {
+  public:
+    static const unsigned char kWidth = 100;
+
+    MultiProgress();
+
+    ~MultiProgress();
+
+    // Turns on showing (requires SetTarget too).
+    void Activate();
+
+    void SetTarget(uint64_t complete);
+
+    WorkerProgress Add();
+
+    void Finished();
+
+  private:
+    friend class WorkerProgress;
+    void Milestone(WorkerProgress &worker);
+
+    bool active_;
+
+    uint64_t complete_;
+
+    boost::mutex mutex_;
+
+    // \0 at the end.  
+    char display_[kWidth + 1];
+
+    std::size_t character_handout_;
+
+    MultiProgress(const MultiProgress &);
+    MultiProgress &operator=(const MultiProgress &);
+};
+
+class WorkerProgress {
+  public:
+    // Default contrutor must be initialized with operator= later.  
+    WorkerProgress() : parent_(NULL) {}
+
+    // Not threadsafe for the same worker by default.  
+    WorkerProgress &operator++() {
+      if (++current_ >= next_) {
+        parent_->Milestone(*this);
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    WorkerProgress &operator+=(uint64_t amount) {
+      current_ += amount;
+      if (current_ >= next_) {
+        parent_->Milestone(*this);
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    friend class MultiProgress;
+    WorkerProgress(uint64_t next, MultiProgress &parent, char character) 
+      : current_(0), next_(next), parent_(&parent), stone_(0), character_(character) {}
+
+    uint64_t current_, next_;
+
+    MultiProgress *parent_;
+
+    // Previous milestone reached.  
+    unsigned char stone_;
+
+    // Character to display in bar.  
+    char character_;
+};
+
+}} // namespaces
+
+#endif // UTIL_MULTI_PROGRESS__
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/sort.hh b/klm/util/stream/sort.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..16aa6a03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/sort.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,548 @@
+/* Usage:
+ * Sort<Compare> sorter(temp, compare);
+ * Chain(config) >> Read(file) >> sorter.Unsorted();
+ * Stream stream;
+ * Chain chain(config) >> sorter.Sorted(internal_config, lazy_config) >> stream;
+ * 
+ * Note that sorter must outlive any threads that use Unsorted or Sorted.  
+ *
+ * Combiners take the form:
+ * bool operator()(void *into, const void *option, const Compare &compare) const
+ * which returns true iff a combination happened.  The sorting algorithm
+ * guarantees compare(into, option).  But it does not guarantee 
+ * compare(option, into).  
+ * Currently, combining is only done in merge steps, not during on-the-fly
+ * sort.  Use a hash table for that.  
+ */
+
+#ifndef UTIL_STREAM_SORT__
+#define UTIL_STREAM_SORT__
+
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+#include "util/stream/config.hh"
+#include "util/stream/io.hh"
+#include "util/stream/stream.hh"
+#include "util/stream/timer.hh"
+
+#include "util/file.hh"
+#include "util/scoped.hh"
+#include "util/sized_iterator.hh"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <queue>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace util {
+namespace stream {
+
+struct NeverCombine {
+  template <class Compare> bool operator()(const void *, const void *, const Compare &) const { 
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+// Manage the offsets of sorted blocks in a file.  
+class Offsets {
+  public:
+    explicit Offsets(int fd) : log_(fd) {
+      Reset();
+    }
+
+    int File() const { return log_; }
+
+    void Append(uint64_t length) {
+      if (!length) return;
+      ++block_count_;
+      if (length == cur_.length) {
+        ++cur_.run;
+        return;
+      }
+      WriteOrThrow(log_, &cur_, sizeof(Entry));
+      cur_.length = length;
+      cur_.run = 1;
+    }
+
+    void FinishedAppending() {
+      WriteOrThrow(log_, &cur_, sizeof(Entry));
+      SeekOrThrow(log_, sizeof(Entry)); // Skip 0,0 at beginning.
+      cur_.run = 0;
+      if (block_count_) {
+        ReadOrThrow(log_, &cur_, sizeof(Entry));
+        assert(cur_.length);
+        assert(cur_.run);
+      }
+    }
+
+    uint64_t RemainingBlocks() const { return block_count_; }
+
+    uint64_t TotalOffset() const { return output_sum_; }
+
+    uint64_t PeekSize() const {
+      return cur_.length;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t NextSize() {
+      assert(block_count_);
+      uint64_t ret = cur_.length;
+      output_sum_ += ret;
+
+      --cur_.run;
+      --block_count_;
+      if (!cur_.run && block_count_) {
+        ReadOrThrow(log_, &cur_, sizeof(Entry));
+        assert(cur_.length);
+        assert(cur_.run);
+      }
+      return ret;
+    }
+
+    void Reset() {
+      SeekOrThrow(log_, 0);
+      ResizeOrThrow(log_, 0);
+      cur_.length = 0;
+      cur_.run = 0;
+      block_count_ = 0;
+      output_sum_ = 0;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    int log_;
+
+    struct Entry {
+      uint64_t length;
+      uint64_t run;
+    };
+    Entry cur_;
+
+    uint64_t block_count_;
+
+    uint64_t output_sum_;
+};
+
+// A priority queue of entries backed by file buffers
+template <class Compare> class MergeQueue {
+  public:
+    MergeQueue(int fd, std::size_t buffer_size, std::size_t entry_size, const Compare &compare)
+      : queue_(Greater(compare)), in_(fd), buffer_size_(buffer_size), entry_size_(entry_size) {}
+
+    void Push(void *base, uint64_t offset, uint64_t amount) {
+      queue_.push(Entry(base, in_, offset, amount, buffer_size_));
+    }
+
+    const void *Top() const {
+      return queue_.top().Current();
+    }
+
+    void Pop() {
+      Entry top(queue_.top());
+      queue_.pop();
+      if (top.Increment(in_, buffer_size_, entry_size_))
+        queue_.push(top);
+    }
+
+    std::size_t Size() const {
+      return queue_.size();
+    }
+
+    bool Empty() const {
+      return queue_.empty();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    // Priority queue contains these entries.  
+    class Entry {
+      public:
+        Entry() {}
+
+        Entry(void *base, int fd, uint64_t offset, uint64_t amount, std::size_t buf_size) {
+          offset_ = offset;
+          remaining_ = amount;
+          buffer_end_ = static_cast<uint8_t*>(base) + buf_size;
+          Read(fd, buf_size);
+        }
+
+        bool Increment(int fd, std::size_t buf_size, std::size_t entry_size) {
+          current_ += entry_size;
+          if (current_ != buffer_end_) return true;
+          return Read(fd, buf_size);
+        }
+
+        const void *Current() const { return current_; }
+
+      private:
+        bool Read(int fd, std::size_t buf_size) {
+          current_ = buffer_end_ - buf_size;
+          std::size_t amount;
+          if (static_cast<uint64_t>(buf_size) < remaining_) {
+            amount = buf_size;
+          } else if (!remaining_) {
+            return false;
+          } else {
+            amount = remaining_;
+            buffer_end_ = current_ + remaining_;
+          }
+          PReadOrThrow(fd, current_, amount, offset_);
+          offset_ += amount;
+          assert(current_ <= buffer_end_);
+          remaining_ -= amount;
+          return true;
+        }
+
+        // Buffer
+        uint8_t *current_, *buffer_end_;
+        // File
+        uint64_t remaining_, offset_;
+    };
+
+    // Wrapper comparison function for queue entries.   
+    class Greater : public std::binary_function<const Entry &, const Entry &, bool> {
+      public:
+        explicit Greater(const Compare &compare) : compare_(compare) {}
+
+        bool operator()(const Entry &first, const Entry &second) const {
+          return compare_(second.Current(), first.Current());
+        }
+
+      private:
+        const Compare compare_;
+    };
+
+    typedef std::priority_queue<Entry, std::vector<Entry>, Greater> Queue;
+    Queue queue_;
+
+    const int in_;
+    const std::size_t buffer_size_;
+    const std::size_t entry_size_;
+};
+
+/* A worker object that merges.  If the number of pieces to merge exceeds the
+ * arity, it outputs multiple sorted blocks, recording to out_offsets.  
+ * However, users will only every see a single sorted block out output because
+ * Sort::Sorted insures the arity is higher than the number of pieces before
+ * returning this.   
+ */
+template <class Compare, class Combine> class MergingReader {
+  public:
+    MergingReader(int in, Offsets *in_offsets, Offsets *out_offsets, std::size_t buffer_size, std::size_t total_memory, const Compare &compare, const Combine &combine) :
+        compare_(compare), combine_(combine),
+        in_(in),
+        in_offsets_(in_offsets), out_offsets_(out_offsets),
+        buffer_size_(buffer_size), total_memory_(total_memory) {}
+
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+      Run(position, false);
+    }
+
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position, bool assert_one) {
+      // Special case: nothing to read.  
+      if (!in_offsets_->RemainingBlocks()) {
+        Link l(position);
+        l.Poison();
+        return;
+      }
+      // If there's just one entry, just read.
+      if (in_offsets_->RemainingBlocks() == 1) {
+        // Sequencing is important.
+        uint64_t offset = in_offsets_->TotalOffset();
+        uint64_t amount = in_offsets_->NextSize();
+        ReadSingle(offset, amount, position);
+        if (out_offsets_) out_offsets_->Append(amount);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      Stream str(position);
+      scoped_malloc buffer(MallocOrThrow(total_memory_));
+      uint8_t *const buffer_end = static_cast<uint8_t*>(buffer.get()) + total_memory_;
+
+      const std::size_t entry_size = position.GetChain().EntrySize();
+
+      while (in_offsets_->RemainingBlocks()) {
+        // Use bigger buffers if there's less remaining.
+        uint64_t per_buffer = static_cast<uint64_t>(std::max<std::size_t>(
+            buffer_size_,
+            static_cast<std::size_t>((static_cast<uint64_t>(total_memory_) / in_offsets_->RemainingBlocks()))));
+        per_buffer -= per_buffer % entry_size;
+        assert(per_buffer);
+
+        // Populate queue.
+        MergeQueue<Compare> queue(in_, per_buffer, entry_size, compare_);
+        for (uint8_t *buf = static_cast<uint8_t*>(buffer.get()); 
+            in_offsets_->RemainingBlocks() && (buf + std::min(per_buffer, in_offsets_->PeekSize()) <= buffer_end);) {
+          uint64_t offset = in_offsets_->TotalOffset();
+          uint64_t size = in_offsets_->NextSize();
+          queue.Push(buf, offset, size);
+          buf += static_cast<std::size_t>(std::min<uint64_t>(size, per_buffer));
+        }
+        // This shouldn't happen but it's probably better to die than loop indefinitely.
+        if (queue.Size() < 2 && in_offsets_->RemainingBlocks()) {
+          std::cerr << "Bug in sort implementation: not merging at least two stripes." << std::endl;
+          abort();
+        }
+        if (assert_one && in_offsets_->RemainingBlocks()) {
+          std::cerr << "Bug in sort implementation: should only be one merge group for lazy sort" << std::endl;
+          abort();
+        }
+
+        uint64_t written = 0;
+        // Merge including combiner support.  
+        memcpy(str.Get(), queue.Top(), entry_size);
+        for (queue.Pop(); !queue.Empty(); queue.Pop()) {
+          if (!combine_(str.Get(), queue.Top(), compare_)) {
+            ++written; ++str;
+            memcpy(str.Get(), queue.Top(), entry_size);
+          }
+        }
+        ++written; ++str;
+        if (out_offsets_)
+          out_offsets_->Append(written * entry_size);
+      }
+      str.Poison();
+    }
+
+  private: 
+    void ReadSingle(uint64_t offset, const uint64_t size, const ChainPosition &position) {
+      // Special case: only one to read.  
+      const uint64_t end = offset + size;
+      const uint64_t block_size = position.GetChain().BlockSize();
+      Link l(position);
+      for (; offset + block_size < end; ++l, offset += block_size) {
+        PReadOrThrow(in_, l->Get(), block_size, offset);
+        l->SetValidSize(block_size);
+      }
+      PReadOrThrow(in_, l->Get(), end - offset, offset);
+      l->SetValidSize(end - offset);
+      (++l).Poison();
+      return;
+    }
+   
+    Compare compare_;
+    Combine combine_;
+
+    int in_;
+
+  protected:
+    Offsets *in_offsets_;
+
+  private:
+    Offsets *out_offsets_;
+ 
+    std::size_t buffer_size_;
+    std::size_t total_memory_;
+};
+
+// The lazy step owns the remaining files.  This keeps track of them.  
+template <class Compare, class Combine> class OwningMergingReader : public MergingReader<Compare, Combine> {
+  private:
+    typedef MergingReader<Compare, Combine> P;
+  public:
+    OwningMergingReader(int data, const Offsets &offsets, std::size_t buffer, std::size_t lazy, const Compare &compare, const Combine &combine) 
+      : P(data, NULL, NULL, buffer, lazy, compare, combine),
+        data_(data),
+        offsets_(offsets) {}
+
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+      P::in_offsets_ = &offsets_;
+      scoped_fd data(data_);
+      scoped_fd offsets_file(offsets_.File());
+      P::Run(position, true);
+    }
+
+  private:
+    int data_;
+    Offsets offsets_;
+};
+
+// Don't use this directly.  Worker that sorts blocks.   
+template <class Compare> class BlockSorter {
+  public:
+    BlockSorter(Offsets &offsets, const Compare &compare) :
+      offsets_(&offsets), compare_(compare) {}
+
+    void Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+      const std::size_t entry_size = position.GetChain().EntrySize();
+      for (Link link(position); link; ++link) {
+        // Record the size of each block in a separate file.    
+        offsets_->Append(link->ValidSize());
+        void *end = static_cast<uint8_t*>(link->Get()) + link->ValidSize();
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+        std::stable_sort
+#else
+        std::sort
+#endif
+          (SizedIt(link->Get(), entry_size),
+           SizedIt(end, entry_size),
+           compare_);
+      }
+      offsets_->FinishedAppending();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    Offsets *offsets_;
+    SizedCompare<Compare> compare_;
+};
+
+class BadSortConfig : public Exception {
+  public:
+    BadSortConfig() throw() {}
+    ~BadSortConfig() throw() {}
+};
+
+template <class Compare, class Combine = NeverCombine> class Sort {
+  public:
+    Sort(Chain &in, const SortConfig &config, const Compare &compare = Compare(), const Combine &combine = Combine())
+      : config_(config),
+        data_(MakeTemp(config.temp_prefix)),
+        offsets_file_(MakeTemp(config.temp_prefix)), offsets_(offsets_file_.get()),
+        compare_(compare), combine_(combine),
+        entry_size_(in.EntrySize()) {
+      UTIL_THROW_IF(!entry_size_, BadSortConfig, "Sorting entries of size 0");
+      // Make buffer_size a multiple of the entry_size.  
+      config_.buffer_size -= config_.buffer_size % entry_size_;
+      UTIL_THROW_IF(!config_.buffer_size, BadSortConfig, "Sort buffer too small");
+      UTIL_THROW_IF(config_.total_memory < config_.buffer_size * 4, BadSortConfig, "Sorting memory " << config_.total_memory << " is too small for four buffers (two read and two write).");
+      in >> BlockSorter<Compare>(offsets_, compare_) >> WriteAndRecycle(data_.get());
+    }
+
+    uint64_t Size() const {
+      return SizeOrThrow(data_.get());
+    }
+
+    // Do merge sort, terminating when lazy merge could be done with the
+    // specified memory.  Return the minimum memory necessary to do lazy merge.
+    std::size_t Merge(std::size_t lazy_memory) {
+      if (offsets_.RemainingBlocks() <= 1) return 0;
+      const uint64_t lazy_arity = std::max<uint64_t>(1, lazy_memory / config_.buffer_size);
+      uint64_t size = Size();
+      /* No overflow because
+       * offsets_.RemainingBlocks() * config_.buffer_size <= lazy_memory ||
+       * size < lazy_memory
+       */
+      if (offsets_.RemainingBlocks() <= lazy_arity || size <= static_cast<uint64_t>(lazy_memory))
+        return std::min<std::size_t>(size, offsets_.RemainingBlocks() * config_.buffer_size);
+
+      scoped_fd data2(MakeTemp(config_.temp_prefix));
+      int fd_in = data_.get(), fd_out = data2.get();
+      scoped_fd offsets2_file(MakeTemp(config_.temp_prefix));
+      Offsets offsets2(offsets2_file.get());
+      Offsets *offsets_in = &offsets_, *offsets_out = &offsets2;
+
+      // Double buffered writing.  
+      ChainConfig chain_config;
+      chain_config.entry_size = entry_size_;
+      chain_config.block_count = 2;
+      chain_config.total_memory = config_.buffer_size * 2;
+      Chain chain(chain_config);
+
+      while (offsets_in->RemainingBlocks() > lazy_arity) {
+        if (size <= static_cast<uint64_t>(lazy_memory)) break;
+        std::size_t reading_memory = config_.total_memory - 2 * config_.buffer_size;
+        if (size < static_cast<uint64_t>(reading_memory)) {
+          reading_memory = static_cast<std::size_t>(size);
+        }
+        SeekOrThrow(fd_in, 0);
+        chain >>
+          MergingReader<Compare, Combine>(
+              fd_in,
+              offsets_in, offsets_out,
+              config_.buffer_size,
+              reading_memory,
+              compare_, combine_) >>
+          WriteAndRecycle(fd_out);
+        chain.Wait();
+        offsets_out->FinishedAppending();
+        ResizeOrThrow(fd_in, 0);
+        offsets_in->Reset();
+        std::swap(fd_in, fd_out);
+        std::swap(offsets_in, offsets_out);
+        size = SizeOrThrow(fd_in);
+      }
+
+      SeekOrThrow(fd_in, 0);
+      if (fd_in == data2.get()) {
+        data_.reset(data2.release());
+        offsets_file_.reset(offsets2_file.release());
+        offsets_ = offsets2;
+      }
+      if (offsets_.RemainingBlocks() <= 1) return 0;
+      // No overflow because the while loop exited.
+      return std::min(size, offsets_.RemainingBlocks() * static_cast<uint64_t>(config_.buffer_size));
+    }
+
+    // Output to chain, using this amount of memory, maximum, for lazy merge
+    // sort.  
+    void Output(Chain &out, std::size_t lazy_memory) {
+      Merge(lazy_memory);
+      out.SetProgressTarget(Size());
+      out >> OwningMergingReader<Compare, Combine>(data_.get(), offsets_, config_.buffer_size, lazy_memory, compare_, combine_);
+      data_.release();
+      offsets_file_.release();
+    }
+
+    /* If a pipeline step is reading sorted input and writing to a different
+     * sort order, then there's a trade-off between using RAM to read lazily
+     * (avoiding copying the file) and using RAM to increase block size and, 
+     * therefore, decrease the number of merge sort passes in the next
+     * iteration.  
+     * 
+     * Merge sort takes log_{arity}(pieces) passes.  Thus, each time the chain
+     * block size is multiplied by arity, the number of output passes decreases
+     * by one.  Up to a constant, then, log_{arity}(chain) is the number of
+     * passes saved.  Chain simply divides the memory evenly over all blocks.
+     * 
+     * Lazy sort saves this many passes (up to a constant)
+     *   log_{arity}((memory-lazy)/block_count) + 1
+     * Non-lazy sort saves this many passes (up to the same constant):
+     *   log_{arity}(memory/block_count)
+     * Add log_{arity}(block_count) to both:
+     *   log_{arity}(memory-lazy) + 1 versus log_{arity}(memory)
+     * Take arity to the power of both sizes (arity > 1)
+     *   (memory - lazy)*arity versus memory
+     * Solve for lazy
+     *   lazy = memory * (arity - 1) / arity
+     */
+    std::size_t DefaultLazy() {
+      float arity = static_cast<float>(config_.total_memory / config_.buffer_size);
+      return static_cast<std::size_t>(static_cast<float>(config_.total_memory) * (arity - 1.0) / arity);
+    }
+
+    // Same as Output with default lazy memory setting.
+    void Output(Chain &out) {
+      Output(out, DefaultLazy());
+    }
+
+    // Completely merge sort and transfer ownership to the caller.
+    int StealCompleted() {
+      // Merge all the way.
+      Merge(0);
+      SeekOrThrow(data_.get(), 0);
+      offsets_file_.reset();
+      return data_.release();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    SortConfig config_;
+
+    scoped_fd data_;
+
+    scoped_fd offsets_file_;
+    Offsets offsets_;
+
+    const Compare compare_;
+    const Combine combine_;
+    const std::size_t entry_size_;
+};
+
+// returns bytes to be read on demand.  
+template <class Compare, class Combine> uint64_t BlockingSort(Chain &chain, const SortConfig &config, const Compare &compare = Compare(), const Combine &combine = NeverCombine()) {
+  Sort<Compare, Combine> sorter(chain, config, compare, combine);
+  chain.Wait(true);
+  uint64_t size = sorter.Size();
+  sorter.Output(chain);
+  return size;
+}
+
+} // namespace stream
+} // namespace util
+
+#endif // UTIL_STREAM_SORT__
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/sort_test.cc b/klm/util/stream/sort_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fd7705cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/sort_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+#include "util/stream/sort.hh"
+
+#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE SortTest
+#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+namespace util { namespace stream { namespace {
+
+struct CompareUInt64 : public std::binary_function<const void *, const void *, bool> {
+  bool operator()(const void *first, const void *second) const {
+    return *static_cast<const uint64_t*>(first) < *reinterpret_cast<const uint64_t*>(second);
+  }
+};
+
+const uint64_t kSize = 100000;
+
+struct Putter {
+  Putter(std::vector<uint64_t> &shuffled) : shuffled_(shuffled) {}
+
+  void Run(const ChainPosition &position) {
+    Stream put_shuffled(position);
+    for (uint64_t i = 0; i < shuffled_.size(); ++i, ++put_shuffled) {
+      *static_cast<uint64_t*>(put_shuffled.Get()) = shuffled_[i];
+    }
+    put_shuffled.Poison();
+  }
+  std::vector<uint64_t> &shuffled_;
+};
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(FromShuffled) {
+  std::vector<uint64_t> shuffled;
+  shuffled.reserve(kSize);
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < kSize; ++i) {
+    shuffled.push_back(i);
+  }
+  std::random_shuffle(shuffled.begin(), shuffled.end());
+  
+  ChainConfig config;
+  config.entry_size = 8;
+  config.total_memory = 800;
+  config.block_count = 3;
+
+  SortConfig merge_config;
+  merge_config.temp_prefix = "sort_test_temp";
+  merge_config.buffer_size = 800;
+  merge_config.total_memory = 3300;
+
+  Chain chain(config);
+  chain >> Putter(shuffled);
+  BlockingSort(chain, merge_config, CompareUInt64(), NeverCombine());
+  Stream sorted;
+  chain >> sorted >> kRecycle;
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < kSize; ++i, ++sorted) {
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(i, *static_cast<const uint64_t*>(sorted.Get()));
+  }
+  BOOST_CHECK(!sorted);
+}
+
+}}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/stream.hh b/klm/util/stream/stream.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6ff45b82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/stream.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_STREAM_STREAM__
+#define UTIL_STREAM_STREAM__
+
+#include "util/stream/chain.hh"
+
+#include <boost/noncopyable.hpp>
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+namespace util {
+namespace stream {
+
+class Stream : boost::noncopyable {
+  public:
+    Stream() : current_(NULL), end_(NULL) {}
+
+    void Init(const ChainPosition &position) {
+      entry_size_ = position.GetChain().EntrySize();
+      block_size_ = position.GetChain().BlockSize();
+      block_it_.Init(position);
+      StartBlock();
+    }
+
+    explicit Stream(const ChainPosition &position) {
+      Init(position);
+    }
+
+    operator bool() const { return current_ != NULL; }
+    bool operator!() const { return current_ == NULL; }
+
+    const void *Get() const { return current_; }
+    void *Get() { return current_; }
+
+    void Poison() {
+      block_it_->SetValidSize(current_ - static_cast<uint8_t*>(block_it_->Get()));
+      ++block_it_;
+      block_it_.Poison();
+    }
+    
+    Stream &operator++() {
+      assert(*this);
+      assert(current_ < end_);
+      current_ += entry_size_;
+      if (current_ == end_) {
+        ++block_it_;
+        StartBlock();
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    void StartBlock() {
+      for (; block_it_ && !block_it_->ValidSize(); ++block_it_) {}
+      current_ = static_cast<uint8_t*>(block_it_->Get());
+      end_ = current_ + block_it_->ValidSize();
+    }
+
+    uint8_t *current_, *end_;
+
+    std::size_t entry_size_;
+    std::size_t block_size_;
+
+    Link block_it_;
+};
+
+inline Chain &operator>>(Chain &chain, Stream &stream) {
+  stream.Init(chain.Add());
+  return chain;
+}
+
+} // namespace stream
+} // namespace util
+#endif // UTIL_STREAM_STREAM__
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/stream_test.cc b/klm/util/stream/stream_test.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6575d50d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/stream_test.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+#include "util/stream/io.hh"
+
+#include "util/stream/stream.hh"
+#include "util/file.hh"
+
+#define BOOST_TEST_MODULE StreamTest
+#include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
+
+#include <unistd.h>
+
+namespace util { namespace stream { namespace {
+
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(StreamTest) {
+  scoped_fd in(MakeTemp("io_test_temp"));
+  for (uint64_t i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
+    WriteOrThrow(in.get(), &i, sizeof(uint64_t));
+  }
+  SeekOrThrow(in.get(), 0);
+
+  ChainConfig config;
+  config.entry_size = 8;
+  config.total_memory = 100;
+  config.block_count = 12;
+
+  Stream s;
+  Chain chain(config);
+  chain >> Read(in.get()) >> s >> kRecycle;
+  uint64_t i = 0;
+  for (; s; ++s, ++i) {
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(i, *static_cast<const uint64_t*>(s.Get()));
+  }
+  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(100000ULL, i);
+}
+
+}}} // namespaces
diff --git a/klm/util/stream/timer.hh b/klm/util/stream/timer.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..7e1a5885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/stream/timer.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_STREAM_TIMER__
+#define UTIL_STREAM_TIMER__
+
+// Sorry Jon, this was adding library dependencies in Moses and people complained.
+
+/*#include <boost/version.hpp>
+
+#if BOOST_VERSION >= 104800
+#include <boost/timer/timer.hpp>
+#define UTIL_TIMER(str) boost::timer::auto_cpu_timer timer(std::cerr, 1, (str))
+#else
+//#warning Using Boost older than 1.48. Timing information will not be available.*/
+#define UTIL_TIMER(str) 
+//#endif
+
+#endif // UTIL_STREAM_TIMER__
diff --git a/klm/util/string_piece.cc b/klm/util/string_piece.cc
index b422cefc..ec394b96 100644
--- a/klm/util/string_piece.cc
+++ b/klm/util/string_piece.cc
@@ -17,7 +17,8 @@ void StringPiece::CopyToString(std::string* target) const {
 }
 
 size_type StringPiece::find(const StringPiece& s, size_type pos) const {
-  if (length_ < 0 || pos > static_cast<size_type>(length_))
+  // Not sure why length_ < 0 was here since it's std::size_t.
+  if (/*length_ < 0 || */pos > static_cast<size_type>(length_))
     return npos;
 
   const char* result = std::search(ptr_ + pos, ptr_ + length_,
diff --git a/klm/util/string_piece.hh b/klm/util/string_piece.hh
index 51481646..9cf4c7f6 100644
--- a/klm/util/string_piece.hh
+++ b/klm/util/string_piece.hh
@@ -50,10 +50,6 @@
 
 #include "util/have.hh"
 
-#ifdef HAVE_BOOST
-#include <boost/functional/hash/hash.hpp>
-#endif // HAVE_BOOST
-
 #include <cstring>
 #include <iosfwd>
 #include <ostream>
@@ -256,46 +252,9 @@ inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const StringPiece& piece) {
   return o.write(piece.data(), static_cast<std::streamsize>(piece.size()));
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_BOOST
-inline size_t hash_value(const StringPiece &str) {
-  return boost::hash_range(str.data(), str.data() + str.length());
-}
-
-/* Support for lookup of StringPiece in boost::unordered_map<std::string> */
-struct StringPieceCompatibleHash : public std::unary_function<const StringPiece &, size_t> {
-  size_t operator()(const StringPiece &str) const {
-    return hash_value(str);
-  }
-};
-
-struct StringPieceCompatibleEquals : public std::binary_function<const StringPiece &, const std::string &, bool> {
-  bool operator()(const StringPiece &first, const StringPiece &second) const {
-    return first == second;
-  }
-};
-template <class T> typename T::const_iterator FindStringPiece(const T &t, const StringPiece &key) {
-#if BOOST_VERSION < 104200
-  std::string temp(key.data(), key.size());
-  return t.find(temp);
-#else
-  return t.find(key, StringPieceCompatibleHash(), StringPieceCompatibleEquals());
-#endif
-}
-
-template <class T> typename T::iterator FindStringPiece(T &t, const StringPiece &key) {
-#if BOOST_VERSION < 104200
-  std::string temp(key.data(), key.size());
-  return t.find(temp);
-#else
-  return t.find(key, StringPieceCompatibleHash(), StringPieceCompatibleEquals());
-#endif
-}
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_ICU
 U_NAMESPACE_END
 using U_NAMESPACE_QUALIFIER StringPiece;
 #endif
 
-
 #endif  // BASE_STRING_PIECE_H__
diff --git a/klm/util/string_piece_hash.hh b/klm/util/string_piece_hash.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..f206b1d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/string_piece_hash.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_STRING_PIECE_HASH__
+#define UTIL_STRING_PIECE_HASH__
+
+#include "util/string_piece.hh"
+
+#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
+#include <boost/version.hpp>
+
+inline size_t hash_value(const StringPiece &str) {
+  return boost::hash_range(str.data(), str.data() + str.length());
+}
+
+/* Support for lookup of StringPiece in boost::unordered_map<std::string> */
+struct StringPieceCompatibleHash : public std::unary_function<const StringPiece &, size_t> {
+  size_t operator()(const StringPiece &str) const {
+    return hash_value(str);
+  }
+};
+
+struct StringPieceCompatibleEquals : public std::binary_function<const StringPiece &, const std::string &, bool> {
+  bool operator()(const StringPiece &first, const StringPiece &second) const {
+    return first == second;
+  }
+};
+template <class T> typename T::const_iterator FindStringPiece(const T &t, const StringPiece &key) {
+#if BOOST_VERSION < 104200
+  std::string temp(key.data(), key.size());
+  return t.find(temp);
+#else
+  return t.find(key, StringPieceCompatibleHash(), StringPieceCompatibleEquals());
+#endif
+}
+
+template <class T> typename T::iterator FindStringPiece(T &t, const StringPiece &key) {
+#if BOOST_VERSION < 104200
+  std::string temp(key.data(), key.size());
+  return t.find(temp);
+#else
+  return t.find(key, StringPieceCompatibleHash(), StringPieceCompatibleEquals());
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif // UTIL_STRING_PIECE_HASH__
diff --git a/klm/util/thread_pool.hh b/klm/util/thread_pool.hh
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..84e257ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/klm/util/thread_pool.hh
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+#ifndef UTIL_THREAD_POOL__
+#define UTIL_THREAD_POOL__
+
+#include "util/pcqueue.hh"
+
+#include <boost/ptr_container/ptr_vector.hpp>
+#include <boost/optional.hpp>
+#include <boost/thread.hpp>
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+namespace util {
+
+template <class HandlerT> class Worker : boost::noncopyable {
+  public:
+    typedef HandlerT Handler;
+    typedef typename Handler::Request Request;
+
+    template <class Construct> Worker(PCQueue<Request> &in, Construct &construct, Request &poison)
+      : in_(in), handler_(construct), thread_(boost::ref(*this)), poison_(poison) {}
+
+    // Only call from thread.
+    void operator()() {
+      Request request;
+      while (1) {
+        in_.Consume(request);
+        if (request == poison_) return;
+        try {
+          (*handler_)(request);
+        }
+        catch(std::exception &e) {
+          std::cerr << "Handler threw " << e.what() << std::endl;
+          abort();
+        }
+        catch(...) {
+          std::cerr << "Handler threw an exception, dropping request" << std::endl;
+          abort();
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Join() {
+      thread_.join();
+    }
+
+  private:
+    PCQueue<Request> &in_;
+
+    boost::optional<Handler> handler_;
+
+    boost::thread thread_;
+
+    Request poison_;
+};
+
+template <class HandlerT> class ThreadPool : boost::noncopyable {
+  public:
+    typedef HandlerT Handler;
+    typedef typename Handler::Request Request;
+
+    template <class Construct> ThreadPool(size_t queue_length, size_t workers, Construct handler_construct, Request poison) : in_(queue_length), poison_(poison) {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < workers; ++i) {
+        workers_.push_back(new Worker<Handler>(in_, handler_construct, poison));
+      }
+    }
+
+    ~ThreadPool() {
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < workers_.size(); ++i) {
+        Produce(poison_);
+      }
+      for (typename boost::ptr_vector<Worker<Handler> >::iterator i = workers_.begin(); i != workers_.end(); ++i) {
+        i->Join();
+      }
+    }
+
+    void Produce(const Request &request) {
+      in_.Produce(request);
+    }
+
+    // For adding to the queue.
+    PCQueue<Request> &In() { return in_; }
+
+  private:
+    PCQueue<Request> in_;
+
+    boost::ptr_vector<Worker<Handler> > workers_;
+
+    Request poison_;
+};
+
+} // namespace util
+
+#endif // UTIL_THREAD_POOL__
diff --git a/klm/util/usage.cc b/klm/util/usage.cc
index e5cf76f0..b8e125d0 100644
--- a/klm/util/usage.cc
+++ b/klm/util/usage.cc
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 #include "util/usage.hh"
 
+#include "util/exception.hh"
+
 #include <fstream>
 #include <ostream>
+#include <sstream>
 
 #include <string.h>
 #include <ctype.h>
 #if !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(_WIN64)
 #include <sys/resource.h>
 #include <sys/time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 #endif
 
 namespace util {
@@ -43,4 +47,60 @@ void PrintUsage(std::ostream &out) {
 #endif
 }
 
+uint64_t GuessPhysicalMemory() {
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(_WIN64)
+  return 0;
+#elif defined(_SC_PHYS_PAGES) && defined(_SC_PAGESIZE)
+  long pages = sysconf(_SC_PHYS_PAGES);
+  if (pages == -1) return 0;
+  long page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+  if (page_size == -1) return 0;
+  return static_cast<uint64_t>(pages) * static_cast<uint64_t>(page_size);
+#else
+  return 0;
+#endif
+}
+
+namespace {
+class SizeParseError : public Exception {
+  public:
+    explicit SizeParseError(const std::string &str) throw() {
+      *this << "Failed to parse " << str << " into a memory size ";
+    }
+};
+
+template <class Num> uint64_t ParseNum(const std::string &arg) {
+  std::stringstream stream(arg);
+  Num value;
+  stream >> value;
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(!stream, SizeParseError, (arg), "for the leading number.");
+  std::string after;
+  stream >> after;
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(after.size() > 1, SizeParseError, (arg), "because there are more than two characters after the number.");
+  std::string throwaway;
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(stream >> throwaway, SizeParseError, (arg), "because there was more cruft " << throwaway << " after the number.");
+
+  // Silly sort, using kilobytes as your default unit.  
+  if (after.empty()) after = "K";
+  if (after == "%") {
+    uint64_t mem = GuessPhysicalMemory();
+    UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(!mem, SizeParseError, (arg), "because % was specified but the physical memory size could not be determined.");
+    return static_cast<double>(value) * static_cast<double>(mem) / 100.0;
+  }
+  
+  std::string units("bKMGTPEZY");
+  std::string::size_type index = units.find(after[0]);
+  UTIL_THROW_IF_ARG(index == std::string::npos, SizeParseError, (arg), "the allowed suffixes are " << units << "%.");
+  for (std::string::size_type i = 0; i < index; ++i) {
+    value *= 1024;
+  }
+  return value;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+uint64_t ParseSize(const std::string &arg) {
+  return arg.find('.') == std::string::npos ? ParseNum<double>(arg) : ParseNum<uint64_t>(arg);
+}
+
 } // namespace util
diff --git a/klm/util/usage.hh b/klm/util/usage.hh
index d331ff74..e19eda7b 100644
--- a/klm/util/usage.hh
+++ b/klm/util/usage.hh
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
 #ifndef UTIL_USAGE__
 #define UTIL_USAGE__
+#include <cstddef>
 #include <iosfwd>
+#include <string>
+
+#include <stdint.h>
 
 namespace util {
 void PrintUsage(std::ostream &to);
+
+// Determine how much physical memory there is.  Return 0 on failure.
+uint64_t GuessPhysicalMemory();
+
+// Parse a size like unix sort.  Sadly, this means the default multiplier is K.
+uint64_t ParseSize(const std::string &arg);
 } // namespace util
 #endif // UTIL_USAGE__
diff --git a/m4/boost.m4 b/m4/boost.m4
index ca8a08e8..027e039b 100644
--- a/m4/boost.m4
+++ b/m4/boost.m4
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # boost.m4: Locate Boost headers and libraries for autoconf-based projects.
-# Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009  Benoit Sigoure <tsuna@lrde.epita.fr>
+# Copyright (C) 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011  Benoit Sigoure <tsuna@lrde.epita.fr>
 #
 # This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
 # along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 
 m4_define([_BOOST_SERIAL], [m4_translit([
-# serial 12
+# serial 16
 ], [#
 ], [])])
 
@@ -45,15 +45,19 @@ m4_define([_BOOST_SERIAL], [m4_translit([
 # Note: THESE MACROS ASSUME THAT YOU USE LIBTOOL.  If you don't, don't worry,
 # simply read the README, it will show you what to do step by step.
 
-m4_pattern_forbid([^_?BOOST_])
+m4_pattern_forbid([^_?(BOOST|Boost)_])
 
 
 # _BOOST_SED_CPP(SED-PROGRAM, PROGRAM,
 #                [ACTION-IF-FOUND], [ACTION-IF-NOT-FOUND])
 # --------------------------------------------------------
 # Same as AC_EGREP_CPP, but leave the result in conftest.i.
-# PATTERN is *not* overquoted, as in AC_EGREP_CPP.  It could be useful
-# to turn this into a macro which extracts the value of any macro.
+#
+# SED-PROGRAM is *not* overquoted, as in AC_EGREP_CPP.  It is expanded
+# in double-quotes, so escape your double quotes.
+#
+# It could be useful to turn this into a macro which extracts the
+# value of any macro.
 m4_define([_BOOST_SED_CPP],
 [AC_LANG_PREPROC_REQUIRE()dnl
 AC_REQUIRE([AC_PROG_SED])dnl
@@ -98,6 +102,7 @@ set x $boost_version_req 0 0 0
 IFS=$boost_save_IFS
 shift
 boost_version_req=`expr "$[1]" '*' 100000 + "$[2]" '*' 100 + "$[3]"`
+boost_version_req_string=$[1].$[2].$[3]
 AC_ARG_WITH([boost],
    [AS_HELP_STRING([--with-boost=DIR],
                    [prefix of Boost $1 @<:@guess@:>@])])dnl
@@ -113,9 +118,9 @@ if test x"$BOOST_ROOT" != x; then
   fi
 fi
 AC_SUBST([DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS],
-         ["$DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS '--with-boost=$with_boost'"])
+         ["$DISTCHECK_CONFIGURE_FLAGS '--with-boost=$with_boost'"])dnl
 boost_save_CPPFLAGS=$CPPFLAGS
-  AC_CACHE_CHECK([for Boost headers version >= $boost_version_req],
+  AC_CACHE_CHECK([for Boost headers version >= $boost_version_req_string],
     [boost_cv_inc_path],
     [boost_cv_inc_path=no
 AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])dnl
@@ -183,24 +188,25 @@ AC_LANG_POP([C++])dnl
     ])
     case $boost_cv_inc_path in #(
       no)
-        boost_errmsg="cannot find Boost headers version >= $boost_version_req"
+        boost_errmsg="cannot find Boost headers version >= $boost_version_req_string"
         m4_if([$2], [],  [AC_MSG_ERROR([$boost_errmsg])],
                         [AC_MSG_NOTICE([$boost_errmsg])])
         $2
         ;;#(
       yes)
         BOOST_CPPFLAGS=
-        AC_DEFINE([HAVE_BOOST], [1],
-                  [Defined if the requested minimum BOOST version is satisfied])
         ;;#(
       *)
-        AC_SUBST([BOOST_CPPFLAGS], ["-I$boost_cv_inc_path"])
+        AC_SUBST([BOOST_CPPFLAGS], ["-I$boost_cv_inc_path"])dnl
         ;;
     esac
+  if test x"$boost_cv_inc_path" != xno; then
+  AC_DEFINE([HAVE_BOOST], [1],
+            [Defined if the requested minimum BOOST version is satisfied])
   AC_CACHE_CHECK([for Boost's header version],
     [boost_cv_lib_version],
     [m4_pattern_allow([^BOOST_LIB_VERSION$])dnl
-     _BOOST_SED_CPP([/^boost-lib-version = /{s///;s/\"//g;p;g;}],
+     _BOOST_SED_CPP([/^boost-lib-version = /{s///;s/\"//g;p;q;}],
                     [#include <boost/version.hpp>
 boost-lib-version = BOOST_LIB_VERSION],
     [boost_cv_lib_version=`cat conftest.i`])])
@@ -211,6 +217,7 @@ boost-lib-version = BOOST_LIB_VERSION],
         AC_MSG_ERROR([invalid value: boost_major_version=$boost_major_version])
         ;;
     esac
+fi
 CPPFLAGS=$boost_save_CPPFLAGS
 ])# BOOST_REQUIRE
 
@@ -220,7 +227,7 @@ CPPFLAGS=$boost_save_CPPFLAGS
 # on the command line, static versions of the libraries will be looked up.
 AC_DEFUN([BOOST_STATIC],
   [AC_ARG_ENABLE([static-boost],
-     [AC_HELP_STRING([--enable-static-boost],
+     [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-static-boost],
                [Prefer the static boost libraries over the shared ones [no]])],
      [enable_static_boost=yes],
      [enable_static_boost=no])])# BOOST_STATIC
@@ -290,6 +297,7 @@ dnl The else branch is huge and wasn't intended on purpose.
 AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])dnl
 AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([Boost_lib], [boost_cv_lib_$1])dnl
 AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([Boost_lib_LDFLAGS], [boost_cv_lib_$1_LDFLAGS])dnl
+AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([Boost_lib_LDPATH], [boost_cv_lib_$1_LDPATH])dnl
 AS_VAR_PUSHDEF([Boost_lib_LIBS], [boost_cv_lib_$1_LIBS])dnl
 BOOST_FIND_HEADER([$3])
 boost_save_CPPFLAGS=$CPPFLAGS
@@ -371,8 +379,8 @@ for boost_rtopt_ in $boost_rtopt '' -d; do
     boost_tmp_lib=$with_boost
     test x"$with_boost" = x && boost_tmp_lib=${boost_cv_inc_path%/include}
     for boost_ldpath in "$boost_tmp_lib/lib" '' \
-             /opt/local/lib /usr/local/lib /opt/lib /usr/lib \
-             "$with_boost" C:/Boost/lib /lib /usr/lib64 /lib64
+             /opt/local/lib* /usr/local/lib* /opt/lib* /usr/lib* \
+             "$with_boost" C:/Boost/lib /lib*
     do
       test -e "$boost_ldpath" || continue
       boost_save_LDFLAGS=$LDFLAGS
@@ -395,7 +403,16 @@ dnl generated only once above (before we start the for loops).
       LDFLAGS=$boost_save_LDFLAGS
       LIBS=$boost_save_LIBS
       if test x"$Boost_lib" = xyes; then
-        Boost_lib_LDFLAGS="-L$boost_ldpath -I$boost_ldpath"
+        # Because Boost is often installed in non-standard locations we want to
+        # hardcode the path to the library (with rpath).  Here we assume that
+        # Libtool's macro was already invoked so we can steal its variable
+        # hardcode_libdir_flag_spec in order to get the right flags for ld.
+        boost_save_libdir=$libdir
+        libdir=$boost_ldpath
+        eval boost_rpath=\"$hardcode_libdir_flag_spec\"
+        libdir=$boost_save_libdir
+        Boost_lib_LDFLAGS="-L$boost_ldpath $boost_rpath"
+        Boost_lib_LDPATH="$boost_ldpath"
         break 6
       else
         boost_failed_libs="$boost_failed_libs@$boost_lib@"
@@ -410,14 +427,17 @@ rm -f conftest.$ac_objext
 ])
 case $Boost_lib in #(
   no) _AC_MSG_LOG_CONFTEST
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([cannot not find the flags to link with Boost $1])
+    AC_MSG_ERROR([cannot find the flags to link with Boost $1])
     ;;
 esac
-AC_SUBST(AS_TR_CPP([BOOST_$1_LDFLAGS]), [$Boost_lib_LDFLAGS])
-AC_SUBST(AS_TR_CPP([BOOST_$1_LIBS]), [$Boost_lib_LIBS])
+AC_SUBST(AS_TR_CPP([BOOST_$1_LDFLAGS]), [$Boost_lib_LDFLAGS])dnl
+AC_SUBST(AS_TR_CPP([BOOST_$1_LDPATH]), [$Boost_lib_LDPATH])dnl
+AC_SUBST([BOOST_LDPATH], [$Boost_lib_LDPATH])dnl
+AC_SUBST(AS_TR_CPP([BOOST_$1_LIBS]), [$Boost_lib_LIBS])dnl
 CPPFLAGS=$boost_save_CPPFLAGS
 AS_VAR_POPDEF([Boost_lib])dnl
 AS_VAR_POPDEF([Boost_lib_LDFLAGS])dnl
+AS_VAR_POPDEF([Boost_lib_LDPATH])dnl
 AS_VAR_POPDEF([Boost_lib_LIBS])dnl
 AC_LANG_POP([C++])dnl
 fi
@@ -432,17 +452,31 @@ fi
 # The page http://beta.boost.org/doc/libs is useful: it gives the first release
 # version of each library (among other things).
 
+# BOOST_DEFUN(LIBRARY, CODE)
+# --------------------------
+# Define BOOST_<LIBRARY-UPPERCASE> as a macro that runs CODE.
+#
+# Use indir to avoid the warning on underquoted macro name given to AC_DEFUN.
+m4_define([BOOST_DEFUN],
+[m4_indir([AC_DEFUN],
+          m4_toupper([BOOST_$1]),
+[m4_pushdef([BOOST_Library], [$1])dnl
+$2
+m4_popdef([BOOST_Library])dnl
+])
+])
+
 # BOOST_ARRAY()
 # -------------
 # Look for Boost.Array
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_ARRAY],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Array],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/array.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_ASIO()
 # ------------
 # Look for Boost.Asio (new in Boost 1.35).
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_ASIO],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Asio],
 [AC_REQUIRE([BOOST_SYSTEM])dnl
 BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/asio.hpp])])
 
@@ -450,14 +484,41 @@ BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/asio.hpp])])
 # BOOST_BIND()
 # ------------
 # Look for Boost.Bind
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_BIND],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Bind],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/bind.hpp])])
 
 
+# BOOST_CHRONO()
+# ------------------
+# Look for Boost.Chrono
+BOOST_DEFUN([Chrono],
+[# Do we have to check for Boost.System?  This link-time dependency was
+# added as of 1.35.0.  If we have a version <1.35, we must not attempt to
+# find Boost.System as it didn't exist by then.
+if test $boost_major_version -ge 135; then
+  BOOST_SYSTEM([$1])
+fi # end of the Boost.System check.
+boost_system_save_LIBS=$LIBS
+boost_system_save_LDFLAGS=$LDFLAGS
+m4_pattern_allow([^BOOST_SYSTEM_(LIBS|LDFLAGS)$])dnl
+LIBS="$LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS"
+LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LDFLAGS"
+BOOST_FIND_LIB([chrono], [$1],
+               [boost/chrono.hpp],
+               [boost::chrono::system_clock::time_point d = boost::chrono::system_clock::now();])
+if test $enable_static_boost = yes && test $boost_major_version -ge 135; then
+    AC_SUBST([BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS], ["$BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS"])
+fi
+LIBS=$boost_system_save_LIBS
+LDFLAGS=$boost_system_save_LDFLAGS
+
+])# BOOST_CHRONO
+
+
 # BOOST_CONVERSION()
 # ------------------
 # Look for Boost.Conversion (cast / lexical_cast)
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_CONVERSION],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Conversion],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/cast.hpp])
 BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/lexical_cast.hpp])
 ])# BOOST_CONVERSION
@@ -467,12 +528,31 @@ BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/lexical_cast.hpp])
 # -----------------------------------
 # Look for Boost.Date_Time.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_DATE_TIME],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Date_Time],
 [BOOST_FIND_LIB([date_time], [$1],
                 [boost/date_time/posix_time/posix_time.hpp],
                 [boost::posix_time::ptime t;])
 ])# BOOST_DATE_TIME
 
+# BOOST_TIMER([PREFERRED-RT-OPT])
+# -----------------------------------
+# Look for Boost.Timer.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
+# documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
+BOOST_DEFUN([Timer],
+[#check for Boost.System
+BOOST_SYSTEM([$1])
+boost_system_save_LIBS=$LIBS
+boost_system_save_LDFLAGS=$LDFLAGS
+m4_pattern_allow([^BOOST_SYSTEM_(LIBS|LDFLAGS)$])dnl
+LIBS="$LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS"
+LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LDFLAGS"
+BOOST_FIND_LIB([timer], [$1],
+                [boost/timer/timer.hpp],
+                [boost::timer::auto_cpu_timer t;])
+AC_SUBST([BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS], ["$BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS"])
+LIBS=$boost_system_save_LIBS
+LDFLAGS=$boost_system_save_LDFLAGS
+])# BOOST_TIMER
 
 # BOOST_FILESYSTEM([PREFERRED-RT-OPT])
 # ------------------------------------
@@ -480,7 +560,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_DATE_TIME],
 # the documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
 # Do not check for boost/filesystem.hpp because this file was introduced in
 # 1.34.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_FILESYSTEM],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Filesystem],
 [# Do we have to check for Boost.System?  This link-time dependency was
 # added as of 1.35.0.  If we have a version <1.35, we must not attempt to
 # find Boost.System as it didn't exist by then.
@@ -494,6 +574,9 @@ LIBS="$LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS"
 LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LDFLAGS"
 BOOST_FIND_LIB([filesystem], [$1],
                 [boost/filesystem/path.hpp], [boost::filesystem::path p;])
+if test $enable_static_boost = yes && test $boost_major_version -ge 135; then
+    AC_SUBST([BOOST_FILESYSTEM_LIBS], ["$BOOST_FILESYSTEM_LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS"])
+fi
 LIBS=$boost_filesystem_save_LIBS
 LDFLAGS=$boost_filesystem_save_LDFLAGS
 ])# BOOST_FILESYSTEM
@@ -502,7 +585,7 @@ LDFLAGS=$boost_filesystem_save_LDFLAGS
 # BOOST_FOREACH()
 # ---------------
 # Look for Boost.Foreach
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_FOREACH],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Foreach],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/foreach.hpp])])
 
 
@@ -513,14 +596,14 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_FOREACH],
 # standalone.  It can't be compiled because it triggers the following error:
 # boost/format/detail/config_macros.hpp:88: error: 'locale' in namespace 'std'
 #                                                  does not name a type
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_FORMAT],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Format],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/format.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_FUNCTION()
 # ----------------
 # Look for Boost.Function
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_FUNCTION],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Function],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/function.hpp])])
 
 
@@ -528,37 +611,60 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_FUNCTION],
 # -------------------------------
 # Look for Boost.Graphs.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_GRAPH],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Graph],
 [BOOST_FIND_LIB([graph], [$1],
                 [boost/graph/adjacency_list.hpp], [boost::adjacency_list<> g;])
 ])# BOOST_GRAPH
 
 
 # BOOST_IOSTREAMS([PREFERRED-RT-OPT])
-# -------------------------------
+# -----------------------------------
 # Look for Boost.IOStreams.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_IOSTREAMS],
+BOOST_DEFUN([IOStreams],
 [BOOST_FIND_LIB([iostreams], [$1],
                 [boost/iostreams/device/file_descriptor.hpp],
-                [boost::iostreams::file_descriptor fd(0); fd.close();])
+                [boost::iostreams::file_descriptor fd; fd.close();])
 ])# BOOST_IOSTREAMS
 
 
 # BOOST_HASH()
 # ------------
 # Look for Boost.Functional/Hash
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_HASH],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Hash],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/functional/hash.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_LAMBDA()
 # --------------
 # Look for Boost.Lambda
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_LAMBDA],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Lambda],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/lambda/lambda.hpp])])
 
 
+# BOOST_LOG([PREFERRED-RT-OPT])
+# -----------------------------
+# Look for Boost.Log For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
+# documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
+BOOST_DEFUN([Log],
+[BOOST_FIND_LIB([log], [$1],
+    [boost/log/core/core.hpp],
+    [boost::log::attribute a; a.get_value();])
+])# BOOST_LOG
+
+
+# BOOST_LOG_SETUP([PREFERRED-RT-OPT])
+# -----------------------------------
+# Look for Boost.Log For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
+# documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
+BOOST_DEFUN([Log_Setup],
+[AC_REQUIRE([BOOST_LOG])dnl
+BOOST_FIND_LIB([log_setup], [$1],
+    [boost/log/utility/init/from_settings.hpp],
+    [boost::log::basic_settings<char> bs; bs.empty();])
+])# BOOST_LOG_SETUP
+
+
 # BOOST_MATH()
 # ------------
 # Look for Boost.Math
@@ -567,21 +673,21 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_LAMBDA],
 # libboost_math_c99f, libboost_math_c99l, libboost_math_tr1,
 # libboost_math_tr1f, libboost_math_tr1l).  This macro must be fixed to do the
 # right thing anyway.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_MATH],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Math],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/math/special_functions.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_MULTIARRAY()
 # ------------------
 # Look for Boost.MultiArray
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_MULTIARRAY],
+BOOST_DEFUN([MultiArray],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/multi_array.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_NUMERIC_CONVERSION()
 # --------------------------
 # Look for Boost.NumericConversion (policy-based numeric conversion)
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_NUMERIC_CONVERSION],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Numeric_Conversion],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/numeric/conversion/converter.hpp])
 ])# BOOST_NUMERIC_CONVERSION
 
@@ -589,32 +695,76 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_NUMERIC_CONVERSION],
 # BOOST_OPTIONAL()
 # ----------------
 # Look for Boost.Optional
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_OPTIONAL],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Optional],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/optional.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_PREPROCESSOR()
 # --------------------
 # Look for Boost.Preprocessor
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_PREPROCESSOR],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Preprocessor],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/preprocessor/repeat.hpp])])
 
 
+# BOOST_UNORDERED()
+# -----------------
+# Look for Boost.Unordered
+BOOST_DEFUN([Unordered],
+[BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/unordered_map.hpp])])
+
+
+# BOOST_UUID()
+# ------------
+# Look for Boost.Uuid
+BOOST_DEFUN([Uuid],
+[BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/uuid/uuid.hpp])])
+
+
 # BOOST_PROGRAM_OPTIONS([PREFERRED-RT-OPT])
 # -----------------------------------------
-# Look for Boost.Program_options.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see
-# the documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_PROGRAM_OPTIONS],
+# Look for Boost.Program_options.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT,
+# see the documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
+BOOST_DEFUN([Program_Options],
 [BOOST_FIND_LIB([program_options], [$1],
                 [boost/program_options.hpp],
                 [boost::program_options::options_description d("test");])
 ])# BOOST_PROGRAM_OPTIONS
 
 
+
+# _BOOST_PYTHON_CONFIG(VARIABLE, FLAG)
+# ------------------------------------
+# Save VARIABLE, and define it via `python-config --FLAG`.
+# Substitute BOOST_PYTHON_VARIABLE.
+m4_define([_BOOST_PYTHON_CONFIG],
+[AC_SUBST([BOOST_PYTHON_$1],
+          [`python-config --$2 2>/dev/null`])dnl
+boost_python_save_$1=$$1
+$1="$$1 $BOOST_PYTHON_$1"])
+
+
+# BOOST_PYTHON([PREFERRED-RT-OPT])
+# --------------------------------
+# Look for Boost.Python.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT,
+# see the documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
+BOOST_DEFUN([Python],
+[_BOOST_PYTHON_CONFIG([CPPFLAGS], [includes])
+_BOOST_PYTHON_CONFIG([LDFLAGS],   [ldflags])
+_BOOST_PYTHON_CONFIG([LIBS],      [libs])
+m4_pattern_allow([^BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE$])dnl
+BOOST_FIND_LIB([python], [$1],
+               [boost/python.hpp],
+               [], [BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(empty) {}])
+CPPFLAGS=$boost_python_save_CPPFLAGS
+LDFLAGS=$boost_python_save_LDFLAGS
+LIBS=$boost_python_save_LIBS
+])# BOOST_PYTHON
+
+
 # BOOST_REF()
 # -----------
 # Look for Boost.Ref
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_REF],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Ref],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/ref.hpp])])
 
 
@@ -622,7 +772,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_REF],
 # -------------------------------
 # Look for Boost.Regex.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_REGEX],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Regex],
 [BOOST_FIND_LIB([regex], [$1],
                 [boost/regex.hpp],
                 [boost::regex exp("*"); boost::regex_match("foo", exp);])
@@ -633,19 +783,19 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_REGEX],
 # ---------------------------------------
 # Look for Boost.Serialization.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see
 # the documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_SERIALIZATION],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Serialization],
 [BOOST_FIND_LIB([serialization], [$1],
                 [boost/archive/text_oarchive.hpp],
                 [std::ostream* o = 0; // Cheap way to get an ostream...
                 boost::archive::text_oarchive t(*o);])
-])# BOOST_SIGNALS
+])# BOOST_SERIALIZATION
 
 
 # BOOST_SIGNALS([PREFERRED-RT-OPT])
 # ---------------------------------
 # Look for Boost.Signals.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_SIGNALS],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Signals],
 [BOOST_FIND_LIB([signals], [$1],
                 [boost/signal.hpp],
                 [boost::signal<void ()> s;])
@@ -655,7 +805,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_SIGNALS],
 # BOOST_SMART_PTR()
 # -----------------
 # Look for Boost.SmartPtr
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_SMART_PTR],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Smart_Ptr],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/scoped_ptr.hpp])
 BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/shared_ptr.hpp])
 ])
@@ -664,14 +814,14 @@ BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/shared_ptr.hpp])
 # BOOST_STATICASSERT()
 # --------------------
 # Look for Boost.StaticAssert
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_STATICASSERT],
+BOOST_DEFUN([StaticAssert],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/static_assert.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_STRING_ALGO()
 # -------------------
 # Look for Boost.StringAlgo
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_STRING_ALGO],
+BOOST_DEFUN([String_Algo],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/algorithm/string.hpp])
 ])
 
@@ -681,7 +831,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_STRING_ALGO],
 # Look for Boost.System.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.  This library was introduced in Boost
 # 1.35.0.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_SYSTEM],
+BOOST_DEFUN([System],
 [BOOST_FIND_LIB([system], [$1],
                 [boost/system/error_code.hpp],
                 [boost::system::error_code e; e.clear();])
@@ -692,7 +842,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_SYSTEM],
 # ------------------------------
 # Look for Boost.Test.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_TEST],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Test],
 [m4_pattern_allow([^BOOST_CHECK$])dnl
 BOOST_FIND_LIB([unit_test_framework], [$1],
                [boost/test/unit_test.hpp], [BOOST_CHECK(2 == 2);],
@@ -707,25 +857,49 @@ BOOST_FIND_LIB([unit_test_framework], [$1],
 # Look for Boost.Thread.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
 # FIXME: Provide an alias "BOOST_THREAD".
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_THREADS],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Threads],
 [dnl Having the pthread flag is required at least on GCC3 where
 dnl boost/thread.hpp would complain if we try to compile without
 dnl -pthread on GNU/Linux.
 AC_REQUIRE([_BOOST_PTHREAD_FLAG])dnl
 boost_threads_save_LIBS=$LIBS
+boost_threads_save_LDFLAGS=$LDFLAGS
 boost_threads_save_CPPFLAGS=$CPPFLAGS
-LIBS="$LIBS $boost_cv_pthread_flag"
+# Link-time dependency from thread to system was added as of 1.49.0.
+if test $boost_major_version -ge 149; then
+BOOST_SYSTEM([$1])
+fi # end of the Boost.System check.
+m4_pattern_allow([^BOOST_SYSTEM_(LIBS|LDFLAGS)$])dnl
+LIBS="$LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS $boost_cv_pthread_flag"
+LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LDFLAGS"
 # Yes, we *need* to put the -pthread thing in CPPFLAGS because with GCC3,
 # boost/thread.hpp will trigger a #error if -pthread isn't used:
 #   boost/config/requires_threads.hpp:47:5: #error "Compiler threading support
 #   is not turned on. Please set the correct command line options for
 #   threading: -pthread (Linux), -pthreads (Solaris) or -mthreads (Mingw32)"
 CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $boost_cv_pthread_flag"
-BOOST_FIND_LIB([thread], [$1],
-                [boost/thread.hpp], [boost::thread t; boost::mutex m;])
-BOOST_THREAD_LIBS="$BOOST_THREAD_LIBS $boost_cv_pthread_flag"
+
+# When compiling for the Windows platform, the threads library is named
+# differently.
+case $host_os in
+  (*mingw*)
+    BOOST_FIND_LIB([thread_win32], [$1],
+                   [boost/thread.hpp], [boost::thread t; boost::mutex m;])
+    BOOST_THREAD_LDFLAGS=$BOOST_THREAD_WIN32_LDFLAGS
+    BOOST_THREAD_LDPATH=$BOOST_THREAD_WIN32_LDPATH
+    BOOST_THREAD_LIBS=$BOOST_THREAD_WIN32_LIBS
+  ;;
+  (*)
+    BOOST_FIND_LIB([thread], [$1],
+                   [boost/thread.hpp], [boost::thread t; boost::mutex m;])
+  ;;
+esac
+
+BOOST_THREAD_LIBS="$BOOST_THREAD_LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS $boost_cv_pthread_flag"
+BOOST_THREAD_LDFLAGS="$BOOST_SYSTEM_LDFLAGS"
 BOOST_CPPFLAGS="$BOOST_CPPFLAGS $boost_cv_pthread_flag"
 LIBS=$boost_threads_save_LIBS
+LDFLAGS=$boost_threads_save_LDFLAGS
 CPPFLAGS=$boost_threads_save_CPPFLAGS
 ])# BOOST_THREADS
 
@@ -733,14 +907,14 @@ CPPFLAGS=$boost_threads_save_CPPFLAGS
 # BOOST_TOKENIZER()
 # -----------------
 # Look for Boost.Tokenizer
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_TOKENIZER],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Tokenizer],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/tokenizer.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_TRIBOOL()
 # ---------------
 # Look for Boost.Tribool
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_TRIBOOL],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Tribool],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/logic/tribool_fwd.hpp])
 BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/logic/tribool.hpp])
 ])
@@ -749,14 +923,14 @@ BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/logic/tribool.hpp])
 # BOOST_TUPLE()
 # -------------
 # Look for Boost.Tuple
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_TUPLE],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Tuple],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/tuple/tuple.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_TYPETRAITS()
 # --------------------
 # Look for Boost.TypeTraits
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_TYPETRAITS],
+BOOST_DEFUN([TypeTraits],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/type_traits.hpp])])
 
 
@@ -764,14 +938,14 @@ AC_DEFUN([BOOST_TYPETRAITS],
 # ---------------
 # Look for Boost.Utility (noncopyable, result_of, base-from-member idiom,
 # etc.)
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_UTILITY],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Utility],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/utility.hpp])])
 
 
 # BOOST_VARIANT()
 # ---------------
 # Look for Boost.Variant.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_VARIANT],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Variant],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/variant/variant_fwd.hpp])
 BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/variant.hpp])])
 
@@ -782,15 +956,15 @@ BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/variant.hpp])])
 # call BOOST_THREADS first.
 # Look for Boost.Wave.  For the documentation of PREFERRED-RT-OPT, see the
 # documentation of BOOST_FIND_LIB above.
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_WAVE],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Wave],
 [AC_REQUIRE([BOOST_FILESYSTEM])dnl
 AC_REQUIRE([BOOST_DATE_TIME])dnl
 boost_wave_save_LIBS=$LIBS
 boost_wave_save_LDFLAGS=$LDFLAGS
 m4_pattern_allow([^BOOST_((FILE)?SYSTEM|DATE_TIME|THREAD)_(LIBS|LDFLAGS)$])dnl
-LIBS="$LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS $BOOST_FILESYSTEM_LIBS $BOOST_DATE_TIME_LIBS\
+LIBS="$LIBS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LIBS $BOOST_FILESYSTEM_LIBS $BOOST_DATE_TIME_LIBS \
 $BOOST_THREAD_LIBS"
-LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LDFLAGS $BOOST_FILESYSTEM_LDFLAGS\
+LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $BOOST_SYSTEM_LDFLAGS $BOOST_FILESYSTEM_LDFLAGS \
 $BOOST_DATE_TIME_LDFLAGS $BOOST_THREAD_LDFLAGS"
 BOOST_FIND_LIB([wave], [$1],
                 [boost/wave.hpp],
@@ -803,7 +977,7 @@ LDFLAGS=$boost_wave_save_LDFLAGS
 # BOOST_XPRESSIVE()
 # -----------------
 # Look for Boost.Xpressive (new since 1.36.0).
-AC_DEFUN([BOOST_XPRESSIVE],
+BOOST_DEFUN([Xpressive],
 [BOOST_FIND_HEADER([boost/xpressive/xpressive.hpp])])
 
 
@@ -893,8 +1067,9 @@ AC_DEFUN([_BOOST_FIND_COMPILER_TAG],
 [AC_REQUIRE([AC_PROG_CXX])dnl
 AC_REQUIRE([AC_CANONICAL_HOST])dnl
 AC_CACHE_CHECK([for the toolset name used by Boost for $CXX], [boost_cv_lib_tag],
-[AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])dnl
-  boost_cv_lib_tag=unknown
+[boost_cv_lib_tag=unknown
+if test x$boost_cv_inc_path != xno; then
+  AC_LANG_PUSH([C++])dnl
   # The following tests are mostly inspired by boost/config/auto_link.hpp
   # The list is sorted to most recent/common to oldest compiler (in order
   # to increase the likelihood of finding the right compiler with the
@@ -908,8 +1083,12 @@ AC_CACHE_CHECK([for the toolset name used by Boost for $CXX], [boost_cv_lib_tag]
   #   como, edg, kcc, bck, mp, sw, tru, xlc
   # I'm not sure about my test for `il' (be careful: Intel's ICC pre-defines
   # the same defines as GCC's).
-  # TODO: Move the test on GCC 4.4 up once it's released.
   for i in \
+    _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 8) \
+    _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 7) \
+    _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 6) \
+    _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 5) \
+    _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 4) \
     _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 3) \
     _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 2) \
     _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 1) \
@@ -929,7 +1108,6 @@ AC_CACHE_CHECK([for the toolset name used by Boost for $CXX], [boost_cv_lib_tag]
     "defined __ICC && (defined __unix || defined __unix__) @ il" \
     "defined __ICL @ iw" \
     "defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER == 1300 @ vc7" \
-    _BOOST_gcc_test(4, 4) \
     _BOOST_gcc_test(2, 95) \
     "defined __MWERKS__ && __MWERKS__ <= 0x32FF @ cw9" \
     "defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER < 1300 && !defined UNDER_CE @ vc6" \
@@ -969,7 +1147,7 @@ AC_LANG_POP([C++])dnl
       boost_cv_lib_tag=
       ;;
   esac
-])dnl end of AC_CACHE_CHECK
+fi])dnl end of AC_CACHE_CHECK
 ])# _BOOST_FIND_COMPILER_TAG
 
 
diff --git a/mteval/Makefile.am b/mteval/Makefile.am
index 4444285f..681e798e 100644
--- a/mteval/Makefile.am
+++ b/mteval/Makefile.am
@@ -8,7 +8,21 @@ TESTS = scorer_test
 
 noinst_LIBRARIES = libmteval.a
 
+EXTRA_DIST = test_data
+
 libmteval_a_SOURCES = \
+  aer_scorer.h \
+  comb_scorer.h \
+  external_scorer.h \
+  ns.h \
+  ns_cer.h \
+  ns_comb.h \
+  ns_docscorer.h \
+  ns_ext.h \
+  ns_ssk.h \
+  ns_ter.h \
+  scorer.h \
+  ter.h \
   aer_scorer.cc \
   comb_scorer.cc \
   external_scorer.cc \
@@ -18,17 +32,18 @@ libmteval_a_SOURCES = \
   ns_comb.cc \
   ns_docscorer.cc \
   ns_ext.cc \
+  ns_ssk.cc \
   ns_ter.cc \
   scorer.cc \
   ter.cc
 
 fast_score_SOURCES = fast_score.cc
-fast_score_LDADD = libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+fast_score_LDADD = libmteval.a ../utils/libutils.a
 
 mbr_kbest_SOURCES = mbr_kbest.cc
-mbr_kbest_LDADD = libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+mbr_kbest_LDADD = libmteval.a ../utils/libutils.a
 
 scorer_test_SOURCES = scorer_test.cc
-scorer_test_LDADD = libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LDFLAGS) $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LIBS)
+scorer_test_LDADD = libmteval.a ../utils/libutils.a $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LDFLAGS) $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LIBS)
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I$(top_srcdir)/utils
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -DTEST_DATA=\"$(top_srcdir)/mteval/test_data\" -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir) -I$(top_srcdir)/utils
diff --git a/mteval/ns.cc b/mteval/ns.cc
index 7d73061c..d8214558 100644
--- a/mteval/ns.cc
+++ b/mteval/ns.cc
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "ns_ext.h"
 #include "ns_comb.h"
 #include "ns_cer.h"
+#include "ns_ssk.h"
 
 #include <cstdio>
 #include <cassert>
@@ -252,6 +253,8 @@ EvaluationMetric* EvaluationMetric::Instance(const string& imetric_id) {
       m = new BleuMetric<4, NIST>;
     } else if (metric_id == "KOEHN_BLEU") {
       m = new BleuMetric<4, Koehn>;
+    } else if (metric_id == "SSK") {
+      m = new SSKMetric;
     } else if (metric_id == "TER") {
       m = new TERMetric;
     } else if (metric_id == "METEOR") {
diff --git a/mteval/ns_ssk.cc b/mteval/ns_ssk.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c94e62ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mteval/ns_ssk.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#include "ns_ssk.h"
+
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "kernel_string_subseq.h"
+#include "tdict.h"
+
+static const unsigned kNUMFIELDS = 2;
+static const unsigned kSIMILARITY = 0;
+static const unsigned kCOUNT = 1;
+
+unsigned SSKMetric::SufficientStatisticsVectorSize() const {
+  return kNUMFIELDS;
+}
+
+void SSKMetric::ComputeSufficientStatistics(const std::vector<WordID>& hyp,
+                                            const std::vector<std::vector<WordID> >& refs,
+                                            SufficientStats* out) const {
+  out->fields.resize(kNUMFIELDS);
+  out->fields[kCOUNT] = 1;
+  float bestsim = 0;
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < refs.size(); ++i) {
+    float s = ssk<4>(hyp, refs[i], 0.8);
+    if (s > bestsim) bestsim = s;
+  }
+  out->fields[kSIMILARITY] = bestsim;
+}
+
+float SSKMetric::ComputeScore(const SufficientStats& stats) const {
+  return stats.fields[kSIMILARITY] / stats.fields[kCOUNT];
+}
+
diff --git a/mteval/ns_ssk.h b/mteval/ns_ssk.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0d418770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mteval/ns_ssk.h
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+#ifndef _NS_SSK_H_
+#define _NS_SSK_H_
+
+#include "ns.h"
+
+class SSKMetric : public EvaluationMetric {
+  friend class EvaluationMetric;
+ private:
+  unsigned EditDistance(const std::string& hyp,
+                        const std::string& ref) const;
+ protected:
+  SSKMetric() : EvaluationMetric("SSK") {}
+
+ public:
+  virtual unsigned SufficientStatisticsVectorSize() const;
+  virtual void ComputeSufficientStatistics(const std::vector<WordID>& hyp,
+                                           const std::vector<std::vector<WordID> >& refs,
+                                           SufficientStats* out) const;
+  virtual float ComputeScore(const SufficientStats& stats) const;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/mteval/scorer_test.cc b/mteval/scorer_test.cc
index 9b765d0f..da07f154 100644
--- a/mteval/scorer_test.cc
+++ b/mteval/scorer_test.cc
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ struct Stuff {
 BOOST_FIXTURE_TEST_SUITE( s, Stuff );
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestCreateFromFiles) {
-  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : "test_data");
+  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
   vector<string> files;
   files.push_back(path + "/re.txt.0");
   files.push_back(path + "/re.txt.1");
diff --git a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/__init__.py b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/__init__.py
index e0a344b7..14ba5ecb 100644
--- a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/__init__.py
+++ b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/__init__.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 from cdec.sa._sa import make_lattice, decode_lattice, decode_sentence,\
+        encode_words, decode_words, isvar,\
         SuffixArray, DataArray, LCP, Precomputation, Alignment, BiLex,\
         HieroCachingRuleFactory, Sampler, Scorer
 from cdec.sa.extractor import GrammarExtractor
diff --git a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/extract.py b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/extract.py
index 87b7d5d4..dc72c18c 100644
--- a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/extract.py
+++ b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/extract.py
@@ -10,11 +10,13 @@ import cdec.sa
 from cdec.sa._sa import monitor_cpu
 
 extractor, prefix = None, None
+online = False
+
 def make_extractor(config, grammars, features):
-    global extractor, prefix
+    global extractor, prefix, online
     signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, signal.SIG_IGN) # Let parent process catch Ctrl+C
     load_features(features)
-    extractor = cdec.sa.GrammarExtractor(config)
+    extractor = cdec.sa.GrammarExtractor(config, online)
     prefix = grammars
 
 def load_features(features):
@@ -26,22 +28,37 @@ def load_features(features):
         sys.path.remove(prefix)
 
 def extract(inp):
-    global extractor, prefix
+    global extractor, prefix, online
     i, sentence = inp
     sentence = sentence[:-1]
     fields = re.split('\s*\|\|\|\s*', sentence)
     suffix = ''
-    if len(fields) > 1:
-        sentence = fields[0]
-        suffix = ' ||| ' + ' ||| '.join(fields[1:])
+    # 3 fields for online mode, 1 for normal
+    if online:
+        if len(fields) < 3:
+            sys.stderr.write('Error: online mode requires references and alignments.'
+                    '  Not adding sentence to training data: {0}\n'.format(sentence))
+            sentence = fields[0]
+        else:
+            sentence, reference, alignment = fields[0:3]
+        if len(fields) > 3:
+            suffix = ' ||| ' + ' ||| '.join(fields[3:])
+    else:
+        if len(fields) > 1:
+            sentence = fields[0]
+            suffix = ' ||| ' + ' ||| '.join(fields[1:])
     grammar_file = os.path.join(prefix, 'grammar.{0}'.format(i))
     with open(grammar_file, 'w') as output:
         for rule in extractor.grammar(sentence):
             output.write(str(rule)+'\n')
+    # Add training instance _after_ extracting grammars
+    if online:
+        extractor.add_instance(sentence, reference, alignment)
     grammar_file = os.path.abspath(grammar_file)
     return '<seg grammar="{0}" id="{1}"> {2} </seg>{3}'.format(grammar_file, i, sentence, suffix)
 
 def main():
+    global online
     logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Extract grammars from a compiled corpus.')
     parser.add_argument('-c', '--config', required=True,
@@ -54,6 +71,8 @@ def main():
                         help='number of sentences / chunk')
     parser.add_argument('-f', '--features', nargs='*', default=[],
                         help='additional feature definitions')
+    parser.add_argument('-o', '--online', action='store_true', default=False,
+                        help='online grammar extraction')
     args = parser.parse_args()
 
     if not os.path.exists(args.grammars):
@@ -64,6 +83,8 @@ def main():
                     ' should be a python module\n'.format(featdef))
             sys.exit(1)
 
+    online = args.online
+
     start_time = monitor_cpu()
     if args.jobs > 1:
         logging.info('Starting %d workers; chunk size: %d', args.jobs, args.chunksize)
diff --git a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/extractor.py b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/extractor.py
index e09f79ea..acc13cbc 100644
--- a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/extractor.py
+++ b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/extractor.py
@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
 from itertools import chain
-import os
+import os, sys
 import cdec.configobj
 from cdec.sa.features import EgivenFCoherent, SampleCountF, CountEF,\
-        MaxLexEgivenF, MaxLexFgivenE, IsSingletonF, IsSingletonFE
+        MaxLexEgivenF, MaxLexFgivenE, IsSingletonF, IsSingletonFE,\
+        IsSupportedOnline
 import cdec.sa
 
 # maximum span of a grammar rule in TEST DATA
 MAX_INITIAL_SIZE = 15
 
 class GrammarExtractor:
-    def __init__(self, config, features=None):
+    def __init__(self, config, online=False, features=None):
         if isinstance(config, basestring):
             if not os.path.exists(config):
                 raise IOError('cannot read configuration from {0}'.format(config))
@@ -57,11 +58,19 @@ class GrammarExtractor:
         # lexical weighting tables
         tt = cdec.sa.BiLex(from_binary=config['lex_file'])
 
+        # TODO: clean this up
+        extended_features = []
+        if online:
+            extended_features.append(IsSupportedOnline)
+            
         # TODO: use @cdec.sa.features decorator for standard features too
         # + add a mask to disable features
+        for f in cdec.sa._SA_FEATURES:
+            extended_features.append(f)
+            
         scorer = cdec.sa.Scorer(EgivenFCoherent, SampleCountF, CountEF, 
             MaxLexFgivenE(tt), MaxLexEgivenF(tt), IsSingletonF, IsSingletonFE,
-            *cdec.sa._SA_FEATURES)
+            *extended_features)
 
         fsarray = cdec.sa.SuffixArray(from_binary=config['f_sa_file'])
         edarray = cdec.sa.DataArray(from_binary=config['e_file'])
@@ -82,3 +91,16 @@ class GrammarExtractor:
         meta = cdec.sa.annotate(words)
         cnet = cdec.sa.make_lattice(words)
         return self.factory.input(cnet, meta)
+
+    # Add training instance to data
+    def add_instance(self, sentence, reference, alignment):
+        f_words = cdec.sa.encode_words(sentence.split())
+        e_words = cdec.sa.encode_words(reference.split())
+        al = sorted(tuple(int(i) for i in pair.split('-')) for pair in alignment.split())
+        self.factory.add_instance(f_words, e_words, al)
+    
+    # Debugging
+    def dump_online_stats(self):
+        self.factory.dump_online_stats()
+    def dump_online_rules(self):
+        self.factory.dump_online_rules()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/features.py b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/features.py
index a4ae23e8..46412cd5 100644
--- a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/features.py
+++ b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/features.py
@@ -1,57 +1,142 @@
 from __future__ import division
 import math
 
+from cdec.sa import isvar
+
 MAXSCORE = 99
 
 def EgivenF(ctx): # p(e|f) = c(e, f)/c(f)
-    return -math.log10(ctx.paircount/ctx.fcount)
+    if not ctx.online:
+        prob = ctx.paircount/ctx.fcount
+    else:
+        prob = (ctx.paircount + ctx.online.paircount) / (ctx.fcount + ctx.online.fcount)
+    return -math.log10(prob)
 
 def CountEF(ctx): # c(e, f)
-    return math.log10(1 + ctx.paircount)
+    if not ctx.online:
+        count = 1 + ctx.paircount
+    else:
+        count = 1 + ctx.paircount + ctx.online.paircount
+    return math.log10(count)
 
 def SampleCountF(ctx): # sample c(f)
-    return math.log10(1 + ctx.fsample_count)
+    if not ctx.online:
+        count = 1 + ctx.fsample_count
+    else:
+        count = 1 + ctx.fsample_count + ctx.online.fsample_count
+    return math.log10(count)
 
 def EgivenFCoherent(ctx): # c(e, f) / sample c(f)
-    prob = ctx.paircount/ctx.fsample_count
+    if not ctx.online:
+        prob = ctx.paircount/ctx.fsample_count
+    else:
+        prob = (ctx.paircount + ctx.online.paircount) / (ctx.fsample_count + ctx.online.fsample_count)
     return -math.log10(prob) if prob > 0 else MAXSCORE
 
 def CoherenceProb(ctx): # c(f) / sample c(f)
-    return -math.log10(ctx.fcount/ctx.fsample_count)
+    if not ctx.online:
+        prob = ctx.fcount/ctx.fsample_count
+    else:
+        prob = (ctx.fcount + ctx.online.fcount) / (ctx.fsample_count + ctx.online.fsample_count)
+    return -math.log10(prob)
 
 def MaxLexEgivenF(ttable):
     def MaxLexEgivenF(ctx):
         fwords = ctx.fphrase.words
         fwords.append('NULL')
-        def score():
+        # Always use this for now
+        if not ctx.online or ctx.online:
+            maxOffScore = 0.0
+            for e in ctx.ephrase.words:
+                maxScore = max(ttable.get_score(f, e, 0) for f in fwords)
+                maxOffScore += -math.log10(maxScore) if maxScore > 0 else MAXSCORE
+            return maxOffScore
+        else:
+            # For now, straight average
+            maxOffScore = 0.0
+            maxOnScore = 0.0
             for e in ctx.ephrase.words:
-              maxScore = max(ttable.get_score(f, e, 0) for f in fwords)
-              yield -math.log10(maxScore) if maxScore > 0 else MAXSCORE
-        return sum(score())
+                maxScore = max(ttable.get_score(f, e, 0) for f in fwords)
+                maxOffScore += -math.log10(maxScore) if maxScore > 0 else MAXSCORE
+            for e in ctx.ephrase:
+                if not isvar(e):
+                    maxScore = 0.0
+                    for f in ctx.fphrase:
+                        if not isvar(f):
+                            b_f = ctx.online.bilex_f.get(f, 0)
+                            if b_f:
+                                maxScore = max(maxScore, ctx.online.bilex_fe.get(f, {}).get(e))
+                    maxOnScore += -math.log10(maxScore) if maxScore > 0 else MAXSCORE
+            return (maxOffScore + maxOnScore) / 2
     return MaxLexEgivenF
 
 def MaxLexFgivenE(ttable):
     def MaxLexFgivenE(ctx):
         ewords = ctx.ephrase.words
         ewords.append('NULL')
-        def score():
+        # Always use this for now
+        if not ctx.online or ctx.online:
+            maxOffScore = 0.0
             for f in ctx.fphrase.words:
-              maxScore = max(ttable.get_score(f, e, 1) for e in ewords)
-              yield -math.log10(maxScore) if maxScore > 0 else MAXSCORE
-        return sum(score())
+                maxScore = max(ttable.get_score(f, e, 1) for e in ewords)
+                maxOffScore += -math.log10(maxScore) if maxScore > 0 else MAXSCORE
+            return maxOffScore
+        else:
+            # For now, straight average
+            maxOffScore = 0.0
+            maxOnScore = 0.0
+            for f in ctx.fphrase.words:
+                maxScore = max(ttable.get_score(f, e, 1) for e in ewords)
+                maxOffScore += -math.log10(maxScore) if maxScore > 0 else MAXSCORE
+            for f in ctx.fphrase:
+                if not isvar(f):
+                    maxScore = 0.0
+                    for e in ctx.ephrase:
+                        if not isvar(e):
+                            b_e = ctx.online.bilex_e.get(e, 0)
+                            if b_e:
+                                maxScore = max(maxScore, ctx.online.bilex_fe.get(f, {}).get(e, 0) / b_e )
+                    maxOnScore += -math.log10(maxScore) if maxScore > 0 else MAXSCORE
+            return (maxOffScore + maxOnScore) / 2
     return MaxLexFgivenE
 
 def IsSingletonF(ctx):
-    return (ctx.fcount == 1)
+    if not ctx.online:
+        count = ctx.fcount
+    else:
+        count = ctx.fcount + ctx.online.fcount  
+    return (count == 1)
 
 def IsSingletonFE(ctx):
-    return (ctx.paircount == 1)
+    if not ctx.online:
+        count = ctx.paircount
+    else:
+        count = ctx.paircount + ctx.online.paircount
+    return (count == 1)
 
 def IsNotSingletonF(ctx):
-    return (ctx.fcount > 1)
+    if not ctx.online:
+        count = ctx.fcount
+    else:
+        count = ctx.fcount + ctx.online.fcount
+    return (count > 1)
 
 def IsNotSingletonFE(ctx):
+    if not ctx.online:
+        count = ctx.paircount
+    else:
+        count = ctx.paircount + ctx.online.paircount
     return (ctx.paircount > 1)
 
 def IsFEGreaterThanZero(ctx):
+    if not ctx.online:
+        count = ctx.paircount
+    else:
+        count = ctx.paircount + ctx.online.paircount
     return (ctx.paircount > 0.01)
+
+def IsSupportedOnline(ctx): # Occurs in online data?
+    if ctx.online:
+        return (ctx.online.paircount > 0.01)
+    else:
+        return False
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/pkg/cdec/sa/online_extractor.py b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/online_extractor.py
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..03a46b3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/pkg/cdec/sa/online_extractor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,337 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import collections, sys
+
+import cdec.configobj
+
+CAT = '[X]'  # Default non-terminal
+MAX_SIZE = 15  # Max span of a grammar rule (source)
+MAX_LEN = 5  # Max number of terminals and non-terminals in a rule (source)
+MAX_NT = 2  # Max number of non-terminals in a rule
+MIN_GAP = 1  # Min number of terminals between non-terminals (source)
+
+# Spans are _inclusive_ on both ends [i, j]
+# TODO: Replace all of this with bit vectors?
+def span_check(vec, i, j):
+    k = i
+    while k <= j:
+        if vec[k]:
+            return False
+        k += 1
+    return True
+
+def span_flip(vec, i, j):
+    k = i
+    while k <= j:
+        vec[k] = ~vec[k]
+        k += 1
+
+# Next non-terminal
+def next_nt(nt):
+     if not nt:
+         return 1
+     return nt[-1][0] + 1
+
+class NonTerminal:
+    def __init__(self, index):
+        self.index = index
+    def __str__(self):
+        return '[X,{0}]'.format(self.index)
+
+def fmt_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links):
+    a_str = ' '.join('{0}-{1}'.format(i, j) for (i, j) in links)
+    return '[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}'.format(' '.join(str(sym) for sym in f_sym),
+                                                ' '.join(str(sym) for sym in e_sym),
+                                                a_str)
+
+class OnlineGrammarExtractor:
+
+    def __init__(self, config=None):
+        if isinstance(config, str) or isinstance(config, unicode):
+            if not os.path.exists(config):
+                raise IOError('cannot read configuration from {0}'.format(config))
+            config = cdec.configobj.ConfigObj(config, unrepr=True)
+        elif not config:
+            config = collections.defaultdict(lambda: None)
+        self.category = CAT
+        self.max_size = MAX_SIZE
+        self.max_length = config['max_len'] or MAX_LEN
+        self.max_nonterminals = config['max_nt'] or MAX_NT
+        self.min_gap_size = MIN_GAP
+        # Hard coded: require at least one aligned word
+        # Hard coded: require tight phrases
+
+        # Phrase counts
+        self.phrases_f = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
+        self.phrases_e = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
+        self.phrases_fe = collections.defaultdict(lambda: collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0))
+
+        # Bilexical counts
+        self.bilex_f = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
+        self.bilex_e = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0)
+        self.bilex_fe = collections.defaultdict(lambda: collections.defaultdict(lambda: 0))
+
+    # Aggregate bilexical counts
+    def aggr_bilex(self, f_words, e_words):
+
+        for e_w in e_words:
+            self.bilex_e[e_w] += 1
+
+        for f_w in f_words:
+            self.bilex_f[f_w] += 1
+            for e_w in e_words:
+                self.bilex_fe[f_w][e_w] += 1
+
+    # Aggregate stats from a training instance:
+    # Extract hierarchical phrase pairs
+    # Update bilexical counts
+    def add_instance(self, f_words, e_words, alignment):
+
+        # Bilexical counts
+        self.aggr_bilex(f_words, e_words)
+
+        # Phrase pairs extracted from this instance
+        phrases = set()
+
+        f_len = len(f_words)
+        e_len = len(e_words)
+
+        # Pre-compute alignment info
+        al = [[] for i in range(f_len)]
+        al_span = [[f_len + 1, -1] for i in range(f_len)]
+        for (f, e) in alignment:
+            al[f].append(e)
+            al_span[f][0] = min(al_span[f][0], e)
+            al_span[f][1] = max(al_span[f][1], e)
+
+        # Target side word coverage
+        # TODO: Does Cython do bit vectors?
+        cover = [0] * e_len
+
+        # Extract all possible hierarchical phrases starting at a source index
+        # f_ i and j are current, e_ i and j are previous
+        def extract(f_i, f_j, e_i, e_j, wc, links, nt, nt_open):
+            # Phrase extraction limits
+            if wc + len(nt) > self.max_length or (f_j + 1) > f_len or \
+                    (f_j - f_i) + 1 > self.max_size:
+                return
+            # Unaligned word
+            if not al[f_j]:
+                # Open non-terminal: extend
+                if nt_open:
+                    nt[-1][2] += 1
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, e_i, e_j, wc, links, nt, True)
+                    nt[-1][2] -= 1
+                # No open non-terminal: extend with word
+                else:
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, e_i, e_j, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
+                return
+            # Aligned word
+            link_i = al_span[f_j][0]
+            link_j = al_span[f_j][1]
+            new_e_i = min(link_i, e_i)
+            new_e_j = max(link_j, e_j)
+            # Open non-terminal: close, extract, extend
+            if nt_open:
+                # Close non-terminal, checking for collisions
+                old_last_nt = nt[-1][:]
+                nt[-1][2] = f_j
+                if link_i < nt[-1][3]:
+                    if not span_check(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1):
+                        nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                        return
+                    span_flip(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                    nt[-1][3] = link_i
+                if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
+                    if not span_check(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j):
+                        nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                        return
+                    span_flip(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    nt[-1][4] = link_j
+                for rule in self.form_rules(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links):
+                    phrases.add(rule)
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, wc, links, nt, False)
+                nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                if link_i < nt[-1][3]:
+                    span_flip(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
+                    span_flip(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                return
+            # No open non-terminal
+            # Extract, extend with word
+            collision = False
+            for link in al[f_j]:
+                if cover[link]:
+                    collision = True
+            # Collisions block extraction and extension, but may be okay for
+            # continuing non-terminals
+            if not collision:
+                plus_links = []
+                for link in al[f_j]:
+                    plus_links.append((f_j, link))
+                    cover[link] = ~cover[link]
+                links.append(plus_links)
+                for rule in self.form_rules(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links):
+                    phrases.add(rule)
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
+                links.pop()
+                for link in al[f_j]:
+                    cover[link] = ~cover[link]
+            # Try to add a word to a (closed) non-terminal, extract, extend
+            if nt and nt[-1][2] == f_j - 1:
+                # Add to non-terminal, checking for collisions
+                old_last_nt = nt[-1][:]
+                nt[-1][2] = f_j
+                if link_i < nt[-1][3]:
+                    if not span_check(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1):
+                        nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                        return
+                    span_flip(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                    nt[-1][3] = link_i
+                if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
+                    if not span_check(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j):
+                        nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                        return
+                    span_flip(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    nt[-1][4] = link_j
+                # Require at least one word in phrase
+                if links:
+                    for rule in self.form_rules(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links):
+                        phrases.add(rule)
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, wc, links, nt, False)
+                nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                if new_e_i < nt[-1][3]:
+                    span_flip(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
+                    span_flip(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+            # Try to start a new non-terminal, extract, extend
+            if (not nt or f_j - nt[-1][2] > 1) and len(nt) < self.max_nonterminals:
+                # Check for collisions
+                if not span_check(cover, link_i, link_j):
+                    return
+                span_flip(cover, link_i, link_j)
+                nt.append([next_nt(nt), f_j, f_j, link_i, link_j])
+                # Require at least one word in phrase
+                if links:
+                    for rule in self.form_rules(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links):
+                        phrases.add(rule)
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, wc, links, nt, False)
+                nt.pop()
+                span_flip(cover, link_i, link_j)
+            # TODO: try adding NT to start, end, both
+            # check: one aligned word on boundary that is not part of a NT
+
+        # Try to extract phrases from every f index
+        f_i = 0
+        while f_i < f_len:
+            # Skip if phrases won't be tight on left side
+            if not al[f_i]:
+                f_i += 1
+                continue
+            extract(f_i, f_i, f_len + 1, -1, 1, [], [], False)
+            f_i += 1
+
+        for rule in sorted(phrases):
+            print rule
+
+    # Create a rule from source, target, non-terminals, and alignments
+    def form_rules(self, f_i, e_i, f_span, e_span, nt, al):
+    
+        # This could be more efficient but is unlikely to be the bottleneck
+    
+        rules = []
+    
+        nt_inv = sorted(nt, cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(x[3], y[3]))
+    
+        f_sym = f_span[:]
+        off = f_i
+        for next_nt in nt:
+            nt_len = (next_nt[2] - next_nt[1]) + 1
+            i = 0
+            while i < nt_len:
+                f_sym.pop(next_nt[1] - off)
+                i += 1
+            f_sym.insert(next_nt[1] - off, NonTerminal(next_nt[0]))
+            off += (nt_len - 1)
+    
+        e_sym = e_span[:]
+        off = e_i
+        for next_nt in nt_inv:
+            nt_len = (next_nt[4] - next_nt[3]) + 1
+            i = 0
+            while i < nt_len:
+                e_sym.pop(next_nt[3] - off)
+                i += 1
+            e_sym.insert(next_nt[3] - off, NonTerminal(next_nt[0]))
+            off += (nt_len - 1)
+    
+        # Adjusting alignment links takes some doing
+        links = [list(link) for sub in al for link in sub]
+        links_len = len(links)
+        nt_len = len(nt)
+        nt_i = 0
+        off = f_i
+        i = 0
+        while i < links_len:
+            while nt_i < nt_len and links[i][0] > nt[nt_i][1]:
+                off += (nt[nt_i][2] - nt[nt_i][1])
+                nt_i += 1
+            links[i][0] -= off
+            i += 1
+        nt_i = 0
+        off = e_i
+        i = 0
+        while i < links_len:
+            while nt_i < nt_len and links[i][1] > nt_inv[nt_i][3]:
+                off += (nt_inv[nt_i][4] - nt_inv[nt_i][3])
+                nt_i += 1
+            links[i][1] -= off
+            i += 1
+    
+        # Rule
+        rules.append(fmt_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links))
+        if len(f_sym) >= self.max_length or len(nt) >= self.max_nonterminals:
+            return rules
+        last_index = nt[-1][0] if nt else 0
+        # Rule [X]
+        if not nt or not isinstance(f_sym[-1], NonTerminal):
+            f_sym.append(NonTerminal(last_index + 1))
+            e_sym.append(NonTerminal(last_index + 1))
+            rules.append(fmt_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links))
+            f_sym.pop()
+            e_sym.pop()
+        # [X] Rule
+        if not nt or not isinstance(f_sym[0], NonTerminal):
+            for sym in f_sym:
+                if isinstance(sym, NonTerminal):
+                    sym.index += 1
+            for sym in e_sym:
+                if isinstance(sym, NonTerminal):
+                    sym.index += 1
+            for link in links:
+                link[0] += 1
+                link[1] += 1
+            f_sym.insert(0, NonTerminal(1))
+            e_sym.insert(0, NonTerminal(1))
+            rules.append(fmt_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links))
+        if len(f_sym) >= self.max_length or len(nt) + 1 >= self.max_nonterminals:
+            return rules
+        # [X] Rule [X]
+        if not nt or not isinstance(f_sym[-1], NonTerminal):
+            f_sym.append(NonTerminal(last_index + 2))
+            e_sym.append(NonTerminal(last_index + 2))
+            rules.append(fmt_rule(f_sym, e_sym, links))
+        return rules
+
+def main(argv):
+
+    extractor = OnlineGrammarExtractor()
+
+    for line in sys.stdin:
+        print >> sys.stderr, line.strip()
+        f_words, e_words, a_str = (x.split() for x in line.split('|||'))
+        alignment = sorted(tuple(int(y) for y in x.split('-')) for x in a_str)
+        extractor.add_instance(f_words, e_words, alignment)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main(sys.argv)
diff --git a/python/setup.py.in b/python/setup.py.in
index fa8a9f5e..925cb196 100644
--- a/python/setup.py.in
+++ b/python/setup.py.in
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from distutils.extension import Extension
 import re
 
 INC = ['..', 'src/', '../decoder', '../utils', '../mteval']
-LIB = ['../decoder', '../utils', '../mteval', '../training/utils', '../klm/lm', '../klm/util', '../klm/search']
+LIB = ['../decoder', '../utils', '../mteval', '../training/utils', '../klm/lm', '../klm/util', '../klm/util/double-conversion', '../klm/search']
 
 # Set automatically by configure
 LIBS = re.findall('-l([^\s]+)', '@LIBS@')
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ ext_modules = [
         sources=['src/_cdec.cpp'],
         include_dirs=INC,
         library_dirs=LIB,
-        libraries=['cdec', 'utils', 'mteval', 'training_utils', 'klm', 'klm_util', 'ksearch'] + LIBS,
+        libraries=['cdec', 'utils', 'mteval', 'training_utils', 'klm', 'klm_util', 'klm_util_double', 'ksearch'] + LIBS,
         extra_compile_args=CPPFLAGS,
         extra_link_args=LDFLAGS),
     Extension(name='cdec.sa._sa',
diff --git a/python/src/sa/_sa.c b/python/src/sa/_sa.c
index fb4ab4a8..17957593 100644
--- a/python/src/sa/_sa.c
+++ b/python/src/sa/_sa.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* Generated by Cython 0.17.1 on Tue Feb 19 18:48:19 2013 */
+/* Generated by Cython 0.17.1 on Thu Feb 21 14:13:02 2013 */
 
 #define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
 #include "Python.h"
@@ -359,45 +359,56 @@ static const char *__pyx_f[] = {
 /*--- Type declarations ---*/
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_3_compute_stats;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_VEBIterator;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_BiLex;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_VEB;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_LCP;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_DataArray;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_BitSetIterator;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Precomputation;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_SuffixArray;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Alphabet;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Rule;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_6_genexpr;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_2_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_1_read_bitext;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_7_decode_lattice;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Scorer;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Alignment;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_BitSet;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_StringMap;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_TrieNode;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_ExtendedTrieNode;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_TrieMap;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_8_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_4_make_lattice;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase;
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct____iter__;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_TrieTable;
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_5_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_10_genexpr;
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FloatList;
@@ -481,7 +492,7 @@ struct __pyx_t_3_sa__Trie_Node {
   int arr_len;
 };
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":66
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":76
  * 
  * # linked list structure for storing matches in BaselineRuleFactory
  * cdef struct match_node:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -493,7 +504,7 @@ struct __pyx_t_3_sa_match_node {
   struct __pyx_t_3_sa_match_node *next;
 };
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":162
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":172
  * 
  * # struct used to encapsulate a single matching
  * cdef struct Matching:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -508,7 +519,7 @@ struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching {
   int size;
 };
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":218
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":228
  * 
  * 
  * cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -555,14 +566,24 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory {
   int require_aligned_chunks;
   struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *findexes;
   struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *findexes1;
+  int online;
+  PyObject *samples_f;
+  PyObject *phrases_f;
+  PyObject *phrases_e;
+  PyObject *phrases_fe;
+  PyObject *phrases_al;
+  PyObject *bilex_f;
+  PyObject *bilex_e;
+  PyObject *bilex_fe;
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":115
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":118
  *             for arc in node for node in lattice)
  * 
  * def decode_sentence(lattice):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for ((sym, _, _),) in lattice)
+ * 
  */
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence {
   PyObject_HEAD
@@ -570,6 +591,40 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rule.pxi":187
+ *         fields = [sym_tostring(self.lhs), str(self.f), str(self.e), str(self.scores)]
+ *         if self.word_alignments is not None:
+ *             fields.append(' '.join('%d-%d' % a for a in self.alignments()))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         return ' ||| '.join(fields)
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_a;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1187
+ *         # Online rule extraction and scoring
+ *         if self.online:
+ *             f_syms = tuple(word[0][0] for word in fwords)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *             for (f, lex_i, lex_j) in self.get_f_phrases(f_syms):
+ *                 spanlen = (lex_j - lex_i) + 1
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_word;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
 /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/lcp.pxi":36
  *         logger.info("LCP array completed")
  * 
@@ -601,6 +656,23 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_3_compute_stats {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":122
+ * 
+ * def encode_words(words):
+ *     return tuple(sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ * def decode_words(syms):
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_word;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
 /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":21
  * 
  *     def __str__(self):
@@ -608,9 +680,9 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_3_compute_stats {
  * 
  * cdef class Scorer:
  */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr {
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr {
   PyObject_HEAD
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *__pyx_outer_scope;
   PyObject *__pyx_v_feat;
   PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
   Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
@@ -684,6 +756,19 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_VEB {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":121
+ *     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for ((sym, _, _),) in lattice)
+ * 
+ * def encode_words(words):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     return tuple(sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_words;
+};
+
+
 /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/lcp.pxi":5
  * as k most frequent n-grams"""
  * 
@@ -731,17 +816,18 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_BitSetIterator {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rule.pxi":190
- *         return ' ||| '.join(fields)
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2115
+ *         f = Phrase(f_sym)
+ *         e = Phrase(e_sym)
+ *         a = tuple(self.alignment.link(i, j) for (i, j) in links)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         return (f, e, a, lex_f_i, lex_f_j)
  * 
- *     def alignments(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         for point in self.word_alignments:
- *             yield point/65536, point%65536
  */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments {
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr {
   PyObject_HEAD
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_point;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Rule *__pyx_v_self;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_i;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_j;
   PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
   Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
   PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
@@ -769,6 +855,38 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Precomputation {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rule.pxi":190
+ *         return ' ||| '.join(fields)
+ * 
+ *     def alignments(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         for point in self.word_alignments:
+ *             yield point/65536, point%65536
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_point;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Rule *__pyx_v_self;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":125
+ * 
+ * def decode_words(syms):
+ *     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for sym in syms)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_sym;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
 /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/suffix_array.pxi":6
  * from libc.stdio cimport FILE, fclose, fopen
  * 
@@ -785,6 +903,19 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_SuffixArray {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rule.pxi":183
+ *         return self.f.arity()
+ * 
+ *     def __str__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         cdef unsigned i
+ *         fields = [sym_tostring(self.lhs), str(self.f), str(self.e), str(self.scores)]
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Rule *__pyx_v_self;
+};
+
+
 /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":7
  * cdef int INDEX_MASK = (1<<INDEX_SHIFT)-1
  * 
@@ -821,7 +952,7 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Rule {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":109
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":112
  * def make_lattice(words):
  *     word_ids = (sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
  *     return tuple(((word, None, 1), ) for word in word_ids)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -838,6 +969,29 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_6_genexpr {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1884
+ *     # Aggregate stats from a training instance
+ *     # (Extract rules, update counts)
+ *     def add_instance(self, f_words, e_words, alignment):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *         self.online = True
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_al;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_cover;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_e_nt_cover;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_e_words;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_ef_span;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_extract;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_f_len;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_f_words;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_fe_span;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_rules;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self;
+};
+
+
 /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/data_array.pxi":74
  *     def read_bitext(self, char* filename, int side):
  *         with gzip_or_text(filename) as fp:
@@ -854,6 +1008,14 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_2_genexpr {
   PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
 };
 
+
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":84
+ * # in the suffix array; if discontiguous, it is the set of
+ * # actual locations (packed into an array)
+ * cdef class PhraseLocation:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     cdef int sa_low
+ *     cdef int sa_high
+ */
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation {
   PyObject_HEAD
   struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_vtab;
@@ -866,19 +1028,76 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":15
- *         self.values.append(value)
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rule.pxi":141
+ *         return self.syms[i]
  * 
  *     def __iter__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         cdef unsigned i
- *         for i in range(self.names.len):
+ *         cdef int i
+ *         for i from 0 <= i < self.n:
  */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ {
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ {
   PyObject_HEAD
-  unsigned int __pyx_v_i;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self;
+  int __pyx_v_i;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *__pyx_v_self;
   int __pyx_t_0;
-  unsigned int __pyx_t_1;
+};
+
+
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2054
+ * 
+ *     # Create a rule from source, target, non-terminals, and alignments
+ *     def form_rule(self, f_i, e_i, f_span, e_span, nt, al):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *         # Substitute in non-terminals
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_links;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self;
+};
+
+
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2120
+ *     # Rule string from rule
+ *     def fmt_rule(self, f, e, a):
+ *         a_str = ' '.join('{0}-{1}'.format(*self.alignment.unlink(packed)) for packed in a)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         return '[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}'.format(f, e, a_str)
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *__pyx_outer_scope;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_packed;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2119
+ * 
+ *     # Rule string from rule
+ *     def fmt_rule(self, f, e, a):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         a_str = ' '.join('{0}-{1}'.format(*self.alignment.unlink(packed)) for packed in a)
+ *         return '[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}'.format(f, e, a_str)
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_a;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self;
+};
+
+
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":20
+ *             yield (FD.word(self.names[i]), self.values[i])
+ * 
+ *     def __str__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         return ' '.join('%s=%s' % feat for feat in self)
+ * 
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self;
 };
 
 
@@ -896,6 +1115,18 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_1_read_bitext {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":124
+ *     return tuple(sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
+ * 
+ * def decode_words(syms):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for sym in syms)
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_syms;
+};
+
+
 /* "_sa.pxd":25
  *     cdef void read_handle(self, FILE* f)
  * 
@@ -910,7 +1141,7 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":111
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":114
  *     return tuple(((word, None, 1), ) for word in word_ids)
  * 
  * def decode_lattice(lattice):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -923,6 +1154,101 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_7_decode_lattice {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":973
+ *         return sorted(result);
+ * 
+ *     def input(self, fwords, meta):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         '''When this function is called on the RuleFactory,
+ *         it looks up all of the rules that can be used to translate
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_alignment;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_als;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_alslist;
+  int __pyx_v_alt;
+  int __pyx_v_alt_id;
+  int __pyx_v_arity;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *__pyx_v_chunklen;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_count;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_e;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_elist;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_extract;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_extract_start;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_extract_stop;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_extracts;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_f;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_f_syms;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_fcount;
+  int __pyx_v_flen;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_fphrases;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_frontier;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_frontier_nodes;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_fwords;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_genexpr;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *__pyx_v_hiero_phrase;
+  long __pyx_v_hit;
+  int __pyx_v_i;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_input_match;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_intersect_start_time;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_intersect_stop_time;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_is_shadow_path;
+  int __pyx_v_j;
+  int __pyx_v_k;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_key;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_lex_i;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_lex_j;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_loc;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_locs;
+  int __pyx_v_lookup_required;
+  struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching __pyx_v_matching;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_max_locs;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_meta;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_new_frontier;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_new_node;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_next_states;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_node;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_nodes_isteps_away_buffer;
+  int __pyx_v_nualt;
+  int __pyx_v_num_samples;
+  int __pyx_v_num_subpatterns;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_pathlen;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_phrase;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_v_phrase_location;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_prefix;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_reachable_buffer;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_sa_range;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *__pyx_v_sample;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_scores;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_seen_phrases;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_spanlen;
+  float __pyx_v_start_time;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_stop_time;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_suffix_link;
+  int __pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat_index;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_word_id;
+  int __pyx_v_x1;
+  int __pyx_v_xcat;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_xcat_index;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_xnode;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_xroot;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_0;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
+  int __pyx_t_2;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_3;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_4;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_5;
+  int __pyx_t_6;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_7;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_8;
+  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_9;
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_10)(PyObject *);
+  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_11)(PyObject *);
+};
+
+
 /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":23
  *         return ' '.join('%s=%s' % feat for feat in self)
  * 
@@ -965,7 +1291,7 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_BitSet {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":96
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":106
  * 
  * 
  * cdef class Sampler:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -993,20 +1319,24 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_StringMap {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":20
- *             yield (FD.word(self.names[i]), self.values[i])
- * 
- *     def __str__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         return ' '.join('%s=%s' % feat for feat in self)
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2166
+ *     # (Used for EGivenFCoherent)
+ *     # Return set of (fphrase, lex_i, lex_j)
+ *     def get_f_phrases(self, f_words):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
+ *         f_len = len(f_words)
  */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ {
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases {
   PyObject_HEAD
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_extract;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_f_len;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_f_words;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_phrases;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self;
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":36
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":46
  * cdef int EPSILON = sym_fromstring('*EPS*', True)
  * 
  * cdef class TrieNode:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -1019,7 +1349,7 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_TrieNode {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":42
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":52
  *         self.children = {}
  * 
  * cdef class ExtendedTrieNode(TrieNode):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -1049,7 +1379,7 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_TrieMap {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":112
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":115
  * 
  * def decode_lattice(lattice):
  *     return tuple((sym_tostring(sym), weight, dist) for (sym, weight, dist) in arc             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -1076,8 +1406,8 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_8_genexpr {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":107
- *     return ALPHABET.fromstring(string, terminal)
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":110
+ *     return sym_isvar(sym)
  * 
  * def make_lattice(words):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     word_ids = (sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
@@ -1090,124 +1420,6 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_4_make_lattice {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rule.pxi":183
- *         return self.f.arity()
- * 
- *     def __str__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         cdef unsigned i
- *         fields = [sym_tostring(self.lhs), str(self.f), str(self.e), str(self.scores)]
- */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ {
-  PyObject_HEAD
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Rule *__pyx_v_self;
-};
-
-
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":934
- *         return sorted(result);
- * 
- *     def input(self, fwords, meta):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         '''When this function is called on the RuleFactory,
- *         it looks up all of the rules that can be used to translate
- */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input {
-  PyObject_HEAD
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_alignment;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_als;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_alslist;
-  int __pyx_v_alt;
-  int __pyx_v_alt_id;
-  int __pyx_v_arity;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *__pyx_v_chunklen;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_count;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_e;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_elist;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_extract;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_extract_start;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_extract_stop;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_extracts;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_f;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_fcount;
-  int __pyx_v_flen;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_fphrases;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_frontier;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_frontier_nodes;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_fwords;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *__pyx_v_hiero_phrase;
-  long __pyx_v_hit;
-  int __pyx_v_i;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_input_match;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_intersect_start_time;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_intersect_stop_time;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_is_shadow_path;
-  int __pyx_v_j;
-  int __pyx_v_k;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_key;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_loc;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_locs;
-  int __pyx_v_lookup_required;
-  struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching __pyx_v_matching;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_max_locs;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_meta;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_new_frontier;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_new_node;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_next_states;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_node;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_nodes_isteps_away_buffer;
-  int __pyx_v_nualt;
-  int __pyx_v_num_samples;
-  int __pyx_v_num_subpatterns;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_pathlen;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_phrase;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_v_phrase_location;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_prefix;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_reachable_buffer;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_sa_range;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *__pyx_v_sample;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_scores;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_spanlen;
-  float __pyx_v_start_time;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_stop_time;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_suffix_link;
-  int __pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat_index;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_word_id;
-  int __pyx_v_x1;
-  int __pyx_v_xcat;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_xcat_index;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_xnode;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_xroot;
-  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_0;
-  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
-  int __pyx_t_2;
-  PyObject *__pyx_t_3;
-  PyObject *__pyx_t_4;
-  PyObject *__pyx_t_5;
-  int __pyx_t_6;
-  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_7;
-  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_8;
-  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_9;
-};
-
-
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rule.pxi":187
- *         fields = [sym_tostring(self.lhs), str(self.f), str(self.e), str(self.scores)]
- *         if self.word_alignments is not None:
- *             fields.append(' '.join('%d-%d' % a for a in self.alignments()))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         return ' ||| '.join(fields)
- * 
- */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr {
-  PyObject_HEAD
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *__pyx_outer_scope;
-  PyObject *__pyx_v_a;
-  PyObject *__pyx_t_0;
-  Py_ssize_t __pyx_t_1;
-  PyObject *(*__pyx_t_2)(PyObject *);
-};
-
-
 /* "_sa.pxd":29
  *     cdef FloatList values
  * 
@@ -1225,6 +1437,22 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase {
 };
 
 
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":15
+ *         self.values.append(value)
+ * 
+ *     def __iter__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         cdef unsigned i
+ *         for i in range(self.names.len):
+ */
+struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ {
+  PyObject_HEAD
+  unsigned int __pyx_v_i;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self;
+  int __pyx_t_0;
+  unsigned int __pyx_t_1;
+};
+
+
 /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/int_list.pxi":81
  *         free(self.arr)
  * 
@@ -1241,7 +1469,7 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct____iter__ {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":53
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":63
  * 
  * 
  * cdef class TrieTable:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -1256,22 +1484,7 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_TrieTable {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rule.pxi":141
- *         return self.syms[i]
- * 
- *     def __iter__(self):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         cdef int i
- *         for i from 0 <= i < self.n:
- */
-struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ {
-  PyObject_HEAD
-  int __pyx_v_i;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *__pyx_v_self;
-  int __pyx_t_0;
-};
-
-
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":108
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":111
  * 
  * def make_lattice(words):
  *     word_ids = (sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -1288,10 +1501,12 @@ struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_5_genexpr {
 };
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":116
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":119
  * 
  * def decode_sentence(lattice):
  *     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for ((sym, _, _),) in lattice)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ * def encode_words(words):
  */
 struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_10_genexpr {
   PyObject_HEAD
@@ -1437,7 +1652,7 @@ struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_Phrase {
 static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_Phrase *__pyx_vtabptr_3_sa_Phrase;
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":74
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":84
  * # in the suffix array; if discontiguous, it is the set of
  * # actual locations (packed into an array)
  * cdef class PhraseLocation:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -1535,7 +1750,7 @@ struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_Alphabet {
 static struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_Alphabet *__pyx_vtabptr_3_sa_Alphabet;
 
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":218
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":228
  * 
  * 
  * cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -2202,14 +2417,25 @@ static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_7_decode_lattice = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_8_genexpr = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence = 0;
 static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_10_genexpr = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = 0;
-static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ = 0;
+static PyTypeObject *__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr = 0;
 static int __pyx_v_3_sa_MIN_BOTTOM_SIZE;
 static int __pyx_v_3_sa_MIN_BOTTOM_BITS;
 static int __pyx_v_3_sa_LOWER_MASK[32];
@@ -2373,13 +2599,18 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_8Alphabet___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Alphabet *__p
 static void __pyx_pf_3_sa_8Alphabet_2__dealloc__(CYTHON_UNUSED struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Alphabet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_8Alphabet_9terminals___get__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Alphabet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_8Alphabet_12nonterminals___get__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Alphabet *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_4isvar(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_sym); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_12make_lattice_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_12make_lattice_3genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_4make_lattice(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_words); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_6make_lattice(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_words); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_14decode_lattice_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_6decode_lattice(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_8decode_lattice(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_15decode_sentence_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_8decode_sentence(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_10decode_sentence(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_12encode_words_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_12encode_words(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_words); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_12decode_words_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_14decode_words(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_syms); /* proto */
 static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_6Phrase___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_words); /* proto */
 static void __pyx_pf_3_sa_6Phrase_2__dealloc__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_6Phrase_4__str__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
@@ -2454,6 +2685,9 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_9TrieTable_4root_4__del__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_TrieTab
 static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_14PhraseLocation___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_v_sa_low, int __pyx_v_sa_high, int __pyx_v_arr_low, int __pyx_v_arr_high, PyObject *__pyx_v_arr, int __pyx_v_num_subpatterns); /* proto */
 static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx_v_self, int __pyx_v_sample_size, struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_SuffixArray *__pyx_v_fsarray); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_v_phrase_location); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda1(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda2(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda3(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
 static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Alignment *__pyx_v_alignment, float __pyx_v_by_slack_factor, char *__pyx_v_category, PyObject *__pyx_v_max_chunks, unsigned int __pyx_v_max_initial_size, unsigned int __pyx_v_max_length, unsigned int __pyx_v_max_nonterminals, PyObject *__pyx_v_max_target_chunks, PyObject *__pyx_v_max_target_length, unsigned int __pyx_v_min_gap_size, PyObject *__pyx_v_precompute_file, unsigned int __pyx_v_precompute_secondary_rank, unsigned int __pyx_v_precompute_rank, int __pyx_v_require_aligned_terminal, int __pyx_v_require_aligned_chunks, unsigned int __pyx_v_train_max_initial_size, unsigned int __pyx_v_train_min_gap_size, int __pyx_v_tight_phrases, int __pyx_v_use_baeza_yates, int __pyx_v_use_collocations, int __pyx_v_use_index); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_2configure(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_SuffixArray *__pyx_v_fsarray, struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_DataArray *__pyx_v_edarray, struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx_v_sampler, struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Scorer *__pyx_v_scorer); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_4pattern2phrase(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_pattern); /* proto */
@@ -2465,10 +2699,27 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_14get_all_nodes_isteps_
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_16reachable(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_fwords, PyObject *__pyx_v_ifrom, PyObject *__pyx_v_dist); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_18shortest(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_fwords, PyObject *__pyx_v_ifrom, PyObject *__pyx_v_ito); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_20get_next_states(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v__columns, PyObject *__pyx_v_curr_idx, PyObject *__pyx_v_min_dist); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda2(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda1(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
-static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda3(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_x); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda5(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda4(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda6(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_x); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_5input_2genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_22input(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_fwords, PyObject *__pyx_v_meta); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_12add_instance_extract(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_j, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_j, PyObject *__pyx_v_min_bound, PyObject *__pyx_v_wc, PyObject *__pyx_v_links, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt_open); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_25add_instance(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_words, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_words, PyObject *__pyx_v_alignment); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda7(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_x, PyObject *__pyx_v_y); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_lambda_funcdef_lambda8(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_x, PyObject *__pyx_v_y); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_9form_rule_2genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_27form_rule(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_span, PyObject *__pyx_v_e_span, PyObject *__pyx_v_nt, PyObject *__pyx_v_al); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8fmt_rule_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_29fmt_rule(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f, PyObject *__pyx_v_e, PyObject *__pyx_v_a); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_31dump_online_stats(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_33dump_online_rules(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_35online_ctx_lookup(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f, PyObject *__pyx_v_e); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_13get_f_phrases_extract(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_j, PyObject *__pyx_v_lex_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_lex_j, PyObject *__pyx_v_wc, PyObject *__pyx_v_ntc, PyObject *__pyx_v_syms); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_37get_f_phrases(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_f_words); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_16span_check(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_vec, PyObject *__pyx_v_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_j); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_18span_inc(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_vec, PyObject *__pyx_v_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_j); /* proto */
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_20span_dec(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_vec, PyObject *__pyx_v_i, PyObject *__pyx_v_j); /* proto */
 static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_13FeatureVector___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_13FeatureVector_2set(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self, unsigned int __pyx_v_name, float __pyx_v_value); /* proto */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_13FeatureVector_4__iter__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self); /* proto */
@@ -2529,13 +2780,19 @@ static char __pyx_k_94[] = "Suffix array construction took %f seconds";
 static char __pyx_k_95[] = "Unexpected condition found in q3sort: sort from %d to %d";
 static char __pyx_k__0[] = "0";
 static char __pyx_k__1[] = "1";
+static char __pyx_k__E[] = "E";
+static char __pyx_k__F[] = "F";
+static char __pyx_k__a[] = "a";
 static char __pyx_k__e[] = "e";
 static char __pyx_k__f[] = "f";
 static char __pyx_k__h[] = "h";
 static char __pyx_k__i[] = "i";
 static char __pyx_k__j[] = "j";
+static char __pyx_k__k[] = "k";
 static char __pyx_k__r[] = "r";
 static char __pyx_k__w[] = "w";
+static char __pyx_k__x[] = "x";
+static char __pyx_k__y[] = "y";
 static char __pyx_k_100[] = "Sampling strategy: uniform, max sample size = %d";
 static char __pyx_k_101[] = "Sampling strategy: no sampling";
 static char __pyx_k_103[] = "require_aligned_terminal";
@@ -2568,18 +2825,36 @@ static char __pyx_k_131[] = "Inside edges of following subphrase are not tight";
 static char __pyx_k_132[] = "Subphrase [%d, %d] failed integrity check";
 static char __pyx_k_133[] = "Didn't extract anything from [%d, %d] -> [%d, %d]";
 static char __pyx_k_134[] = "Unable to extract basic phrase";
-static char __pyx_k_135[] = "%s=%s";
-static char __pyx_k_137[] = "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/_sa.pyx";
-static char __pyx_k_140[] = "cdec.sa";
-static char __pyx_k_144[] = "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi";
-static char __pyx_k_149[] = "*EPS*";
+static char __pyx_k_137[] = "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi";
+static char __pyx_k_138[] = "{0}-{1}";
+static char __pyx_k_139[] = "[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}";
+static char __pyx_k_140[] = "------------------------------";
+static char __pyx_k_142[] = "         Online Stats         ";
+static char __pyx_k_146[] = " : ";
+static char __pyx_k_152[] = "OnlineFeatureContext";
+static char __pyx_k_155[] = "%s=%s";
+static char __pyx_k_157[] = "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/_sa.pyx";
+static char __pyx_k_160[] = "cdec.sa";
+static char __pyx_k_164[] = "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi";
+static char __pyx_k_175[] = "*EPS*";
+static char __pyx_k__FE[] = "FE";
+static char __pyx_k__al[] = "al";
+static char __pyx_k__fe[] = "fe";
 static char __pyx_k__gc[] = "gc";
+static char __pyx_k__nt[] = "nt";
 static char __pyx_k__sa[] = "sa";
+static char __pyx_k__wc[] = "wc";
 static char __pyx_k___sa[] = "_sa";
+static char __pyx_k__add[] = "add";
 static char __pyx_k__arr[] = "arr";
 static char __pyx_k__cmp[] = "cmp";
 static char __pyx_k__col[] = "col";
+static char __pyx_k__e_i[] = "e_i";
+static char __pyx_k__e_j[] = "e_j";
 static char __pyx_k__end[] = "end";
+static char __pyx_k__f_i[] = "f_i";
+static char __pyx_k__f_j[] = "f_j";
+static char __pyx_k__get[] = "get";
 static char __pyx_k__isa[] = "isa";
 static char __pyx_k__ito[] = "ito";
 static char __pyx_k__key[] = "key";
@@ -2587,9 +2862,13 @@ static char __pyx_k__lhs[] = "lhs";
 static char __pyx_k__low[] = "low";
 static char __pyx_k__map[] = "map";
 static char __pyx_k__max[] = "max";
+static char __pyx_k__ntc[] = "ntc";
 static char __pyx_k__pad[] = "pad";
+static char __pyx_k__pop[] = "pop";
 static char __pyx_k__res[] = "res";
 static char __pyx_k__set[] = "set";
+static char __pyx_k__sym[] = "sym";
+static char __pyx_k__vec[] = "vec";
 static char __pyx_k__zip[] = "zip";
 static char __pyx_k__NULL[] = "NULL";
 static char __pyx_k__dist[] = "dist";
@@ -2597,6 +2876,7 @@ static char __pyx_k__gzip[] = "gzip";
 static char __pyx_k__high[] = "high";
 static char __pyx_k__info[] = "info";
 static char __pyx_k__join[] = "join";
+static char __pyx_k__link[] = "link";
 static char __pyx_k__meta[] = "meta";
 static char __pyx_k__name[] = "name";
 static char __pyx_k__open[] = "open";
@@ -2605,6 +2885,7 @@ static char __pyx_k__side[] = "side";
 static char __pyx_k__size[] = "size";
 static char __pyx_k__skip[] = "skip";
 static char __pyx_k__stop[] = "stop";
+static char __pyx_k__syms[] = "syms";
 static char __pyx_k__warn[] = "warn";
 static char __pyx_k__word[] = "word";
 static char __pyx_k___SEP_[] = "_SEP_";
@@ -2615,6 +2896,10 @@ static char __pyx_k__eword[] = "eword";
 static char __pyx_k__fword[] = "fword";
 static char __pyx_k__ifrom[] = "ifrom";
 static char __pyx_k__index[] = "index";
+static char __pyx_k__isvar[] = "isvar";
+static char __pyx_k__lex_i[] = "lex_i";
+static char __pyx_k__lex_j[] = "lex_j";
+static char __pyx_k__links[] = "links";
 static char __pyx_k__merge[] = "merge";
 static char __pyx_k__range[] = "range";
 static char __pyx_k__reset[] = "reset";
@@ -2625,17 +2910,23 @@ static char __pyx_k__toMap[] = "toMap";
 static char __pyx_k__value[] = "value";
 static char __pyx_k__words[] = "words";
 static char __pyx_k__write[] = "write";
+static char __pyx_k__e_span[] = "e_span";
 static char __pyx_k__e_text[] = "e_text";
 static char __pyx_k__earray[] = "earray";
 static char __pyx_k__extend[] = "extend";
+static char __pyx_k__f_span[] = "f_span";
 static char __pyx_k__f_text[] = "f_text";
 static char __pyx_k__fcount[] = "fcount";
+static char __pyx_k__format[] = "format";
 static char __pyx_k__fwords[] = "fwords";
 static char __pyx_k__get_id[] = "get_id";
 static char __pyx_k__insert[] = "insert";
+static char __pyx_k__link_i[] = "link_i";
+static char __pyx_k__link_j[] = "link_j";
 static char __pyx_k__logger[] = "logger";
 static char __pyx_k__lookup[] = "lookup";
 static char __pyx_k__offset[] = "offset";
+static char __pyx_k__online[] = "online";
 static char __pyx_k__phrase[] = "phrase";
 static char __pyx_k__q3sort[] = "q3sort";
 static char __pyx_k__sa_low[] = "sa_low";
@@ -2649,15 +2940,23 @@ static char __pyx_k__unlink[] = "unlink";
 static char __pyx_k__Counter[] = "Counter";
 static char __pyx_k__advance[] = "advance";
 static char __pyx_k__arr_low[] = "arr_low";
+static char __pyx_k__bilex_e[] = "bilex_e";
+static char __pyx_k__bilex_f[] = "bilex_f";
 static char __pyx_k__collect[] = "collect";
+static char __pyx_k__e_words[] = "e_words";
 static char __pyx_k__edarray[] = "edarray";
 static char __pyx_k__ephrase[] = "ephrase";
+static char __pyx_k__extract[] = "extract";
+static char __pyx_k__f_words[] = "f_words";
 static char __pyx_k__fphrase[] = "fphrase";
 static char __pyx_k__fsarray[] = "fsarray";
 static char __pyx_k__genexpr[] = "genexpr";
 static char __pyx_k__lattice[] = "lattice";
 static char __pyx_k__logging[] = "logging";
 static char __pyx_k__matches[] = "matches";
+static char __pyx_k__new_e_i[] = "new_e_i";
+static char __pyx_k__new_e_j[] = "new_e_j";
+static char __pyx_k__nt_open[] = "nt_open";
 static char __pyx_k__pathlen[] = "pathlen";
 static char __pyx_k__sa_high[] = "sa_high";
 static char __pyx_k__sampler[] = "sampler";
@@ -2669,11 +2968,13 @@ static char __pyx_k____name__[] = "__name__";
 static char __pyx_k____test__[] = "__test__";
 static char __pyx_k___columns[] = "_columns";
 static char __pyx_k__arr_high[] = "arr_high";
+static char __pyx_k__bilex_fe[] = "bilex_fe";
 static char __pyx_k__category[] = "category";
 static char __pyx_k__children[] = "children";
 static char __pyx_k__curr_idx[] = "curr_idx";
 static char __pyx_k__extended[] = "extended";
 static char __pyx_k__filename[] = "filename";
+static char __pyx_k__fmt_rule[] = "fmt_rule";
 static char __pyx_k__frontier[] = "frontier";
 static char __pyx_k__get_e_id[] = "get_e_id";
 static char __pyx_k__get_f_id[] = "get_f_id";
@@ -2684,6 +2985,8 @@ static char __pyx_k__resource[] = "resource";
 static char __pyx_k__ru_stime[] = "ru_stime";
 static char __pyx_k__ru_utime[] = "ru_utime";
 static char __pyx_k__shortest[] = "shortest";
+static char __pyx_k__span_dec[] = "span_dec";
+static char __pyx_k__span_inc[] = "span_inc";
 static char __pyx_k__word_ids[] = "word_ids";
 static char __pyx_k__Exception[] = "Exception";
 static char __pyx_k__INCREMENT[] = "INCREMENT";
@@ -2691,6 +2994,7 @@ static char __pyx_k__TypeError[] = "TypeError";
 static char __pyx_k____enter__[] = "__enter__";
 static char __pyx_k__alignment[] = "alignment";
 static char __pyx_k__enumerate[] = "enumerate";
+static char __pyx_k__form_rule[] = "form_rule";
 static char __pyx_k__from_data[] = "from_data";
 static char __pyx_k__from_text[] = "from_text";
 static char __pyx_k__getLogger[] = "getLogger";
@@ -2698,6 +3002,9 @@ static char __pyx_k__getrusage[] = "getrusage";
 static char __pyx_k__increment[] = "increment";
 static char __pyx_k__iteritems[] = "iteritems";
 static char __pyx_k__itertools[] = "itertools";
+static char __pyx_k__min_bound[] = "min_bound";
+static char __pyx_k__new_lex_i[] = "new_lex_i";
+static char __pyx_k__new_lex_j[] = "new_lex_j";
 static char __pyx_k__paircount[] = "paircount";
 static char __pyx_k__partition[] = "partition";
 static char __pyx_k__reachable[] = "reachable";
@@ -2711,7 +3018,9 @@ static char __pyx_k__itervalues[] = "itervalues";
 static char __pyx_k__max_chunks[] = "max_chunks";
 static char __pyx_k__max_length[] = "max_length";
 static char __pyx_k__namedtuple[] = "namedtuple";
+static char __pyx_k__plus_links[] = "plus_links";
 static char __pyx_k__precompute[] = "precompute";
+static char __pyx_k__span_check[] = "span_check";
 static char __pyx_k__write_text[] = "write_text";
 static char __pyx_k__END_OF_FILE[] = "END_OF_FILE";
 static char __pyx_k__END_OF_LINE[] = "END_OF_LINE";
@@ -2723,6 +3032,7 @@ static char __pyx_k__initial_len[] = "initial_len";
 static char __pyx_k__input_match[] = "input_match";
 static char __pyx_k__monitor_cpu[] = "monitor_cpu";
 static char __pyx_k__next_states[] = "next_states";
+static char __pyx_k__old_last_nt[] = "old_last_nt";
 static char __pyx_k__precomputed[] = "precomputed";
 static char __pyx_k__read_binary[] = "read_binary";
 static char __pyx_k__read_bitext[] = "read_bitext";
@@ -2730,13 +3040,18 @@ static char __pyx_k__sample_size[] = "sample_size";
 static char __pyx_k__suffix_link[] = "suffix_link";
 static char __pyx_k__use_sent_id[] = "use_sent_id";
 static char __pyx_k___doquicksort[] = "_doquicksort";
+static char __pyx_k__decode_words[] = "decode_words";
+static char __pyx_k__encode_words[] = "encode_words";
 static char __pyx_k__gzip_or_text[] = "gzip_or_text";
 static char __pyx_k__make_lattice[] = "make_lattice";
 static char __pyx_k__min_gap_size[] = "min_gap_size";
+static char __pyx_k__nt_collision[] = "nt_collision";
 static char __pyx_k__StopIteration[] = "StopIteration";
 static char __pyx_k__alphabet_size[] = "alphabet_size";
 static char __pyx_k__from_iterable[] = "from_iterable";
 static char __pyx_k__fsample_count[] = "fsample_count";
+static char __pyx_k__get_f_phrases[] = "get_f_phrases";
+static char __pyx_k__new_min_bound[] = "new_min_bound";
 static char __pyx_k__test_sentence[] = "test_sentence";
 static char __pyx_k__tight_phrases[] = "tight_phrases";
 static char __pyx_k__FeatureContext[] = "FeatureContext";
@@ -2757,8 +3072,10 @@ static char __pyx_k__max_initial_size[] = "max_initial_size";
 static char __pyx_k__max_nonterminals[] = "max_nonterminals";
 static char __pyx_k__reachable_buffer[] = "reachable_buffer";
 static char __pyx_k__use_collocations[] = "use_collocations";
+static char __pyx_k__dump_online_rules[] = "dump_online_rules";
 static char __pyx_k__max_target_chunks[] = "max_target_chunks";
 static char __pyx_k__max_target_length[] = "max_target_length";
+static char __pyx_k__online_ctx_lookup[] = "online_ctx_lookup";
 static char __pyx_k__train_min_gap_size[] = "train_min_gap_size";
 static char __pyx_k__pattern2phrase_plus[] = "pattern2phrase_plus";
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_1;
@@ -2794,11 +3111,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_131;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_132;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_133;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_134;
-static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_135;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_137;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_138;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_139;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_14;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_140;
-static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_144;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_142;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_146;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s_152;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_155;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_157;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_160;
+static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_164;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_18;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_2;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_21;
@@ -2851,9 +3175,12 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s_95;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__0;
 static PyObject *__pyx_kp_s__1;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__Counter;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__E;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__END_OF_FILE;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__END_OF_LINE;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__Exception;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__F;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__FE;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__FeatureContext;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__GzipFile;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__INCREMENT;
@@ -2871,7 +3198,10 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s____test__;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s___columns;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s___doquicksort;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s___sa;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__a;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__add;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__advance;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__al;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__alignment;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__alignments;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__alphabet_size;
@@ -2879,6 +3209,9 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__arity;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__arr;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__arr_high;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__arr_low;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__bilex_e;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__bilex_f;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__bilex_fe;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__by_slack_factor;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__category;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__chain;
@@ -2891,22 +3224,38 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__curr_idx;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__debug;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__decode_lattice;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__decode_sentence;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__decode_words;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__defaultdict;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__dist;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__dump_online_rules;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_i;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_j;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_span;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_text;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__e_words;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__earray;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__edarray;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__encode_words;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__end;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__enumerate;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__ephrase;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__eword;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__extend;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__extended;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__extract;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_i;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_j;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_span;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_text;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__f_words;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fcount;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fe;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__filename;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fmt_rule;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__form_rule;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__format;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fphrase;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__from_binary;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__from_data;
@@ -2920,9 +3269,11 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fword;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__fwords;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__gc;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__genexpr;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__get;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__getLogger;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__get_e_id;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__get_f_id;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__get_f_phrases;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__get_id;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__get_next_states;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__get_word;
@@ -2942,15 +3293,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__input_match;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__input_span;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__insert;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__isa;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__isvar;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__iteritems;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__itertools;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__itervalues;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__ito;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__j;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__join;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__k;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__key;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__lattice;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__lex_i;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__lex_j;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__lhs;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__link;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__link_i;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__link_j;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__links;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__logger;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__logging;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__lookup;
@@ -2967,14 +3326,27 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__max_target_chunks;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__max_target_length;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__merge;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__meta;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__min_bound;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__min_dist;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__min_gap_size;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__monitor_cpu;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__name;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__namedtuple;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_e_i;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_e_j;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_lex_i;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_lex_j;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__new_min_bound;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__next_states;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__nt;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__nt_collision;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__nt_open;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__ntc;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__num_subpatterns;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__offset;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__old_last_nt;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__online;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__online_ctx_lookup;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__open;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__pad;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__paircount;
@@ -2984,6 +3356,8 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__pattern2phrase;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__pattern2phrase_plus;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__phrase;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__phrase_location;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__plus_links;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__pop;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__precompute;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__precompute_file;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__precompute_rank;
@@ -3018,12 +3392,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__size;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__skip;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__sorted;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__source;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__span_check;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__span_dec;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__span_inc;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__spanlen;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__split;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__start;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__stats;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__stop;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__suffix_link;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__sym;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__syms;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__test_sentence;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__tight_phrases;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__toMap;
@@ -3034,14 +3413,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__use_collocations;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__use_index;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__use_sent_id;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__value;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__vec;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__w;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__warn;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__wc;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__word;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__word_alignments;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__word_ids;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__words;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__write;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__write_text;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__x;
+static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__y;
 static PyObject *__pyx_n_s__zip;
 static PyObject *__pyx_int_0;
 static PyObject *__pyx_int_1;
@@ -3103,16 +3486,41 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_98;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_102;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_107;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_122;
-static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_138;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_135;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_141;
-static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_142;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_143;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_144;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_145;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_147;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_148;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_149;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_150;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_151;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_153;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_158;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_161;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_162;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_165;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_167;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_169;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_171;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_173;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_176;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_178;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_tuple_180;
 static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_136;
-static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_139;
-static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_143;
-static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_146;
-static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_148;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_154;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_156;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_159;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_163;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_166;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_168;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_170;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_172;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_174;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_177;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_179;
+static PyObject *__pyx_k_codeobj_181;
 
 /* Python wrapper */
 static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_1monitor_cpu(PyObject *__pyx_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *unused); /*proto*/
@@ -4524,7 +4932,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7IntList_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *
  *             ret += str(self.arr[idx])
  *         ret += "]"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         ret += "len="
- *         ret += self.len
+ *         ret += str(self.len)
  */
   __pyx_t_5 = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(__pyx_v_ret, ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_5)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[2]; __pyx_lineno = 27; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
@@ -4536,7 +4944,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7IntList_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *
  *             ret += str(self.arr[idx])
  *         ret += "]"
  *         ret += "len="             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *         ret += self.len
+ *         ret += str(self.len)
  *         return ret
  */
   __pyx_t_5 = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(__pyx_v_ret, ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_6)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[2]; __pyx_lineno = 28; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
@@ -4548,12 +4956,20 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7IntList_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *
   /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/int_list.pxi":29
  *         ret += "]"
  *         ret += "len="
- *         ret += self.len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *         ret += str(self.len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         return ret
  * 
  */
   __pyx_t_5 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_self->len); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[2]; __pyx_lineno = 29; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+  __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[2]; __pyx_lineno = 29; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_4, 0, __pyx_t_5);
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_5);
+  __pyx_t_5 = 0;
+  __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyString_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[2]; __pyx_lineno = 29; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
+  __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4)); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
   __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(__pyx_v_ret, __pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[2]; __pyx_lineno = 29; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
@@ -4563,7 +4979,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7IntList_2__str__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *
 
   /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/int_list.pxi":30
  *         ret += "len="
- *         ret += self.len
+ *         ret += str(self.len)
  *         return ret             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *     def index(self, val):
@@ -23325,7 +23741,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_fromstring(char *__pyx_v_string, int __pyx_v_termina
  * cdef int sym_fromstring(char* string, bint terminal):
  *     return ALPHABET.fromstring(string, terminal)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
- * def make_lattice(words):
+ * def isvar(sym):
  */
   __pyx_r = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_Alphabet *)__pyx_v_3_sa_ALPHABET->__pyx_vtab)->fromstring(__pyx_v_3_sa_ALPHABET, __pyx_v_string, __pyx_v_terminal);
   goto __pyx_L0;
@@ -23337,19 +23753,76 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_fromstring(char *__pyx_v_string, int __pyx_v_termina
 }
 
 /* Python wrapper */
-static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_5make_lattice(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_words); /*proto*/
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_mdef_3_sa_5make_lattice = {__Pyx_NAMESTR("make_lattice"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_5make_lattice, METH_O, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)};
-static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_5make_lattice(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_words) {
+static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_5isvar(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_sym); /*proto*/
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_mdef_3_sa_5isvar = {__Pyx_NAMESTR("isvar"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_5isvar, METH_O, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)};
+static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_5isvar(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_sym) {
+  PyObject *__pyx_r = 0;
+  __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
+  __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("isvar (wrapper)", 0);
+  __pyx_r = __pyx_pf_3_sa_4isvar(__pyx_self, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_sym));
+  __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext();
+  return __pyx_r;
+}
+
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":107
+ *     return ALPHABET.fromstring(string, terminal)
+ * 
+ * def isvar(sym):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     return sym_isvar(sym)
+ * 
+ */
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_4isvar(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_sym) {
+  PyObject *__pyx_r = NULL;
+  __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
+  int __pyx_t_1;
+  PyObject *__pyx_t_2 = NULL;
+  int __pyx_lineno = 0;
+  const char *__pyx_filename = NULL;
+  int __pyx_clineno = 0;
+  __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("isvar", 0);
+
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":108
+ * 
+ * def isvar(sym):
+ *     return sym_isvar(sym)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ * def make_lattice(words):
+ */
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+  __pyx_r = Py_None; __Pyx_INCREF(Py_None);
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+static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_6make_lattice(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_words) {
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":108
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":111
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+  __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_pf_3_sa_12make_lattice_genexpr(((PyObject*)__pyx_cur_scope)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 111; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":109
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":112
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+  __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_pf_3_sa_12make_lattice_3genexpr(((PyObject*)__pyx_cur_scope)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -23724,19 +24197,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_4make_lattice(CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *__pyx_self,
 }
 
 /* Python wrapper */
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-static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_7decode_lattice(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice) {
+static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_9decode_lattice(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice); /*proto*/
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_mdef_3_sa_9decode_lattice = {__Pyx_NAMESTR("decode_lattice"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_9decode_lattice, METH_O, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)};
+static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_9decode_lattice(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice) {
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":112
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+    __pyx_GeneratorObject *gen = __Pyx_Generator_New((__pyx_generator_body_t) __pyx_gb_3_sa_14decode_lattice_2generator9, (PyObject *) __pyx_cur_scope); if (unlikely(!gen)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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     return NULL;
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-  if (unlikely(!__pyx_sent_value)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (unlikely(!__pyx_sent_value)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":113
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":116
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+  if (unlikely(!__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_arc)) { __Pyx_RaiseUnboundLocalError("arc"); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;} }
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+    __pyx_t_2 = -1; __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_arc); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":112
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":115
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-      __pyx_t_4 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_2); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_4 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_2); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_8 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_8)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":113
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+        __pyx_t_7 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_7); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_7 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_7); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 113; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_12 = -1; __pyx_t_7 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_outer_scope->__pyx_v_lattice); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_6 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_7, __pyx_t_12); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_12++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 113; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":112
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+        __pyx_t_14 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sym); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_14 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_6 = PyBytes_FromString(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_tostring(__pyx_t_14)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":111
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":112
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+  __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_pf_3_sa_14decode_lattice_genexpr(((PyObject*)__pyx_cur_scope)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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 /* Python wrapper */
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-static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_9decode_sentence(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice) {
+static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_11decode_sentence(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice); /*proto*/
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_mdef_3_sa_11decode_sentence = {__Pyx_NAMESTR("decode_sentence"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_11decode_sentence, METH_O, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)};
+static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_11decode_sentence(PyObject *__pyx_self, PyObject *__pyx_v_lattice) {
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":116
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 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_15decode_sentence_genexpr(PyObject *__pyx_self) {
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+    __pyx_GeneratorObject *gen = __Pyx_Generator_New((__pyx_generator_body_t) __pyx_gb_3_sa_15decode_sentence_2generator10, (PyObject *) __pyx_cur_scope); if (unlikely(!gen)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  if (unlikely(!__pyx_sent_value)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (unlikely(!__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_outer_scope->__pyx_v_lattice)) { __Pyx_RaiseClosureNameError("lattice"); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;} }
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-static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_4Rule_7__str___2generator11(__pyx_GeneratorObject *__pyx_generator, PyObject *__pyx_sent_value) /* generator body */
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-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *__pyx_cur_scope;
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 static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_4Rule_14generator3(__pyx_GeneratorObject *__pyx_generator, PyObject *__pyx_sent_value) /* generator body */
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+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *__pyx_cur_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *)__pyx_generator->closure);
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":39
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":40
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":47
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":48
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":49
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":50
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 }
 
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":44
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":45
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+  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("__cinit__", 0, 0, 1, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 67; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":57
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":59
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":61
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":55
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":84
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":87
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":86
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":88
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":89
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":90
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":91
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":92
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":93
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":103
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":113
  *     cdef IntList sa
  * 
  *     def __cinit__(self, int sample_size, SuffixArray fsarray):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37117,7 +38026,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("__cinit__", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":104
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":114
  * 
  *     def __cinit__(self, int sample_size, SuffixArray fsarray):
  *         self.sample_size = sample_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37126,7 +38035,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx
  */
   __pyx_v_self->sample_size = __pyx_v_sample_size;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":105
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":115
  *     def __cinit__(self, int sample_size, SuffixArray fsarray):
  *         self.sample_size = sample_size
  *         self.sa = fsarray.sa             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37139,7 +38048,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx
   __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->sa));
   __pyx_v_self->sa = __pyx_v_fsarray->sa;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":106
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":116
  *         self.sample_size = sample_size
  *         self.sa = fsarray.sa
  *         if sample_size > 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37149,21 +38058,21 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx
   __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_sample_size > 0);
   if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":107
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":117
  *         self.sa = fsarray.sa
  *         if sample_size > 0:
  *             logger.info("Sampling strategy: uniform, max sample size = %d", sample_size)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         else:
  *             logger.info("Sampling strategy: no sampling")
  */
-    __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__logger); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__logger); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 117; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-    __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s__info); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s__info); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 117; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_sample_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_sample_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 117; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-    __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 117; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
     __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_100));
     PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_4, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_100));
@@ -37171,7 +38080,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx
     PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_4, 1, __pyx_t_2);
     __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_2);
     __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_3, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_3, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 117; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
     __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4)); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
@@ -37180,19 +38089,19 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *__pyx
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":109
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":119
  *             logger.info("Sampling strategy: uniform, max sample size = %d", sample_size)
  *         else:
  *             logger.info("Sampling strategy: no sampling")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *     def sample(self, PhraseLocation phrase_location):
  */
-    __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__logger); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 109; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__logger); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s__info); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 109; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s__info); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_102), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 109; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_102), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
@@ -37219,7 +38128,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_7Sampler_3sample(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject
   PyObject *__pyx_r = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("sample (wrapper)", 0);
-  if (unlikely(!__Pyx_ArgTypeTest(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase_location), __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation, 1, "phrase_location", 0))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 111; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (unlikely(!__Pyx_ArgTypeTest(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase_location), __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation, 1, "phrase_location", 0))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 121; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_r = __pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *)__pyx_v_self), ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *)__pyx_v_phrase_location));
   goto __pyx_L0;
   __pyx_L1_error:;
@@ -37229,7 +38138,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_7Sampler_3sample(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":111
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":121
  *             logger.info("Sampling strategy: no sampling")
  * 
  *     def sample(self, PhraseLocation phrase_location):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37256,19 +38165,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("sample", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":124
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":134
  *         cdef int num_locations, val, j
  * 
  *         sample = IntList()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         if phrase_location.arr is None:
  *             num_locations = phrase_location.sa_high - phrase_location.sa_low
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 124; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_v_sample = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":125
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":135
  * 
  *         sample = IntList()
  *         if phrase_location.arr is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37278,7 +38187,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
   __pyx_t_2 = (((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase_location->arr) == Py_None);
   if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":126
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":136
  *         sample = IntList()
  *         if phrase_location.arr is None:
  *             num_locations = phrase_location.sa_high - phrase_location.sa_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37287,7 +38196,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
  */
     __pyx_v_num_locations = (__pyx_v_phrase_location->sa_high - __pyx_v_phrase_location->sa_low);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":127
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":137
  *         if phrase_location.arr is None:
  *             num_locations = phrase_location.sa_high - phrase_location.sa_low
  *             if self.sample_size == -1 or num_locations <= self.sample_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37303,7 +38212,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
     }
     if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":128
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":138
  *             num_locations = phrase_location.sa_high - phrase_location.sa_low
  *             if self.sample_size == -1 or num_locations <= self.sample_size:
  *                 sample._extend_arr(self.sa.arr + phrase_location.sa_low, num_locations)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37315,7 +38224,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
     }
     /*else*/ {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":130
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":140
  *                 sample._extend_arr(self.sa.arr + phrase_location.sa_low, num_locations)
  *             else:
  *                 stepsize = float(num_locations)/float(self.sample_size)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37324,11 +38233,11 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
  */
       if (unlikely(((double)__pyx_v_self->sample_size) == 0)) {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "float division");
-        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 130; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 140; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       }
       __pyx_v_stepsize = (((double)__pyx_v_num_locations) / ((double)__pyx_v_self->sample_size));
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":131
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":141
  *             else:
  *                 stepsize = float(num_locations)/float(self.sample_size)
  *                 i = phrase_location.sa_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37337,7 +38246,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
  */
       __pyx_v_i = __pyx_v_phrase_location->sa_low;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":132
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":142
  *                 stepsize = float(num_locations)/float(self.sample_size)
  *                 i = phrase_location.sa_low
  *                 while i < phrase_location.sa_high and sample.len < self.sample_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37354,7 +38263,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
         }
         if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":135
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":145
  *                     '''Note: int(i) not guaranteed to have the desired
  *                     effect, according to the python documentation'''
  *                     if fmod(i,1.0) > 0.5:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37364,7 +38273,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
         __pyx_t_3 = (fmod(__pyx_v_i, 1.0) > 0.5);
         if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":136
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":146
  *                     effect, according to the python documentation'''
  *                     if fmod(i,1.0) > 0.5:
  *                         val = int(ceil(i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37376,7 +38285,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
         }
         /*else*/ {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":138
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":148
  *                         val = int(ceil(i))
  *                     else:
  *                         val = int(floor(i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37387,7 +38296,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
         }
         __pyx_L7:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":139
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":149
  *                     else:
  *                         val = int(floor(i))
  *                     sample._append(self.sa.arr[val])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37396,7 +38305,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
  */
         ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_sample->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_sample, (__pyx_v_self->sa->arr[__pyx_v_val]));
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":140
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":150
  *                         val = int(floor(i))
  *                     sample._append(self.sa.arr[val])
  *                     i = i + stepsize             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37411,7 +38320,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":142
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":152
  *                     i = i + stepsize
  *         else:
  *             num_locations = (phrase_location.arr_high - phrase_location.arr_low) / phrase_location.num_subpatterns             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37421,15 +38330,15 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
     __pyx_t_5 = (__pyx_v_phrase_location->arr_high - __pyx_v_phrase_location->arr_low);
     if (unlikely(__pyx_v_phrase_location->num_subpatterns == 0)) {
       PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "integer division or modulo by zero");
-      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 142; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 152; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     }
     else if (sizeof(int) == sizeof(long) && unlikely(__pyx_v_phrase_location->num_subpatterns == -1) && unlikely(UNARY_NEG_WOULD_OVERFLOW(__pyx_t_5))) {
       PyErr_Format(PyExc_OverflowError, "value too large to perform division");
-      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 142; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 152; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     }
     __pyx_v_num_locations = __Pyx_div_int(__pyx_t_5, __pyx_v_phrase_location->num_subpatterns);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":143
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":153
  *         else:
  *             num_locations = (phrase_location.arr_high - phrase_location.arr_low) / phrase_location.num_subpatterns
  *             if self.sample_size == -1 or num_locations <= self.sample_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37445,7 +38354,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
     }
     if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":144
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":154
  *             num_locations = (phrase_location.arr_high - phrase_location.arr_low) / phrase_location.num_subpatterns
  *             if self.sample_size == -1 or num_locations <= self.sample_size:
  *                 sample = phrase_location.arr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37459,7 +38368,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
     }
     /*else*/ {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":146
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":156
  *                 sample = phrase_location.arr
  *             else:
  *                 stepsize = float(num_locations)/float(self.sample_size)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37468,11 +38377,11 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
  */
       if (unlikely(((double)__pyx_v_self->sample_size) == 0)) {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "float division");
-        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 146; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 156; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       }
       __pyx_v_stepsize = (((double)__pyx_v_num_locations) / ((double)__pyx_v_self->sample_size));
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":147
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":157
  *             else:
  *                 stepsize = float(num_locations)/float(self.sample_size)
  *                 i = phrase_location.arr_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37481,7 +38390,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
  */
       __pyx_v_i = __pyx_v_phrase_location->arr_low;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":148
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":158
  *                 stepsize = float(num_locations)/float(self.sample_size)
  *                 i = phrase_location.arr_low
  *                 while i < num_locations and sample.len < self.sample_size * phrase_location.num_subpatterns:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37498,7 +38407,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
         }
         if (!__pyx_t_4) break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":151
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":161
  *                     '''Note: int(i) not guaranteed to have the desired
  *                     effect, according to the python documentation'''
  *                     if fmod(i,1.0) > 0.5:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37508,7 +38417,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
         __pyx_t_4 = (fmod(__pyx_v_i, 1.0) > 0.5);
         if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":152
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":162
  *                     effect, according to the python documentation'''
  *                     if fmod(i,1.0) > 0.5:
  *                         val = int(ceil(i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37520,7 +38429,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
         }
         /*else*/ {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":154
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":164
  *                         val = int(ceil(i))
  *                     else:
  *                         val = int(floor(i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37531,7 +38440,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
         }
         __pyx_L11:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":155
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":165
  *                     else:
  *                         val = int(floor(i))
  *                     j = phrase_location.arr_low + (val*phrase_location.num_subpatterns)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37540,7 +38449,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
  */
         __pyx_v_j = (__pyx_v_phrase_location->arr_low + (__pyx_v_val * __pyx_v_phrase_location->num_subpatterns));
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":156
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":166
  *                         val = int(floor(i))
  *                     j = phrase_location.arr_low + (val*phrase_location.num_subpatterns)
  *                     sample._extend_arr(phrase_location.arr.arr + j, phrase_location.num_subpatterns)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37549,7 +38458,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
  */
         ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_sample->__pyx_vtab)->_extend_arr(__pyx_v_sample, (__pyx_v_phrase_location->arr->arr + __pyx_v_j), __pyx_v_phrase_location->num_subpatterns);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":157
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":167
  *                     j = phrase_location.arr_low + (val*phrase_location.num_subpatterns)
  *                     sample._extend_arr(phrase_location.arr.arr + j, phrase_location.num_subpatterns)
  *                     i = i + stepsize             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37563,7 +38472,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
   }
   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":158
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":168
  *                     sample._extend_arr(phrase_location.arr.arr + j, phrase_location.num_subpatterns)
  *                     i = i + stepsize
  *         return sample             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37588,7 +38497,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_7Sampler_2sample(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Sampler *_
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":170
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":180
  * 
  * 
  * cdef void assign_matching(Matching* m, int* arr, int start, int step, int* sent_id_arr):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37600,7 +38509,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching(struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching *__pyx_v_m
   __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("assign_matching", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":171
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":181
  * 
  * cdef void assign_matching(Matching* m, int* arr, int start, int step, int* sent_id_arr):
  *     m.arr = arr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37609,7 +38518,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching(struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching *__pyx_v_m
  */
   __pyx_v_m->arr = __pyx_v_arr;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":172
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":182
  * cdef void assign_matching(Matching* m, int* arr, int start, int step, int* sent_id_arr):
  *     m.arr = arr
  *     m.start = start             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37618,7 +38527,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching(struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching *__pyx_v_m
  */
   __pyx_v_m->start = __pyx_v_start;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":173
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":183
  *     m.arr = arr
  *     m.start = start
  *     m.end = start + step             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37627,7 +38536,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching(struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching *__pyx_v_m
  */
   __pyx_v_m->end = (__pyx_v_start + __pyx_v_step);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":174
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":184
  *     m.start = start
  *     m.end = start + step
  *     m.sent_id = sent_id_arr[arr[start]]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37636,7 +38545,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching(struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching *__pyx_v_m
  */
   __pyx_v_m->sent_id = (__pyx_v_sent_id_arr[(__pyx_v_arr[__pyx_v_start])]);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":175
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":185
  *     m.end = start + step
  *     m.sent_id = sent_id_arr[arr[start]]
  *     m.size = step             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37648,7 +38557,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching(struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching *__pyx_v_m
   __Pyx_RefNannyFinishContext();
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":178
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":188
  * 
  * 
  * cdef int* append_combined_matching(int* arr, Matching* loc1, Matching* loc2,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37665,7 +38574,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
   int __pyx_t_2;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("append_combined_matching", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":182
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":192
  *     cdef int i, new_len
  * 
  *     new_len = result_len[0] + num_subpatterns             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37674,7 +38583,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
  */
   __pyx_v_new_len = ((__pyx_v_result_len[0]) + __pyx_v_num_subpatterns);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":183
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":193
  * 
  *     new_len = result_len[0] + num_subpatterns
  *     arr = <int*> realloc(arr, new_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37683,7 +38592,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
  */
   __pyx_v_arr = ((int *)realloc(__pyx_v_arr, (__pyx_v_new_len * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":185
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":195
  *     arr = <int*> realloc(arr, new_len*sizeof(int))
  * 
  *     for i from 0 <= i < loc1.size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37693,7 +38602,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
   __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_loc1->size;
   for (__pyx_v_i = 0; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_1; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":186
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":196
  * 
  *     for i from 0 <= i < loc1.size:
  *         arr[result_len[0]+i] = loc1.arr[loc1.start+i]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37703,7 +38612,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
     (__pyx_v_arr[((__pyx_v_result_len[0]) + __pyx_v_i)]) = (__pyx_v_loc1->arr[(__pyx_v_loc1->start + __pyx_v_i)]);
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":187
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":197
  *     for i from 0 <= i < loc1.size:
  *         arr[result_len[0]+i] = loc1.arr[loc1.start+i]
  *     if num_subpatterns > loc1.size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37713,7 +38622,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
   __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_num_subpatterns > __pyx_v_loc1->size);
   if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":188
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":198
  *         arr[result_len[0]+i] = loc1.arr[loc1.start+i]
  *     if num_subpatterns > loc1.size:
  *         arr[new_len-1] = loc2.arr[loc2.end-1]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37725,7 +38634,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
   }
   __pyx_L5:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":189
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":199
  *     if num_subpatterns > loc1.size:
  *         arr[new_len-1] = loc2.arr[loc2.end-1]
  *     result_len[0] = new_len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37734,7 +38643,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
  */
   (__pyx_v_result_len[0]) = __pyx_v_new_len;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":190
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":200
  *         arr[new_len-1] = loc2.arr[loc2.end-1]
  *     result_len[0] = new_len
  *     return arr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37750,7 +38659,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_append_combined_matching(int *__pyx_v_arr, struct __pyx
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":193
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":203
  * 
  * 
  * cdef int* extend_arr(int* arr, int* arr_len, int* appendix, int appendix_len):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37764,7 +38673,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(int *__pyx_v_arr, int *__pyx_v_arr_len, int
   __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("extend_arr", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":196
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":206
  *     cdef int new_len
  * 
  *     new_len = arr_len[0] + appendix_len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37773,7 +38682,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(int *__pyx_v_arr, int *__pyx_v_arr_len, int
  */
   __pyx_v_new_len = ((__pyx_v_arr_len[0]) + __pyx_v_appendix_len);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":197
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":207
  * 
  *     new_len = arr_len[0] + appendix_len
  *     arr = <int*> realloc(arr, new_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37782,7 +38691,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(int *__pyx_v_arr, int *__pyx_v_arr_len, int
  */
   __pyx_v_arr = ((int *)realloc(__pyx_v_arr, (__pyx_v_new_len * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":198
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":208
  *     new_len = arr_len[0] + appendix_len
  *     arr = <int*> realloc(arr, new_len*sizeof(int))
  *     memcpy(arr+arr_len[0], appendix, appendix_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37791,7 +38700,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(int *__pyx_v_arr, int *__pyx_v_arr_len, int
  */
   memcpy((__pyx_v_arr + (__pyx_v_arr_len[0])), __pyx_v_appendix, (__pyx_v_appendix_len * (sizeof(int))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":199
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":209
  *     arr = <int*> realloc(arr, new_len*sizeof(int))
  *     memcpy(arr+arr_len[0], appendix, appendix_len*sizeof(int))
  *     arr_len[0] = new_len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37800,7 +38709,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(int *__pyx_v_arr, int *__pyx_v_arr_len, int
  */
   (__pyx_v_arr_len[0]) = __pyx_v_new_len;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":200
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":210
  *     memcpy(arr+arr_len[0], appendix, appendix_len*sizeof(int))
  *     arr_len[0] = new_len
  *     return arr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37816,7 +38725,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(int *__pyx_v_arr, int *__pyx_v_arr_len, int
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":202
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":212
  *     return arr
  * 
  * cdef int median(int low, int high, int step):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37833,7 +38742,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_median(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_high, int __pyx_v_st
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("median", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":203
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":213
  * 
  * cdef int median(int low, int high, int step):
  *     return low + (((high - low)/step)/2)*step             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37843,11 +38752,11 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_median(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_high, int __pyx_v_st
   __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_high - __pyx_v_low);
   if (unlikely(__pyx_v_step == 0)) {
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "integer division or modulo by zero");
-    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 203; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 213; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   }
   else if (sizeof(int) == sizeof(long) && unlikely(__pyx_v_step == -1) && unlikely(UNARY_NEG_WOULD_OVERFLOW(__pyx_t_1))) {
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_OverflowError, "value too large to perform division");
-    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 203; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 213; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   }
   __pyx_r = (__pyx_v_low + (__Pyx_div_long(__Pyx_div_int(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_v_step), 2) * __pyx_v_step));
   goto __pyx_L0;
@@ -37862,7 +38771,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_median(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_high, int __pyx_v_st
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":206
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":216
  * 
  * 
  * cdef void find_comparable_matchings(int low, int high, int* arr, int step, int loc, int* loc_minus, int* loc_plus):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37877,7 +38786,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_find_comparable_matchings(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_
   int __pyx_t_3;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("find_comparable_matchings", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":210
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":220
  *     # in which all matchings have the same first index as the one
  *     # starting at loc
  *     loc_plus[0] = loc + step             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37886,7 +38795,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_find_comparable_matchings(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_
  */
   (__pyx_v_loc_plus[0]) = (__pyx_v_loc + __pyx_v_step);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":211
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":221
  *     # starting at loc
  *     loc_plus[0] = loc + step
  *     while loc_plus[0] < high and arr[loc_plus[0]] == arr[loc]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37903,7 +38812,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_find_comparable_matchings(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_
     }
     if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":212
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":222
  *     loc_plus[0] = loc + step
  *     while loc_plus[0] < high and arr[loc_plus[0]] == arr[loc]:
  *         loc_plus[0] = loc_plus[0] + step             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37913,7 +38822,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_find_comparable_matchings(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_
     (__pyx_v_loc_plus[0]) = ((__pyx_v_loc_plus[0]) + __pyx_v_step);
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":213
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":223
  *     while loc_plus[0] < high and arr[loc_plus[0]] == arr[loc]:
  *         loc_plus[0] = loc_plus[0] + step
  *     loc_minus[0] = loc             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37922,7 +38831,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_find_comparable_matchings(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_
  */
   (__pyx_v_loc_minus[0]) = __pyx_v_loc;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":214
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":224
  *         loc_plus[0] = loc_plus[0] + step
  *     loc_minus[0] = loc
  *     while loc_minus[0]-step >= low and arr[loc_minus[0]-step] == arr[loc]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37939,7 +38848,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_find_comparable_matchings(int __pyx_v_low, int __pyx_v_
     }
     if (!__pyx_t_2) break;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":215
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":225
  *     loc_minus[0] = loc
  *     while loc_minus[0]-step >= low and arr[loc_minus[0]-step] == arr[loc]:
  *         loc_minus[0] = loc_minus[0] - step             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37983,7 +38892,7 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
     static PyObject **__pyx_pyargnames[] = {&__pyx_n_s__alignment,&__pyx_n_s__by_slack_factor,&__pyx_n_s__category,&__pyx_n_s__max_chunks,&__pyx_n_s__max_initial_size,&__pyx_n_s__max_length,&__pyx_n_s__max_nonterminals,&__pyx_n_s__max_target_chunks,&__pyx_n_s__max_target_length,&__pyx_n_s__min_gap_size,&__pyx_n_s__precompute_file,&__pyx_n_s_70,&__pyx_n_s__precompute_rank,&__pyx_n_s_103,&__pyx_n_s_104,&__pyx_n_s_71,&__pyx_n_s__train_min_gap_size,&__pyx_n_s__tight_phrases,&__pyx_n_s__use_baeza_yates,&__pyx_n_s__use_collocations,&__pyx_n_s__use_index,0};
     PyObject* values[21] = {0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0};
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":276
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":296
  *             char* category="[X]",
  *             # maximum number of contiguous chunks of terminal symbols in RHS of a rule. If None, defaults to max_nonterminals+1
  *             max_chunks=None,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -37992,7 +38901,7 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
  */
     values[3] = ((PyObject *)Py_None);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":284
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":304
  *             unsigned max_nonterminals=2,
  *             # maximum number of contiguous chunks of terminal symbols in target-side RHS of a rule. If None, defaults to max_nonterminals+1
  *             max_target_chunks=None,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38001,7 +38910,7 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
  */
     values[7] = ((PyObject *)Py_None);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":286
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":306
  *             max_target_chunks=None,
  *             # maximum number of target side symbols (both T and NT) allowed in a rule. If None, defaults to max_initial_size
  *             max_target_length=None,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38010,7 +38919,7 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
  */
     values[8] = ((PyObject *)Py_None);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":290
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":310
  *             unsigned min_gap_size=2,
  *             # filename of file containing precomputed collocations
  *             precompute_file=None,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38153,7 +39062,7 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
         }
       }
       if (unlikely(kw_args > 0)) {
-        if (unlikely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_pyargnames, 0, values, pos_args, "__cinit__") < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 268; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+        if (unlikely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_pyargnames, 0, values, pos_args, "__cinit__") < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 288; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
       }
     } else {
       switch (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)) {
@@ -38184,10 +39093,10 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
     }
     __pyx_v_alignment = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Alignment *)values[0]);
     if (values[1]) {
-      __pyx_v_by_slack_factor = __pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(values[1]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_by_slack_factor == (float)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 272; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_by_slack_factor = __pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(values[1]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_by_slack_factor == (float)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 292; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":272
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":292
  *             Alignment alignment,
  *             # parameter for double-binary search; doesn't seem to matter much
  *             float by_slack_factor=1.0,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38197,49 +39106,49 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
       __pyx_v_by_slack_factor = ((float)1.0);
     }
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-      __pyx_v_category = PyBytes_AsString(values[2]); if (unlikely((!__pyx_v_category) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 274; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_category = PyBytes_AsString(values[2]); if (unlikely((!__pyx_v_category) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 294; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
       __pyx_v_category = ((char *)__pyx_k_105);
     }
     __pyx_v_max_chunks = values[3];
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-      __pyx_v_max_initial_size = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[4]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_max_initial_size == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 278; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_max_initial_size = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[4]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_max_initial_size == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 298; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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       __pyx_v_max_initial_size = ((unsigned int)10);
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-      __pyx_v_max_length = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[5]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_max_length == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 280; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_max_length = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[5]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_max_length == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 300; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
       __pyx_v_max_length = ((unsigned int)5);
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-      __pyx_v_max_nonterminals = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[6]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_max_nonterminals == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 282; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_max_nonterminals = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[6]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_max_nonterminals == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 302; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
       __pyx_v_max_nonterminals = ((unsigned int)2);
     }
     __pyx_v_max_target_chunks = values[7];
     __pyx_v_max_target_length = values[8];
     if (values[9]) {
-      __pyx_v_min_gap_size = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[9]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_min_gap_size == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 288; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_min_gap_size = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[9]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_min_gap_size == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 308; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
       __pyx_v_min_gap_size = ((unsigned int)2);
     }
     __pyx_v_precompute_file = values[10];
     if (values[11]) {
-      __pyx_v_precompute_secondary_rank = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[11]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_precompute_secondary_rank == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 292; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_precompute_secondary_rank = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[11]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_precompute_secondary_rank == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 312; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
       __pyx_v_precompute_secondary_rank = ((unsigned int)20);
     }
     if (values[12]) {
-      __pyx_v_precompute_rank = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[12]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_precompute_rank == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 294; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_precompute_rank = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[12]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_precompute_rank == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 314; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
       __pyx_v_precompute_rank = ((unsigned int)100);
     }
     if (values[13]) {
-      __pyx_v_require_aligned_terminal = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[13]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_require_aligned_terminal == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 296; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_require_aligned_terminal = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[13]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_require_aligned_terminal == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 316; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":296
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":316
  *             unsigned precompute_rank=100,
  *             # require extracted rules to have at least one aligned word
  *             bint require_aligned_terminal=True,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38249,10 +39158,10 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
       __pyx_v_require_aligned_terminal = ((int)1);
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-      __pyx_v_require_aligned_chunks = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[14]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_require_aligned_chunks == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 298; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_require_aligned_chunks = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[14]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_require_aligned_chunks == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 318; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":298
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":318
  *             bint require_aligned_terminal=True,
  *             # require each contiguous chunk of extracted rules to have at least one aligned word
  *             bint require_aligned_chunks=False,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38262,20 +39171,20 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
       __pyx_v_require_aligned_chunks = ((int)0);
     }
     if (values[15]) {
-      __pyx_v_train_max_initial_size = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[15]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_train_max_initial_size == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 300; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_train_max_initial_size = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[15]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_train_max_initial_size == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 320; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
       __pyx_v_train_max_initial_size = ((unsigned int)10);
     }
     if (values[16]) {
-      __pyx_v_train_min_gap_size = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[16]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_train_min_gap_size == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 302; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_train_min_gap_size = __Pyx_PyInt_AsUnsignedInt(values[16]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_train_min_gap_size == (unsigned int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 322; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
       __pyx_v_train_min_gap_size = ((unsigned int)2);
     }
     if (values[17]) {
-      __pyx_v_tight_phrases = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[17]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_tight_phrases == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 304; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_tight_phrases = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[17]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_tight_phrases == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 324; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":304
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":324
  *             unsigned train_min_gap_size=2,
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  *             bint tight_phrases=True,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38285,10 +39194,10 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
       __pyx_v_tight_phrases = ((int)1);
     }
     if (values[18]) {
-      __pyx_v_use_baeza_yates = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[18]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_use_baeza_yates == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 306; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_use_baeza_yates = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[18]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_use_baeza_yates == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 326; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":306
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":326
  *             bint tight_phrases=True,
  *             # True to require use of double-binary alg, false otherwise
  *             bint use_baeza_yates=True,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38298,10 +39207,10 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
       __pyx_v_use_baeza_yates = ((int)1);
     }
     if (values[19]) {
-      __pyx_v_use_collocations = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[19]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_use_collocations == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 308; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_use_collocations = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[19]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_use_collocations == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 328; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":308
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":328
  *             bint use_baeza_yates=True,
  *             # True to enable used of precomputed collocations
  *             bint use_collocations=True,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38311,10 +39220,10 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
       __pyx_v_use_collocations = ((int)1);
     }
     if (values[20]) {
-      __pyx_v_use_index = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[20]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_use_index == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 310; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+      __pyx_v_use_index = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(values[20]); if (unlikely((__pyx_v_use_index == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 330; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
     } else {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":310
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":330
  *             bint use_collocations=True,
  *             # True to enable use of precomputed inverted indices
  *             bint use_index=True):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38326,13 +39235,13 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
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   goto __pyx_L4_argument_unpacking_done;
   __pyx_L5_argtuple_error:;
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+  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("__cinit__", 0, 1, 21, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 288; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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   return -1;
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+  if (unlikely(!__Pyx_ArgTypeTest(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_alignment), __pyx_ptype_3_sa_Alignment, 1, "alignment", 0))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 290; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -38342,8 +39251,188 @@ static int __pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(PyObject *__pyx_v_
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":268
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+/* Python wrapper */
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+static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_9__cinit___lambda1(PyObject *__pyx_self, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *unused) {
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  *         self.train_max_initial_size = train_max_initial_size
  *         self.min_gap_size = min_gap_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38491,7 +39581,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->min_gap_size = __pyx_v_min_gap_size;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":329
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":349
  *         self.train_max_initial_size = train_max_initial_size
  *         self.min_gap_size = min_gap_size
  *         self.train_min_gap_size = train_min_gap_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38500,7 +39590,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size = __pyx_v_train_min_gap_size;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":330
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":350
  *         self.min_gap_size = min_gap_size
  *         self.train_min_gap_size = train_min_gap_size
  *         self.category = sym_fromstring(category, False)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38509,7 +39599,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->category = __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_fromstring(__pyx_v_category, 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":332
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":352
  *         self.category = sym_fromstring(category, False)
  * 
  *         if max_chunks is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38519,7 +39609,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_max_chunks == Py_None);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":333
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":353
  * 
  *         if max_chunks is None:
  *             self.max_chunks = self.max_nonterminals + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38531,19 +39621,19 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":335
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":355
  *             self.max_chunks = self.max_nonterminals + 1
  *         else:
  *             self.max_chunks = max_chunks             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *         if max_target_chunks is None:
  */
-    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_max_chunks); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_4 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 335; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_max_chunks); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_4 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 355; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __pyx_v_self->max_chunks = __pyx_t_4;
   }
   __pyx_L4:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":337
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":357
  *             self.max_chunks = max_chunks
  * 
  *         if max_target_chunks is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38553,7 +39643,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_max_target_chunks == Py_None);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":338
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":358
  * 
  *         if max_target_chunks is None:
  *             self.max_target_chunks = self.max_nonterminals + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38565,19 +39655,19 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":340
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":360
  *             self.max_target_chunks = self.max_nonterminals + 1
  *         else:
  *             self.max_target_chunks = max_target_chunks             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *         if max_target_length is None:
  */
-    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_max_target_chunks); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_4 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 340; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_max_target_chunks); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_4 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 360; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __pyx_v_self->max_target_chunks = __pyx_t_4;
   }
   __pyx_L5:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":342
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":362
  *             self.max_target_chunks = max_target_chunks
  * 
  *         if max_target_length is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38587,7 +39677,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_max_target_length == Py_None);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":343
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":363
  * 
  *         if max_target_length is None:
  *             self.max_target_length = max_initial_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38599,26 +39689,26 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":345
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":365
  *             self.max_target_length = max_initial_size
  *         else:
  *             self.max_target_length = max_target_length             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *         # algorithmic parameters and settings
  */
-    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_max_target_length); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_4 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 345; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_max_target_length); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_4 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 365; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __pyx_v_self->max_target_length = __pyx_t_4;
   }
   __pyx_L6:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":348
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":368
  * 
  *         # algorithmic parameters and settings
  *         self.precomputed_collocations = {}             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         self.precomputed_index = {}
  *         self.use_index = use_index
  */
-  __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 348; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 368; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_collocations);
@@ -38626,14 +39716,14 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __pyx_v_self->precomputed_collocations = ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2);
   __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":349
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":369
  *         # algorithmic parameters and settings
  *         self.precomputed_collocations = {}
  *         self.precomputed_index = {}             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         self.use_index = use_index
  *         self.use_collocations = use_collocations
  */
-  __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 349; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 369; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_index);
@@ -38641,7 +39731,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __pyx_v_self->precomputed_index = ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2);
   __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":350
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":370
  *         self.precomputed_collocations = {}
  *         self.precomputed_index = {}
  *         self.use_index = use_index             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38650,7 +39740,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->use_index = __pyx_v_use_index;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":351
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":371
  *         self.precomputed_index = {}
  *         self.use_index = use_index
  *         self.use_collocations = use_collocations             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38659,14 +39749,14 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->use_collocations = __pyx_v_use_collocations;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":352
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":372
  *         self.use_index = use_index
  *         self.use_collocations = use_collocations
  *         self.max_rank = {}             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         self.precompute_file = precompute_file
  *         self.precompute_rank = precompute_rank
  */
-  __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 352; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 372; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_v_self->max_rank);
@@ -38674,7 +39764,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __pyx_v_self->max_rank = ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2);
   __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":353
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":373
  *         self.use_collocations = use_collocations
  *         self.max_rank = {}
  *         self.precompute_file = precompute_file             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38687,7 +39777,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_self->precompute_file);
   __pyx_v_self->precompute_file = __pyx_v_precompute_file;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":354
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":374
  *         self.max_rank = {}
  *         self.precompute_file = precompute_file
  *         self.precompute_rank = precompute_rank             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38696,7 +39786,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->precompute_rank = __pyx_v_precompute_rank;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":355
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":375
  *         self.precompute_file = precompute_file
  *         self.precompute_rank = precompute_rank
  *         self.precompute_secondary_rank = precompute_secondary_rank             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38705,7 +39795,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->precompute_secondary_rank = __pyx_v_precompute_secondary_rank;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":356
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":376
  *         self.precompute_rank = precompute_rank
  *         self.precompute_secondary_rank = precompute_secondary_rank
  *         self.use_baeza_yates = use_baeza_yates             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38714,7 +39804,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->use_baeza_yates = __pyx_v_use_baeza_yates;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":357
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":377
  *         self.precompute_secondary_rank = precompute_secondary_rank
  *         self.use_baeza_yates = use_baeza_yates
  *         self.by_slack_factor = by_slack_factor             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38723,7 +39813,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->by_slack_factor = __pyx_v_by_slack_factor;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":358
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":378
  *         self.use_baeza_yates = use_baeza_yates
  *         self.by_slack_factor = by_slack_factor
  *         self.tight_phrases = tight_phrases             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38732,7 +39822,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   __pyx_v_self->tight_phrases = __pyx_v_tight_phrases;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":360
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":380
  *         self.tight_phrases = tight_phrases
  * 
  *         if require_aligned_chunks:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38741,7 +39831,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   if (__pyx_v_require_aligned_chunks) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":362
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":382
  *         if require_aligned_chunks:
  *             # one condition is a stronger version of the other.
  *             self.require_aligned_chunks = self.require_aligned_terminal = True             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38753,7 +39843,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
     goto __pyx_L7;
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":363
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":383
  *             # one condition is a stronger version of the other.
  *             self.require_aligned_chunks = self.require_aligned_terminal = True
  *         elif require_aligned_terminal:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38762,7 +39852,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
   if (__pyx_v_require_aligned_terminal) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":364
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":384
  *             self.require_aligned_chunks = self.require_aligned_terminal = True
  *         elif require_aligned_terminal:
  *             self.require_aligned_chunks = False             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38771,7 +39861,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
  */
     __pyx_v_self->require_aligned_chunks = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":365
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":385
  *         elif require_aligned_terminal:
  *             self.require_aligned_chunks = False
  *             self.require_aligned_terminal = True             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38783,7 +39873,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":367
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":387
  *             self.require_aligned_terminal = True
  *         else:
  *             self.require_aligned_chunks = self.require_aligned_terminal = False             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38795,7 +39885,7 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   }
   __pyx_L7:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":370
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":390
  * 
  *         # diagnostics
  *         self.prev_norm_prefix = ()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -38808,17 +39898,17 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_self->prev_norm_prefix);
   __pyx_v_self->prev_norm_prefix = ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":372
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":392
  *         self.prev_norm_prefix = ()
  * 
  *         self.findexes = IntList(initial_len=10)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         self.findexes1 = IntList(initial_len=10)
  * 
  */
-  __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 372; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 392; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
-  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__initial_len), __pyx_int_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 372; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 372; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__initial_len), __pyx_int_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 392; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 392; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
@@ -38827,17 +39917,17 @@ static int __pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory___cinit__(struct __pyx_obj_3_
   __pyx_v_self->findexes = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":373
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":393
  * 
  *         self.findexes = IntList(initial_len=10)
  *         self.findexes1 = IntList(initial_len=10)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
- *     def configure(self, SuffixArray fsarray, DataArray edarray,
+ *         # Online stats
  */
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+  if (unlikely(!__Pyx_ArgTypeTest(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_scorer), __pyx_ptype_3_sa_Scorer, 1, "scorer", 0))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 415; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":375
- *         self.findexes1 = IntList(initial_len=10)
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":414
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":380
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":419
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":381
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":420
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":382
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":421
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  *         self.fda = fsarray.darray
  *         self.eda = edarray             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":383
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":422
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":384
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":385
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":386
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":387
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":426
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":389
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":393
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":394
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":395
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":396
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":397
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":398
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-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":401
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":403
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":404
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":443
  *         # pattern is a tuple, which we must convert to a hiero Phrase
  *         result = ()
  *         arity = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -39264,7 +40562,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_4pattern2phrase(struct
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   __pyx_v_arity = __pyx_int_0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":405
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":444
  *         result = ()
  *         arity = 0
  *         for word_id in pattern:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -39275,7 +40573,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_4pattern2phrase(struct
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-    __pyx_t_2 = -1; __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_pattern); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 405; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = -1; __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_pattern); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 444; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -39283,23 +40581,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_4pattern2phrase(struct
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-      __pyx_t_4 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_2); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 405; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_4 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_2); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 444; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 444; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_2); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 444; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 444; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 405; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 444; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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     __pyx_t_4 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":406
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":445
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-    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_word_id, __pyx_int_neg_1, Py_EQ); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 406; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-    __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 406; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_word_id, __pyx_int_neg_1, Py_EQ); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 445; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 445; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":407
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":446
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_arity, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 446; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":408
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":447
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-      __pyx_t_6 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_arity); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_6 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 408; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_6 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_arity); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_6 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 447; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":410
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":449
  *                 new_id = sym_setindex(self.category, arity)
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-      __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_self->fda->id2word, __pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_4) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 410; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":411
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":450
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+    __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_new_id); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 450; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+    __pyx_t_8 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_8)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 450; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":412
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":451
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+  __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 451; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":414
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":417
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":456
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":418
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":457
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  *         patterns = []
  *         result = ()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":419
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":458
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  *         result = ()
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":420
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":459
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  *         arity = 0
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":421
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":422
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":423
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":425
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":426
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":427
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":466
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":428
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+  __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, 1)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 467; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":429
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+  __pyx_t_9 = PyList_Append(__pyx_v_patterns, __pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 468; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":430
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":432
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":435
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":436
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":437
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":438
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":440
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":441
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":442
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":443
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":444
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":445
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       __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3));
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+      __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_Exception, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_5), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 484; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 445; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 484; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       goto __pyx_L6;
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":446
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":485
  *             if pre.train_max_initial_size != self.train_max_initial_size:
  *                 raise Exception("Precomputation done with max initial size %d, decoder uses %d" % (pre.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size))
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@@ -39981,18 +41279,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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     if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":447
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":486
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+      __pyx_t_3 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_pre->train_min_gap_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_5 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 447; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_5 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_112), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_Exception, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 447; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       goto __pyx_L7;
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":448
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":487
  *             if pre.train_min_gap_size != self.train_min_gap_size:
  *                 raise Exception("Precomputation done with min gap size %d, decoder uses %d" % (pre.train_min_gap_size, self.train_min_gap_size))
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@@ -40027,25 +41325,25 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
  */
     if (__pyx_v_self->use_index) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":449
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":488
  *                 raise Exception("Precomputation done with min gap size %d, decoder uses %d" % (pre.train_min_gap_size, self.train_min_gap_size))
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_5, __pyx_n_s__info); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 488; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 488; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_5 = PyInt_FromSsize_t(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 488; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 449; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 488; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 488; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":450
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":489
  *             if self.use_index:
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@@ -40069,9 +41367,9 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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-        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 450; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 489; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_dict_iterator(__pyx_v_pre->precomputed_index, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__iteritems), (&__pyx_t_7), (&__pyx_t_8)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 450; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_dict_iterator(__pyx_v_pre->precomputed_index, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__iteritems), (&__pyx_t_7), (&__pyx_t_8)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 489; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -40079,7 +41377,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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-        if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 450; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 489; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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         __pyx_v_arr = __pyx_t_4;
         __pyx_t_4 = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":451
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":490
  *                 logger.info("Converting %d hash keys on precomputed inverted index... ", len(pre.precomputed_index))
  *                 for pattern, arr in pre.precomputed_index.iteritems():
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-        __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s__pattern2phrase_plus); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 451; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s__pattern2phrase_plus); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 490; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 490; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 490; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -40111,7 +41409,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":452
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":491
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+          __pyx_t_10 = -1; __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrases); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 491; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -40130,23 +41428,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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+            __pyx_t_3 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 491; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            __pyx_t_3 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 452; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_3 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 491; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 452; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 491; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_3 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 491; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 452; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 491; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -40156,14 +41454,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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           __pyx_t_3 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":453
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":492
  *                     phrases = self.pattern2phrase_plus(pattern)
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  *                         self.precomputed_index[phrase] = arr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             if self.use_collocations:
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+          if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_index, __pyx_v_phrase, __pyx_v_arr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 492; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -40172,7 +41470,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":454
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":493
  *                     for phrase in phrases:
  *                         self.precomputed_index[phrase] = arr
  *             if self.use_collocations:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40181,25 +41479,25 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
  */
     if (__pyx_v_self->use_collocations) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":455
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":494
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+      __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__logger); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 494; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_5, __pyx_n_s__info); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 455; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_5, __pyx_n_s__info); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 494; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_7 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_7 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 494; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_5 = PyInt_FromSsize_t(__pyx_t_7); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 494; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 494; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 494; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":456
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":495
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-        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 456; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 495; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_dict_iterator(__pyx_v_pre->precomputed_collocations, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__iteritems), (&__pyx_t_6), (&__pyx_t_8)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 495; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -40233,7 +41531,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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+        if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 495; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":457
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":496
  *                 logger.info("Converting %d hash keys on precomputed collocations... ", len(pre.precomputed_collocations))
  *                 for pattern, arr in pre.precomputed_collocations.iteritems():
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+        __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s__pattern2phrase); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 496; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 457; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 496; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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         PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_3, 0, __pyx_v_pattern);
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+        __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 496; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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         __pyx_t_4 = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":458
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":497
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  *                     phrase = self.pattern2phrase(pattern)
  *                     self.precomputed_collocations[phrase] = arr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             stop_time = monitor_cpu()
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-        if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_collocations, __pyx_v_phrase, __pyx_v_arr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 458; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_collocations, __pyx_v_phrase, __pyx_v_arr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 497; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":459
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":498
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  *                     self.precomputed_collocations[phrase] = arr
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+    __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__monitor_cpu); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 498; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 498; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":460
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":499
  *                     self.precomputed_collocations[phrase] = arr
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+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__logger); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 499; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+    __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_Subtract(__pyx_v_stop_time, __pyx_v_start_time); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 499; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+    __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 499; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -40316,7 +41614,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_8precompute(struct __py
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+    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 499; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":463
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":464
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":503
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+  __pyx_t_1 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(__pyx_v_phrase, __pyx_v_self->precomputed_collocations, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_1 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 503; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":465
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":504
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-    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_collocations, __pyx_v_phrase); if (!__pyx_t_2) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 465; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_collocations, __pyx_v_phrase); if (!__pyx_t_2) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 504; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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     __pyx_v_arr = __pyx_t_2;
     __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":466
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":505
  *         if phrase in self.precomputed_collocations:
  *             arr = self.precomputed_collocations[phrase]
  *             return PhraseLocation(arr=arr, arr_low=0, arr_high=len(arr), num_subpatterns=phrase.arity()+1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40410,26 +41708,26 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_10get_precomputed_collo
  * 
  */
     __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_r);
-    __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr), __pyx_v_arr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr_low), __pyx_int_0) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-    __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_arr); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-    __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromSsize_t(__pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr), __pyx_v_arr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr_low), __pyx_int_0) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_arr); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromSsize_t(__pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr_high), __pyx_t_4) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr_high), __pyx_t_4) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_phrase, __pyx_n_s__arity); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_phrase, __pyx_n_s__arity); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
-    __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_5);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_5, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_5, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__num_subpatterns), __pyx_t_4) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__num_subpatterns), __pyx_t_4) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 466; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 505; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
     __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
     __pyx_r = __pyx_t_4;
@@ -40439,7 +41737,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_10get_precomputed_collo
   }
   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":467
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":506
  *             arr = self.precomputed_collocations[phrase]
  *             return PhraseLocation(arr=arr, arr_low=0, arr_high=len(arr), num_subpatterns=phrase.arity()+1)
  *         return None             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40466,7 +41764,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_10get_precomputed_collo
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":470
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":509
  * 
  * 
  *     cdef int* baeza_yates_helper(self, int low1, int high1, int* arr1, int step1,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40512,7 +41810,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("baeza_yates_helper", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":483
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":522
  *         cdef Matching loc1, loc2
  * 
  *         result = <int*> malloc(0*sizeof(int*))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40521,7 +41819,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_result = ((int *)malloc((0 * (sizeof(int *)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":485
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":524
  *         result = <int*> malloc(0*sizeof(int*))
  * 
  *         d_first = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40530,7 +41828,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_d_first = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":486
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":525
  * 
  *         d_first = 0
  *         if high1 - low1 > high2 - low2:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40540,7 +41838,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   __pyx_t_1 = ((__pyx_v_high1 - __pyx_v_low1) > (__pyx_v_high2 - __pyx_v_low2));
   if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":487
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":526
  *         d_first = 0
  *         if high1 - low1 > high2 - low2:
  *             d_first = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40552,7 +41850,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":491
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":530
  *         # First, check to see if we are at any of the recursive base cases
  *         # Case 1: one of the sets is empty
  *         if low1 >= high1 or low2 >= high2:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40568,7 +41866,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":492
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":531
  *         # Case 1: one of the sets is empty
  *         if low1 >= high1 or low2 >= high2:
  *             return result             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40581,7 +41879,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   __pyx_L4:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":495
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":534
  * 
  *         # Case 2: sets are non-overlapping
  *         assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, high1-step1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40590,7 +41888,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc1), __pyx_v_arr1, (__pyx_v_high1 - __pyx_v_step1), __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":496
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":535
  *         # Case 2: sets are non-overlapping
  *         assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, high1-step1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *         assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, low2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40599,7 +41897,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_arr2, __pyx_v_low2, __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":497
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":536
  *         assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, high1-step1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *         assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, low2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *         if self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last) == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40609,7 +41907,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   __pyx_t_3 = (((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings(__pyx_v_self, (&__pyx_v_loc1), (&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last) == -1);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":498
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":537
  *         assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, low2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *         if self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last) == -1:
  *             return result             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40622,7 +41920,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   __pyx_L5:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":500
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":539
  *             return result
  * 
  *         assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, low1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40631,7 +41929,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc1), __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_low1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":501
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":540
  * 
  *         assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, low1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *         assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, high2-step2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40640,7 +41938,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_arr2, (__pyx_v_high2 - __pyx_v_step2), __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":502
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":541
  *         assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, low1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *         assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, high2-step2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *         if self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last) == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40650,7 +41948,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   __pyx_t_3 = (((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings(__pyx_v_self, (&__pyx_v_loc1), (&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last) == 1);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":503
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":542
  *         assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, high2-step2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *         if self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last) == 1:
  *             return result             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40663,7 +41961,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   __pyx_L6:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":507
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":546
  *         # Case 3: query set and data set do not meet size mismatch constraints;
  *         # We use mergesort instead in this case
  *         qsetsize = (high1-low1) / step1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40673,15 +41971,15 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_high1 - __pyx_v_low1);
   if (unlikely(__pyx_v_step1 == 0)) {
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "integer division or modulo by zero");
-    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 507; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 546; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   }
   else if (sizeof(int) == sizeof(long) && unlikely(__pyx_v_step1 == -1) && unlikely(UNARY_NEG_WOULD_OVERFLOW(__pyx_t_4))) {
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_OverflowError, "value too large to perform division");
-    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 507; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 546; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   }
   __pyx_v_qsetsize = __Pyx_div_int(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_v_step1);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":508
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":547
  *         # We use mergesort instead in this case
  *         qsetsize = (high1-low1) / step1
  *         dsetsize = (high2-low2) / step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40691,15 +41989,15 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_high2 - __pyx_v_low2);
   if (unlikely(__pyx_v_step2 == 0)) {
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "integer division or modulo by zero");
-    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 508; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 547; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   }
   else if (sizeof(int) == sizeof(long) && unlikely(__pyx_v_step2 == -1) && unlikely(UNARY_NEG_WOULD_OVERFLOW(__pyx_t_4))) {
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_OverflowError, "value too large to perform division");
-    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 508; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 547; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   }
   __pyx_v_dsetsize = __Pyx_div_int(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_v_step2);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":509
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":548
  *         qsetsize = (high1-low1) / step1
  *         dsetsize = (high2-low2) / step2
  *         if d_first:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40708,7 +42006,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   if (__pyx_v_d_first) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":510
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":549
  *         dsetsize = (high2-low2) / step2
  *         if d_first:
  *             tmp = qsetsize             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40717,7 +42015,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_tmp = __pyx_v_qsetsize;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":511
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":550
  *         if d_first:
  *             tmp = qsetsize
  *             qsetsize = dsetsize             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40726,7 +42024,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_qsetsize = __pyx_v_dsetsize;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":512
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":551
  *             tmp = qsetsize
  *             qsetsize = dsetsize
  *             dsetsize = tmp             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40738,7 +42036,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   __pyx_L7:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":514
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":553
  *             dsetsize = tmp
  * 
  *         if self.by_slack_factor * qsetsize * log(dsetsize) / log(2) > dsetsize:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40749,12 +42047,12 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   __pyx_t_6 = log(2.0);
   if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == 0)) {
     PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "float division");
-    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 514; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 553; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   }
   __pyx_t_3 = ((__pyx_t_5 / __pyx_t_6) > __pyx_v_dsetsize);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":515
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":554
  * 
  *         if self.by_slack_factor * qsetsize * log(dsetsize) / log(2) > dsetsize:
  *             free(result)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40763,7 +42061,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     free(__pyx_v_result);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":516
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":555
  *         if self.by_slack_factor * qsetsize * log(dsetsize) / log(2) > dsetsize:
  *             free(result)
  *             return self.merge_helper(low1, high1, arr1, step1, low2, high2, arr2, step2, offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40776,7 +42074,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   __pyx_L8:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":520
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":559
  *         # binary search.    There are two flavors, depending on
  *         # whether the queryset or dataset is first
  *         if d_first:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40785,7 +42083,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   if (__pyx_v_d_first) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":521
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":560
  *         # whether the queryset or dataset is first
  *         if d_first:
  *             med2 = median(low2, high2, step2)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40794,7 +42092,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_med2 = __pyx_f_3_sa_median(__pyx_v_low2, __pyx_v_high2, __pyx_v_step2);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":522
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":561
  *         if d_first:
  *             med2 = median(low2, high2, step2)
  *             assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, med2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40803,7 +42101,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_arr2, __pyx_v_med2, __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":524
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":563
  *             assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, med2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  * 
  *             search_low = low1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40812,7 +42110,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_search_low = __pyx_v_low1;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":525
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":564
  * 
  *             search_low = low1
  *             search_high = high1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40821,7 +42119,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_search_high = __pyx_v_high1;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":526
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":565
  *             search_low = low1
  *             search_high = high1
  *             while search_low < search_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40832,7 +42130,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_search_low < __pyx_v_search_high);
       if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":527
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":566
  *             search_high = high1
  *             while search_low < search_high:
  *                 med1 = median(search_low, search_high, step1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40841,7 +42139,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_med1 = __pyx_f_3_sa_median(__pyx_v_search_low, __pyx_v_search_high, __pyx_v_step1);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":528
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":567
  *             while search_low < search_high:
  *                 med1 = median(search_low, search_high, step1)
  *                 find_comparable_matchings(low1, high1, arr1, step1, med1, &med1_minus, &med1_plus)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40850,7 +42148,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_f_3_sa_find_comparable_matchings(__pyx_v_low1, __pyx_v_high1, __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_med1, (&__pyx_v_med1_minus), (&__pyx_v_med1_plus));
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":529
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":568
  *                 med1 = median(search_low, search_high, step1)
  *                 find_comparable_matchings(low1, high1, arr1, step1, med1, &med1_minus, &med1_plus)
  *                 comparison = self.compare_matchings_set(med1_minus, med1_plus, arr1, step1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40859,7 +42157,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_comparison = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings_set(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_med1_minus, __pyx_v_med1_plus, __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_step1, (&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":532
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":571
  *                 if comparison == -1:
  *                     search_low = med1_plus
  *                 elif comparison == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40868,7 +42166,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       switch (__pyx_v_comparison) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":530
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":569
  *                 find_comparable_matchings(low1, high1, arr1, step1, med1, &med1_minus, &med1_plus)
  *                 comparison = self.compare_matchings_set(med1_minus, med1_plus, arr1, step1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *                 if comparison == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40877,7 +42175,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
         case -1:
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":531
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":570
  *                 comparison = self.compare_matchings_set(med1_minus, med1_plus, arr1, step1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *                 if comparison == -1:
  *                     search_low = med1_plus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40887,7 +42185,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         __pyx_v_search_low = __pyx_v_med1_plus;
         break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":532
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":571
  *                 if comparison == -1:
  *                     search_low = med1_plus
  *                 elif comparison == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40896,7 +42194,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
         case 1:
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":533
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":572
  *                     search_low = med1_plus
  *                 elif comparison == 1:
  *                     search_high = med1_minus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40907,7 +42205,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         break;
         default:
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":535
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":574
  *                     search_high = med1_minus
  *                 else:
  *                     break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40923,7 +42221,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":537
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":576
  *                     break
  *         else:
  *             med1 = median(low1, high1, step1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40932,7 +42230,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_med1 = __pyx_f_3_sa_median(__pyx_v_low1, __pyx_v_high1, __pyx_v_step1);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":538
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":577
  *         else:
  *             med1 = median(low1, high1, step1)
  *             find_comparable_matchings(low1, high1, arr1, step1, med1, &med1_minus, &med1_plus)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40941,7 +42239,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_f_3_sa_find_comparable_matchings(__pyx_v_low1, __pyx_v_high1, __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_med1, (&__pyx_v_med1_minus), (&__pyx_v_med1_plus));
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":540
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":579
  *             find_comparable_matchings(low1, high1, arr1, step1, med1, &med1_minus, &med1_plus)
  * 
  *             search_low = low2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40950,7 +42248,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_search_low = __pyx_v_low2;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":541
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":580
  * 
  *             search_low = low2
  *             search_high = high2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40959,7 +42257,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_search_high = __pyx_v_high2;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":542
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":581
  *             search_low = low2
  *             search_high = high2
  *             while search_low < search_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40970,7 +42268,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_search_low < __pyx_v_search_high);
       if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":543
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":582
  *             search_high = high2
  *             while search_low < search_high:
  *                 med2 = median(search_low, search_high, step2)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40979,7 +42277,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_med2 = __pyx_f_3_sa_median(__pyx_v_search_low, __pyx_v_search_high, __pyx_v_step2);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":544
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":583
  *             while search_low < search_high:
  *                 med2 = median(search_low, search_high, step2)
  *                 assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, med2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40988,7 +42286,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_arr2, __pyx_v_med2, __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":545
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":584
  *                 med2 = median(search_low, search_high, step2)
  *                 assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, med2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                 comparison = self.compare_matchings_set(med1_minus, med1_plus, arr1, step1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -40997,7 +42295,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_comparison = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings_set(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_med1_minus, __pyx_v_med1_plus, __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_step1, (&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":548
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":587
  *                 if comparison == -1:
  *                     search_high = med2
  *                 elif comparison == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41006,7 +42304,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       switch (__pyx_v_comparison) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":546
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":585
  *                 assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, med2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                 comparison = self.compare_matchings_set(med1_minus, med1_plus, arr1, step1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *                 if comparison == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41015,7 +42313,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
         case -1:
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":547
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":586
  *                 comparison = self.compare_matchings_set(med1_minus, med1_plus, arr1, step1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *                 if comparison == -1:
  *                     search_high = med2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41025,7 +42323,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         __pyx_v_search_high = __pyx_v_med2;
         break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":548
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":587
  *                 if comparison == -1:
  *                     search_high = med2
  *                 elif comparison == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41034,7 +42332,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
         case 1:
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":549
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":588
  *                     search_high = med2
  *                 elif comparison == 1:
  *                     search_low = med2 + step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41045,7 +42343,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         break;
         default:
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":551
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":590
  *                     search_low = med2 + step2
  *                 else:
  *                     break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41060,7 +42358,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   __pyx_L9:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":553
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":592
  *                     break
  * 
  *         med_result_len = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41069,7 +42367,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_med_result_len = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":554
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":593
  * 
  *         med_result_len = 0
  *         med_result = <int*> malloc(0*sizeof(int*))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41078,7 +42376,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_med_result = ((int *)malloc((0 * (sizeof(int *)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":555
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":594
  *         med_result_len = 0
  *         med_result = <int*> malloc(0*sizeof(int*))
  *         if search_high > search_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41088,7 +42386,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_search_high > __pyx_v_search_low);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":561
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":600
  *             # want to store the bindings for all of those elements.    We can
  *             # subsequently throw all of them away.
  *             med2_minus = med2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41097,7 +42395,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_med2_minus = __pyx_v_med2;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":562
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":601
  *             # subsequently throw all of them away.
  *             med2_minus = med2
  *             med2_plus = med2 + step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41106,7 +42404,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_med2_plus = (__pyx_v_med2 + __pyx_v_step2);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":563
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":602
  *             med2_minus = med2
  *             med2_plus = med2 + step2
  *             i1 = med1_minus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41115,7 +42413,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_i1 = __pyx_v_med1_minus;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":564
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":603
  *             med2_plus = med2 + step2
  *             i1 = med1_minus
  *             while i1 < med1_plus:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41126,7 +42424,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_i1 < __pyx_v_med1_plus);
       if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":565
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":604
  *             i1 = med1_minus
  *             while i1 < med1_plus:
  *                 assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41135,7 +42433,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc1), __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_i1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":566
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":605
  *             while i1 < med1_plus:
  *                 assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                 while med2_minus-step2 >= low2:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41146,7 +42444,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         __pyx_t_3 = ((__pyx_v_med2_minus - __pyx_v_step2) >= __pyx_v_low2);
         if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":567
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":606
  *                 assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                 while med2_minus-step2 >= low2:
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, med2_minus-step2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41155,7 +42453,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
         __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_arr2, (__pyx_v_med2_minus - __pyx_v_step2), __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":568
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":607
  *                 while med2_minus-step2 >= low2:
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, med2_minus-step2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                     if self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last) < 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41165,7 +42463,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         __pyx_t_3 = (((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings(__pyx_v_self, (&__pyx_v_loc1), (&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last) < 1);
         if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":569
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":608
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, med2_minus-step2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                     if self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last) < 1:
  *                         med2_minus = med2_minus - step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41177,7 +42475,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         }
         /*else*/ {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":571
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":610
  *                         med2_minus = med2_minus - step2
  *                     else:
  *                         break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41190,7 +42488,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       }
       __pyx_L18_break:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":572
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":611
  *                     else:
  *                         break
  *                 i2 = med2_minus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41199,7 +42497,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_i2 = __pyx_v_med2_minus;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":573
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":612
  *                         break
  *                 i2 = med2_minus
  *                 while i2 < high2:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41210,7 +42508,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_i2 < __pyx_v_high2);
         if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":574
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":613
  *                 i2 = med2_minus
  *                 while i2 < high2:
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, i2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41219,7 +42517,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
         __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_arr2, __pyx_v_i2, __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":575
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":614
  *                 while i2 < high2:
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, i2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                     comparison = self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41228,7 +42526,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
         __pyx_v_comparison = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings(__pyx_v_self, (&__pyx_v_loc1), (&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":576
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":615
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, i2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                     comparison = self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *                     if comparison == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41238,7 +42536,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_comparison == 0);
         if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":578
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":617
  *                     if comparison == 0:
  *                         pass
  *                         med_result = append_combined_matching(med_result, &loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, num_subpatterns, &med_result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41250,7 +42548,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         }
         __pyx_L22:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":579
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":618
  *                         pass
  *                         med_result = append_combined_matching(med_result, &loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, num_subpatterns, &med_result_len)
  *                     if comparison == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41260,7 +42558,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_comparison == -1);
         if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":580
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":619
  *                         med_result = append_combined_matching(med_result, &loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, num_subpatterns, &med_result_len)
  *                     if comparison == -1:
  *                         break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41272,7 +42570,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
         }
         __pyx_L23:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":581
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":620
  *                     if comparison == -1:
  *                         break
  *                     i2 = i2 + step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41283,7 +42581,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       }
       __pyx_L21_break:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":582
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":621
  *                         break
  *                     i2 = i2 + step2
  *                 if i2 > med2_plus:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41293,7 +42591,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_i2 > __pyx_v_med2_plus);
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":583
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":622
  *                     i2 = i2 + step2
  *                 if i2 > med2_plus:
  *                     med2_plus = i2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41305,7 +42603,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       }
       __pyx_L24:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":584
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":623
  *                 if i2 > med2_plus:
  *                     med2_plus = i2
  *                 i1 = i1 + step1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41315,7 +42613,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       __pyx_v_i1 = (__pyx_v_i1 + __pyx_v_step1);
     }
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":586
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":625
  *                 i1 = i1 + step1
  * 
  *             tmp = med1_minus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41324,7 +42622,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_tmp = __pyx_v_med1_minus;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":587
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":626
  * 
  *             tmp = med1_minus
  *             med1_minus = med1_plus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41333,7 +42631,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_med1_minus = __pyx_v_med1_plus;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":588
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":627
  *             tmp = med1_minus
  *             med1_minus = med1_plus
  *             med1_plus = tmp             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41345,7 +42643,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":591
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":630
  *         else:
  *             # No match; need to figure out the point of division in D and Q
  *             med2_minus = med2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41354,7 +42652,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_med2_minus = __pyx_v_med2;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":592
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":631
  *             # No match; need to figure out the point of division in D and Q
  *             med2_minus = med2
  *             med2_plus = med2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41363,7 +42661,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     __pyx_v_med2_plus = __pyx_v_med2;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":593
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":632
  *             med2_minus = med2
  *             med2_plus = med2
  *             if d_first:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41372,7 +42670,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
     if (__pyx_v_d_first) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":594
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":633
  *             med2_plus = med2
  *             if d_first:
  *                 med2_minus = med2_minus + step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41381,7 +42679,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_med2_minus = (__pyx_v_med2_minus + __pyx_v_step2);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":595
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":634
  *             if d_first:
  *                 med2_minus = med2_minus + step2
  *                 if comparison == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41391,7 +42689,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_comparison == -1);
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":596
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":635
  *                 med2_minus = med2_minus + step2
  *                 if comparison == -1:
  *                     med1_minus = med1_plus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41403,7 +42701,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       }
       __pyx_L26:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":597
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":636
  *                 if comparison == -1:
  *                     med1_minus = med1_plus
  *                 if comparison == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41413,7 +42711,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_comparison == 1);
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":598
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":637
  *                     med1_minus = med1_plus
  *                 if comparison == 1:
  *                     med1_plus = med1_minus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41428,7 +42726,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
     }
     /*else*/ {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":600
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":639
  *                     med1_plus = med1_minus
  *             else:
  *                 tmp = med1_minus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41437,7 +42735,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_tmp = __pyx_v_med1_minus;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":601
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":640
  *             else:
  *                 tmp = med1_minus
  *                 med1_minus = med1_plus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41446,7 +42744,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_med1_minus = __pyx_v_med1_plus;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":602
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":641
  *                 tmp = med1_minus
  *                 med1_minus = med1_plus
  *                 med1_plus = tmp             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41455,7 +42753,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
       __pyx_v_med1_plus = __pyx_v_tmp;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":603
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":642
  *                 med1_minus = med1_plus
  *                 med1_plus = tmp
  *                 if comparison == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41465,7 +42763,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
       __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_comparison == 1);
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":604
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":643
  *                 med1_plus = tmp
  *                 if comparison == 1:
  *                     med2_minus = med2_minus + step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41474,7 +42772,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
         __pyx_v_med2_minus = (__pyx_v_med2_minus + __pyx_v_step2);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":605
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":644
  *                 if comparison == 1:
  *                     med2_minus = med2_minus + step2
  *                     med2_plus = med2_plus + step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41490,7 +42788,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   }
   __pyx_L14:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":607
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":646
  *                     med2_plus = med2_plus + step2
  * 
  *         low_result_len = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41499,7 +42797,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_low_result_len = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":608
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":647
  * 
  *         low_result_len = 0
  *         low_result = self.baeza_yates_helper(low1, med1_plus, arr1, step1, low2, med2_plus, arr2, step2, offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, &low_result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41508,7 +42806,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_low_result = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->baeza_yates_helper(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_low1, __pyx_v_med1_plus, __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_low2, __pyx_v_med2_plus, __pyx_v_arr2, __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last, __pyx_v_num_subpatterns, (&__pyx_v_low_result_len));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":609
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":648
  *         low_result_len = 0
  *         low_result = self.baeza_yates_helper(low1, med1_plus, arr1, step1, low2, med2_plus, arr2, step2, offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, &low_result_len)
  *         high_result_len = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41517,7 +42815,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_high_result_len = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":610
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":649
  *         low_result = self.baeza_yates_helper(low1, med1_plus, arr1, step1, low2, med2_plus, arr2, step2, offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, &low_result_len)
  *         high_result_len = 0
  *         high_result = self.baeza_yates_helper(med1_minus, high1, arr1, step1, med2_minus, high2, arr2, step2, offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, &high_result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41526,7 +42824,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_high_result = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->baeza_yates_helper(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_med1_minus, __pyx_v_high1, __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_med2_minus, __pyx_v_high2, __pyx_v_arr2, __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last, __pyx_v_num_subpatterns, (&__pyx_v_high_result_len));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":612
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":651
  *         high_result = self.baeza_yates_helper(med1_minus, high1, arr1, step1, med2_minus, high2, arr2, step2, offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, &high_result_len)
  * 
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, low_result, low_result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41535,7 +42833,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_result = __pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(__pyx_v_result, __pyx_v_result_len, __pyx_v_low_result, __pyx_v_low_result_len);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":613
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":652
  * 
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, low_result, low_result_len)
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, med_result, med_result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41544,7 +42842,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_result = __pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(__pyx_v_result, __pyx_v_result_len, __pyx_v_med_result, __pyx_v_med_result_len);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":614
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":653
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, low_result, low_result_len)
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, med_result, med_result_len)
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, high_result, high_result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41553,7 +42851,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   __pyx_v_result = __pyx_f_3_sa_extend_arr(__pyx_v_result, __pyx_v_result_len, __pyx_v_high_result, __pyx_v_high_result_len);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":615
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":654
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, med_result, med_result_len)
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, high_result, high_result_len)
  *         free(low_result)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41562,7 +42860,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   free(__pyx_v_low_result);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":616
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":655
  *         result = extend_arr(result, result_len, high_result, high_result_len)
  *         free(low_result)
  *         free(med_result)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41571,7 +42869,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   free(__pyx_v_med_result);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":617
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":656
  *         free(low_result)
  *         free(med_result)
  *         free(high_result)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41580,7 +42878,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
  */
   free(__pyx_v_high_result);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":619
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":658
  *         free(high_result)
  * 
  *         return result             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41600,7 +42898,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_baeza_yates_helper(struct __p
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":623
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":662
  * 
  * 
  *     cdef long compare_matchings_set(self, int i1_minus, int i1_plus, int* arr1, int step1,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41619,7 +42917,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
   int __pyx_t_1;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("compare_matchings_set", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":634
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":673
  *         cdef Matching* loc1
  * 
  *         loc1 = &l1_stack             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41628,7 +42926,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
  */
   __pyx_v_loc1 = (&__pyx_v_l1_stack);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":636
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":675
  *         loc1 = &l1_stack
  * 
  *         i1 = i1_minus             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41637,7 +42935,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
  */
   __pyx_v_i1 = __pyx_v_i1_minus;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":637
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":676
  * 
  *         i1 = i1_minus
  *         while i1 < i1_plus:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41648,7 +42946,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
     __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_i1 < __pyx_v_i1_plus);
     if (!__pyx_t_1) break;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":638
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":677
  *         i1 = i1_minus
  *         while i1 < i1_plus:
  *             assign_matching(loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41657,7 +42955,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
  */
     __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching(__pyx_v_loc1, __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_i1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":639
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":678
  *         while i1 < i1_plus:
  *             assign_matching(loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *             comparison = self.compare_matchings(loc1, loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41666,7 +42964,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
  */
     __pyx_v_comparison = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_loc1, __pyx_v_loc2, __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":640
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":679
  *             assign_matching(loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *             comparison = self.compare_matchings(loc1, loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *             if comparison == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41676,7 +42974,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
     __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_comparison == 0);
     if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":641
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":680
  *             comparison = self.compare_matchings(loc1, loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *             if comparison == 0:
  *                 prev_comparison = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41685,7 +42983,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
  */
       __pyx_v_prev_comparison = 0;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":642
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":681
  *             if comparison == 0:
  *                 prev_comparison = 0
  *                 break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41696,7 +42994,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
       goto __pyx_L5;
     }
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":643
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":682
  *                 prev_comparison = 0
  *                 break
  *             elif i1 == i1_minus:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41706,7 +43004,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
     __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_i1 == __pyx_v_i1_minus);
     if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":644
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":683
  *                 break
  *             elif i1 == i1_minus:
  *                 prev_comparison = comparison             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41718,7 +43016,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
     }
     /*else*/ {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":646
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":685
  *                 prev_comparison = comparison
  *             else:
  *                 if comparison != prev_comparison:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41728,7 +43026,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
       __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_comparison != __pyx_v_prev_comparison);
       if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":647
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":686
  *             else:
  *                 if comparison != prev_comparison:
  *                     prev_comparison = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41737,7 +43035,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
  */
         __pyx_v_prev_comparison = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":648
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":687
  *                 if comparison != prev_comparison:
  *                     prev_comparison = 0
  *                     break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41751,7 +43049,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
     }
     __pyx_L5:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":649
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":688
  *                     prev_comparison = 0
  *                     break
  *             i1 = i1 + step1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41762,7 +43060,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
   }
   __pyx_L4_break:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":650
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":689
  *                     break
  *             i1 = i1 + step1
  *         return prev_comparison             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41778,7 +43076,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings_set(struct
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":653
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":692
  * 
  * 
  *     cdef long compare_matchings(self, Matching* loc1, Matching* loc2, int offset_by_one, int len_last):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41796,7 +43094,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   int __pyx_t_4;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("compare_matchings", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":656
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":695
  *         cdef int i
  * 
  *         if loc1.sent_id > loc2.sent_id:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41806,7 +43104,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_loc1->sent_id > __pyx_v_loc2->sent_id);
   if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":657
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":696
  * 
  *         if loc1.sent_id > loc2.sent_id:
  *             return 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41819,7 +43117,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   }
   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":658
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":697
  *         if loc1.sent_id > loc2.sent_id:
  *             return 1
  *         if loc2.sent_id > loc1.sent_id:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41829,7 +43127,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   __pyx_t_1 = (__pyx_v_loc2->sent_id > __pyx_v_loc1->sent_id);
   if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":659
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":698
  *             return 1
  *         if loc2.sent_id > loc1.sent_id:
  *             return -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41842,7 +43140,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   }
   __pyx_L4:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":661
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":700
  *             return -1
  * 
  *         if loc1.size == 1 and loc2.size == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41858,7 +43156,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   }
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":662
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":701
  * 
  *         if loc1.size == 1 and loc2.size == 1:
  *             if loc2.arr[loc2.start] - loc1.arr[loc1.start] <= self.train_min_gap_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41868,7 +43166,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
     __pyx_t_3 = (((__pyx_v_loc2->arr[__pyx_v_loc2->start]) - (__pyx_v_loc1->arr[__pyx_v_loc1->start])) <= __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size);
     if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":663
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":702
  *         if loc1.size == 1 and loc2.size == 1:
  *             if loc2.arr[loc2.start] - loc1.arr[loc1.start] <= self.train_min_gap_size:
  *                 return 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41883,7 +43181,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
     goto __pyx_L5;
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":665
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":704
  *                 return 1
  * 
  *         elif offset_by_one:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41892,7 +43190,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
  */
   if (__pyx_v_offset_by_one) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":666
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":705
  * 
  *         elif offset_by_one:
  *             for i from 1 <= i < loc1.size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41902,7 +43200,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
     __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_loc1->size;
     for (__pyx_v_i = 1; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_4; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":667
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":706
  *         elif offset_by_one:
  *             for i from 1 <= i < loc1.size:
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] > loc2.arr[loc2.start+i-1]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41912,7 +43210,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
       __pyx_t_3 = ((__pyx_v_loc1->arr[(__pyx_v_loc1->start + __pyx_v_i)]) > (__pyx_v_loc2->arr[((__pyx_v_loc2->start + __pyx_v_i) - 1)]));
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":668
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":707
  *             for i from 1 <= i < loc1.size:
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] > loc2.arr[loc2.start+i-1]:
  *                     return 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41925,7 +43223,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
       }
       __pyx_L9:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":669
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":708
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] > loc2.arr[loc2.start+i-1]:
  *                     return 1
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] < loc2.arr[loc2.start+i-1]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41935,7 +43233,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
       __pyx_t_3 = ((__pyx_v_loc1->arr[(__pyx_v_loc1->start + __pyx_v_i)]) < (__pyx_v_loc2->arr[((__pyx_v_loc2->start + __pyx_v_i) - 1)]));
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":670
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":709
  *                     return 1
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] < loc2.arr[loc2.start+i-1]:
  *                     return -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41952,7 +43250,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":673
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":712
  * 
  *         else:
  *             if loc1.arr[loc1.start]+1 > loc2.arr[loc2.start]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41962,7 +43260,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
     __pyx_t_3 = (((__pyx_v_loc1->arr[__pyx_v_loc1->start]) + 1) > (__pyx_v_loc2->arr[__pyx_v_loc2->start]));
     if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":674
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":713
  *         else:
  *             if loc1.arr[loc1.start]+1 > loc2.arr[loc2.start]:
  *                 return 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41975,7 +43273,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
     }
     __pyx_L11:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":675
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":714
  *             if loc1.arr[loc1.start]+1 > loc2.arr[loc2.start]:
  *                 return 1
  *             if loc1.arr[loc1.start]+1 < loc2.arr[loc2.start]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41985,7 +43283,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
     __pyx_t_3 = (((__pyx_v_loc1->arr[__pyx_v_loc1->start]) + 1) < (__pyx_v_loc2->arr[__pyx_v_loc2->start]));
     if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":676
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":715
  *                 return 1
  *             if loc1.arr[loc1.start]+1 < loc2.arr[loc2.start]:
  *                 return -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -41998,7 +43296,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
     }
     __pyx_L12:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":678
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":717
  *                 return -1
  * 
  *             for i from 1 <= i < loc1.size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42008,7 +43306,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
     __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_loc1->size;
     for (__pyx_v_i = 1; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_4; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":679
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":718
  * 
  *             for i from 1 <= i < loc1.size:
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] > loc2.arr[loc2.start+i]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42018,7 +43316,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
       __pyx_t_3 = ((__pyx_v_loc1->arr[(__pyx_v_loc1->start + __pyx_v_i)]) > (__pyx_v_loc2->arr[(__pyx_v_loc2->start + __pyx_v_i)]));
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":680
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":719
  *             for i from 1 <= i < loc1.size:
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] > loc2.arr[loc2.start+i]:
  *                     return 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42031,7 +43329,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
       }
       __pyx_L15:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":681
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":720
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] > loc2.arr[loc2.start+i]:
  *                     return 1
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] < loc2.arr[loc2.start+i]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42041,7 +43339,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
       __pyx_t_3 = ((__pyx_v_loc1->arr[(__pyx_v_loc1->start + __pyx_v_i)]) < (__pyx_v_loc2->arr[(__pyx_v_loc2->start + __pyx_v_i)]));
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":682
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":721
  *                     return 1
  *                 if loc1.arr[loc1.start+i] < loc2.arr[loc2.start+i]:
  *                     return -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42057,7 +43355,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   }
   __pyx_L5:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":684
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":723
  *                     return -1
  * 
  *         if loc2.arr[loc2.end-1] + len_last - loc1.arr[loc1.start] > self.train_max_initial_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42067,7 +43365,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   __pyx_t_3 = ((((__pyx_v_loc2->arr[(__pyx_v_loc2->end - 1)]) + __pyx_v_len_last) - (__pyx_v_loc1->arr[__pyx_v_loc1->start])) > __pyx_v_self->train_max_initial_size);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":685
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":724
  * 
  *         if loc2.arr[loc2.end-1] + len_last - loc1.arr[loc1.start] > self.train_max_initial_size:
  *             return -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42080,7 +43378,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   }
   __pyx_L17:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":686
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":725
  *         if loc2.arr[loc2.end-1] + len_last - loc1.arr[loc1.start] > self.train_max_initial_size:
  *             return -1
  *         return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42096,7 +43394,7 @@ static long __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_compare_matchings(struct __py
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":689
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":728
  * 
  * 
  *     cdef int* merge_helper(self, int low1, int high1, int* arr1, int step1,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42120,7 +43418,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
   int __pyx_t_3;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("merge_helper", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":697
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":736
  *         cdef Matching loc1, loc2
  * 
  *         result_len[0] = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42129,7 +43427,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   (__pyx_v_result_len[0]) = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":698
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":737
  * 
  *         result_len[0] = 0
  *         result = <int*> malloc(0*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42138,7 +43436,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_result = ((int *)malloc((0 * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":700
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":739
  *         result = <int*> malloc(0*sizeof(int))
  * 
  *         i1 = low1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42147,7 +43445,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_i1 = __pyx_v_low1;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":701
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":740
  * 
  *         i1 = low1
  *         i2 = low2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42156,7 +43454,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_i2 = __pyx_v_low2;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":702
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":741
  *         i1 = low1
  *         i2 = low2
  *         while i1 < high1 and i2 < high2:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42173,7 +43471,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":705
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":744
  * 
  *             # First, pop all unneeded loc2's off the stack
  *             assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42182,7 +43480,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc1), __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_i1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":706
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":745
  *             # First, pop all unneeded loc2's off the stack
  *             assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *             while i2 < high2:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42193,7 +43491,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_i2 < __pyx_v_high2);
       if (!__pyx_t_3) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":707
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":746
  *             assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *             while i2 < high2:
  *                 assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, i2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42202,7 +43500,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
       __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_arr2, __pyx_v_i2, __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":708
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":747
  *             while i2 < high2:
  *                 assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, i2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                 if self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last) == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42212,7 +43510,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_3 = (((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings(__pyx_v_self, (&__pyx_v_loc1), (&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last) == 1);
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":709
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":748
  *                 assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, i2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                 if self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last) == 1:
  *                     i2 = i2 + step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42224,7 +43522,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       /*else*/ {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":711
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":750
  *                     i2 = i2 + step2
  *                 else:
  *                     break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42237,7 +43535,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L6_break:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":714
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":753
  * 
  *             # Next: process all loc1's with the same starting val
  *             j1 = i1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42246,7 +43544,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_v_j1 = __pyx_v_i1;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":715
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":754
  *             # Next: process all loc1's with the same starting val
  *             j1 = i1
  *             while i1 < high1 and arr1[j1] == arr1[i1]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42263,7 +43561,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       if (!__pyx_t_2) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":716
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":755
  *             j1 = i1
  *             while i1 < high1 and arr1[j1] == arr1[i1]:
  *                 assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42272,7 +43570,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
       __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc1), __pyx_v_arr1, __pyx_v_i1, __pyx_v_step1, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":717
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":756
  *             while i1 < high1 and arr1[j1] == arr1[i1]:
  *                 assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                 j2 = i2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42281,7 +43579,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
       __pyx_v_j2 = __pyx_v_i2;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":718
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":757
  *                 assign_matching(&loc1, arr1, i1, step1, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                 j2 = i2
  *                 while j2 < high2:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42292,7 +43590,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_j2 < __pyx_v_high2);
         if (!__pyx_t_2) break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":719
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":758
  *                 j2 = i2
  *                 while j2 < high2:
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, j2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42301,7 +43599,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_arr2, __pyx_v_j2, __pyx_v_step2, __pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":720
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":759
  *                 while j2 < high2:
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, j2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                     comparison = self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42310,7 +43608,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_comparison = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->compare_matchings(__pyx_v_self, (&__pyx_v_loc1), (&__pyx_v_loc2), __pyx_v_offset_by_one, __pyx_v_len_last);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":721
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":760
  *                     assign_matching(&loc2, arr2, j2, step2, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                     comparison = self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *                     if comparison == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42320,7 +43618,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_comparison == 0);
         if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":722
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":761
  *                     comparison = self.compare_matchings(&loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, len_last)
  *                     if comparison == 0:
  *                         result = append_combined_matching(result, &loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, num_subpatterns, result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42332,7 +43630,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L12:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":723
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":762
  *                     if comparison == 0:
  *                         result = append_combined_matching(result, &loc1, &loc2, offset_by_one, num_subpatterns, result_len)
  *                     if comparison == 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42345,7 +43643,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L13:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":725
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":764
  *                     if comparison == 1:
  *                         pass
  *                     if comparison == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42355,7 +43653,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_comparison == -1);
         if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":726
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":765
  *                         pass
  *                     if comparison == -1:
  *                         break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42367,7 +43665,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         /*else*/ {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":728
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":767
  *                         break
  *                     else:
  *                         j2 = j2 + step2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42380,7 +43678,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       __pyx_L11_break:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":729
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":768
  *                     else:
  *                         j2 = j2 + step2
  *                 i1 = i1 + step1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42391,7 +43689,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
     }
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":730
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":769
  *                         j2 = j2 + step2
  *                 i1 = i1 + step1
  *         return result             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42407,7 +43705,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_merge_helper(struct __pyx_obj
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":733
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":772
  * 
  * 
  *     cdef void sort_phrase_loc(self, IntList arr, PhraseLocation loc, Phrase phrase):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42429,26 +43727,26 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("sort_phrase_loc", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":738
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":777
  *         cdef IntList result
  * 
  *         if phrase in self.precomputed_index:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             loc.arr = self.precomputed_index[phrase]
  *         else:
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase), __pyx_v_self->precomputed_index, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_1 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 738; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase), __pyx_v_self->precomputed_index, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_1 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 777; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   if (__pyx_t_1) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":739
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":778
  * 
  *         if phrase in self.precomputed_index:
  *             loc.arr = self.precomputed_index[phrase]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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  *             loc.arr = IntList(initial_len=loc.sa_high-loc.sa_low)
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-    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_index, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase)); if (!__pyx_t_2) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 739; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_self->precomputed_index, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase)); if (!__pyx_t_2) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 778; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_2) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 739; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_2) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 778; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_2);
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_v_loc->arr);
     __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_loc->arr));
@@ -42458,20 +43756,20 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":741
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":780
  *             loc.arr = self.precomputed_index[phrase]
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  *             loc.arr = IntList(initial_len=loc.sa_high-loc.sa_low)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-    __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 741; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 780; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
-    __pyx_t_3 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_loc->sa_high - __pyx_v_loc->sa_low)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 741; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_3 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_loc->sa_high - __pyx_v_loc->sa_low)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 780; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__initial_len), __pyx_t_3) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 741; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__initial_len), __pyx_t_3) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 780; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 741; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 780; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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     __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
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@@ -42480,27 +43778,27 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
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     __pyx_t_3 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":742
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":781
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-    __pyx_t_3 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_arr->len); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 742; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_3 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_arr->len); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 781; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 742; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 781; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_VEB)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 742; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_VEB)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 781; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":743
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":782
  *             loc.arr = IntList(initial_len=loc.sa_high-loc.sa_low)
  *             veb = VEB(arr.len)
  *             for i from loc.sa_low <= i < loc.sa_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42510,7 +43808,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":744
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":783
  *             veb = VEB(arr.len)
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@@ -42520,7 +43818,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
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     }
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":745
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":784
  *             for i from loc.sa_low <= i < loc.sa_high:
  *                 veb._insert(arr.arr[i])
  *             i = veb.veb.min_val             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42529,7 +43827,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
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     __pyx_v_i = __pyx_v_veb->veb->min_val;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":746
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":785
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  *             for j from 0 <= j < loc.sa_high-loc.sa_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":747
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":786
  *             i = veb.veb.min_val
  *             for j from 0 <= j < loc.sa_high-loc.sa_low:
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@@ -42548,7 +43846,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":748
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":787
  *             for j from 0 <= j < loc.sa_high-loc.sa_low:
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  *                 i = veb._findsucc(i)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42560,7 +43858,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
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   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":749
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":788
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  *                 i = veb._findsucc(i)
  *         loc.arr_low = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42569,7 +43867,7 @@ static void __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_sort_phrase_loc(struct __pyx_
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   __pyx_v_loc->arr_low = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":750
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":789
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  *         loc.arr_high = loc.arr.len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":753
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":792
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  * 
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":760
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":799
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":762
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":801
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-  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_suffix), 0, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 762; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_suffix), 0, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 801; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_2 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 762; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_2 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 801; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":763
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":802
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@@ -42660,7 +43958,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":765
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":804
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":767
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":806
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-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_suffix), __pyx_n_s__getchunk); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 767; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_suffix), __pyx_n_s__getchunk); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 806; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_suffix), __pyx_n_s__arity); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 806; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 767; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 806; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 806; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 806; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 767; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 806; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":769
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":808
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  *         if prefix_loc.arr is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42708,7 +44006,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
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   if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":770
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":809
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@@ -42723,7 +44021,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":771
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":810
  *         if prefix_loc.arr is None:
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@@ -42733,7 +44031,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
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   __pyx_v_arr1 = __pyx_v_prefix_loc->arr;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":772
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":811
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@@ -42742,7 +44040,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
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   __pyx_v_low1 = __pyx_v_prefix_loc->arr_low;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":773
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":812
  *         arr1 = prefix_loc.arr
  *         low1 = prefix_loc.arr_low
  *         high1 = prefix_loc.arr_high             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42751,7 +44049,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
   __pyx_v_high1 = __pyx_v_prefix_loc->arr_high;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":774
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":813
  *         low1 = prefix_loc.arr_low
  *         high1 = prefix_loc.arr_high
  *         step1 = prefix_loc.num_subpatterns             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42760,7 +44058,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
   __pyx_v_step1 = __pyx_v_prefix_loc->num_subpatterns;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":776
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":815
  *         step1 = prefix_loc.num_subpatterns
  * 
  *         if suffix_loc.arr is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42770,7 +44068,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   __pyx_t_7 = (((PyObject *)__pyx_v_suffix_loc->arr) == Py_None);
   if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":777
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":816
  * 
  *         if suffix_loc.arr is None:
  *             self.sort_phrase_loc(self.fsa.sa, suffix_loc, suffix)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42785,7 +44083,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   }
   __pyx_L5:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":778
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":817
  *         if suffix_loc.arr is None:
  *             self.sort_phrase_loc(self.fsa.sa, suffix_loc, suffix)
  *         arr2 = suffix_loc.arr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42795,7 +44093,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_suffix_loc->arr));
   __pyx_v_arr2 = __pyx_v_suffix_loc->arr;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":779
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":818
  *             self.sort_phrase_loc(self.fsa.sa, suffix_loc, suffix)
  *         arr2 = suffix_loc.arr
  *         low2 = suffix_loc.arr_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42804,7 +44102,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
   __pyx_v_low2 = __pyx_v_suffix_loc->arr_low;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":780
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":819
  *         arr2 = suffix_loc.arr
  *         low2 = suffix_loc.arr_low
  *         high2 = suffix_loc.arr_high             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42813,7 +44111,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
   __pyx_v_high2 = __pyx_v_suffix_loc->arr_high;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":781
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":820
  *         low2 = suffix_loc.arr_low
  *         high2 = suffix_loc.arr_high
  *         step2 = suffix_loc.num_subpatterns             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42822,26 +44120,26 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
   __pyx_v_step2 = __pyx_v_suffix_loc->num_subpatterns;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":783
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":822
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  * 
  *         num_subpatterns = prefix.arity()+1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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  *         if algorithm == MERGE:
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-  __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_prefix), __pyx_n_s__arity); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 783; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_prefix), __pyx_n_s__arity); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 822; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 783; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 822; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_5); __pyx_t_5 = 0;
-  __pyx_t_5 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 783; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_5 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 822; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
-  __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_3 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 783; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_3 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 822; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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   __pyx_v_num_subpatterns = __pyx_t_3;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":785
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":824
  *         num_subpatterns = prefix.arity()+1
  * 
  *         if algorithm == MERGE:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42851,7 +44149,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_algorithm == __pyx_v_3_sa_MERGE);
   if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":788
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":827
  *             result_ptr = self.merge_helper(low1, high1, arr1.arr, step1,
  *                                     low2, high2, arr2.arr, step2,
  *                                     offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, &result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42863,7 +44161,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":792
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":831
  *             result_ptr = self.baeza_yates_helper(low1, high1, arr1.arr, step1,
  *                                     low2, high2, arr2.arr, step2,
  *                                     offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, &result_len)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42874,7 +44172,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   }
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":794
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":833
  *                                     offset_by_one, len_last, num_subpatterns, &result_len)
  * 
  *         if result_len == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42884,7 +44182,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_result_len == 0);
   if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":795
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":834
  * 
  *         if result_len == 0:
  *             free(result_ptr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42893,7 +44191,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
     free(__pyx_v_result_ptr);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":796
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":835
  *         if result_len == 0:
  *             free(result_ptr)
  *             return None             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42908,19 +44206,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   }
   /*else*/ {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":798
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":837
  *             return None
  *         else:
  *             result = IntList()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             free(result.arr)
  *             result.arr = result_ptr
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-    __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 798; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_5 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 837; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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     __pyx_v_result = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_5);
     __pyx_t_5 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":799
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":838
  *         else:
  *             result = IntList()
  *             free(result.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42929,7 +44227,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
     free(__pyx_v_result->arr);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":800
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":839
  *             result = IntList()
  *             free(result.arr)
  *             result.arr = result_ptr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42938,7 +44236,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
     __pyx_v_result->arr = __pyx_v_result_ptr;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":801
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":840
  *             free(result.arr)
  *             result.arr = result_ptr
  *             result.len = result_len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42947,7 +44245,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
     __pyx_v_result->len = __pyx_v_result_len;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":802
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":841
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  *             result.len = result_len
  *             result.size = result_len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -42956,7 +44254,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
  */
     __pyx_v_result->size = __pyx_v_result_len;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":803
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":842
  *             result.len = result_len
  *             result.size = result_len
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@@ -42964,19 +44262,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
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+    __pyx_t_5 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 842; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr_low), __pyx_int_0) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 803; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-    __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_result_len); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 803; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr_low), __pyx_int_0) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 842; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_result_len); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 842; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr_high), __pyx_t_4) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 803; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr_high), __pyx_t_4) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 842; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr), ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_result)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 803; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-    __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_num_subpatterns); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 803; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__arr), ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_result)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 842; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_num_subpatterns); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 842; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_4);
-    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__num_subpatterns), __pyx_t_4) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 803; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__num_subpatterns), __pyx_t_4) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 842; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_5)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 803; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_5)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 842; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -43002,7 +44300,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_intersect_helper(struct
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":805
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":844
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  *     cdef loc2str(self, PhraseLocation loc):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":807
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":846
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@@ -43035,7 +44333,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_loc2str(CYTHON_UNUSED st
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   __pyx_v_result = ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_116);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":808
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":847
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  *         i = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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   __pyx_v_i = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":809
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":848
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  *         i = 0
  *         while i < loc.arr_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43055,20 +44353,20 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_loc2str(CYTHON_UNUSED st
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     if (!__pyx_t_1) break;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":810
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":849
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+    __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_result, ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_117)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 849; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":811
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":850
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  *             result = result + "("
  *             for j from i <= j < i + loc.num_subpatterns:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43078,19 +44376,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_loc2str(CYTHON_UNUSED st
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":812
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":851
  *             result = result + "("
  *             for j from i <= j < i + loc.num_subpatterns:
  *                 result = result + ("%d " %loc.arr[j])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             result = result + ")"
  *             i = i + loc.num_subpatterns
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-      __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_loc->arr), __pyx_v_j, sizeof(int), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_2) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 812; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_loc->arr), __pyx_v_j, sizeof(int), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_2) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 851; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-      __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_21), __pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 812; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_21), __pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 851; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4));
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-      __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_result, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 812; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_result, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 851; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
       __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4)); __pyx_t_4 = 0;
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_result);
@@ -43098,20 +44396,20 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_loc2str(CYTHON_UNUSED st
       __pyx_t_2 = 0;
     }
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":813
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":852
  *             for j from i <= j < i + loc.num_subpatterns:
  *                 result = result + ("%d " %loc.arr[j])
  *             result = result + ")"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             i = i + loc.num_subpatterns
  *         result = result + "}"
  */
-    __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_result, ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_59)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 813; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_result, ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_59)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 852; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_result);
     __pyx_v_result = __pyx_t_2;
     __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":814
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":853
  *                 result = result + ("%d " %loc.arr[j])
  *             result = result + ")"
  *             i = i + loc.num_subpatterns             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43121,20 +44419,20 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_loc2str(CYTHON_UNUSED st
     __pyx_v_i = (__pyx_v_i + __pyx_v_loc->num_subpatterns);
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":815
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":854
  *             result = result + ")"
  *             i = i + loc.num_subpatterns
  *         result = result + "}"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         return result
  * 
  */
-  __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_result, ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_118)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 815; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_result, ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_118)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 854; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_result);
   __pyx_v_result = __pyx_t_2;
   __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":816
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":855
  *             i = i + loc.num_subpatterns
  *         result = result + "}"
  *         return result             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43160,7 +44458,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_loc2str(CYTHON_UNUSED st
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":818
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":857
  *         return result
  * 
  *     cdef PhraseLocation intersect(self, prefix_node, suffix_node, Phrase phrase):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43186,81 +44484,81 @@ static struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFact
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("intersect", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":822
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":861
  *         cdef PhraseLocation prefix_loc, suffix_loc, result
  * 
  *         prefix = prefix_node.phrase             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         suffix = suffix_node.phrase
  *         prefix_loc = prefix_node.phrase_location
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_prefix_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 822; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_prefix_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 861; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_1) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 822; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_1) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 861; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_v_prefix = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":823
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":862
  * 
  *         prefix = prefix_node.phrase
  *         suffix = suffix_node.phrase             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         prefix_loc = prefix_node.phrase_location
  *         suffix_loc = suffix_node.phrase_location
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_suffix_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 823; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_suffix_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 862; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_1) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 823; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_1) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 862; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_v_suffix = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":824
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":863
  *         prefix = prefix_node.phrase
  *         suffix = suffix_node.phrase
  *         prefix_loc = prefix_node.phrase_location             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         suffix_loc = suffix_node.phrase_location
  * 
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_prefix_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 824; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_prefix_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 863; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_1) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 824; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_1) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 863; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_v_prefix_loc = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":825
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":864
  *         suffix = suffix_node.phrase
  *         prefix_loc = prefix_node.phrase_location
  *         suffix_loc = suffix_node.phrase_location             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *         result = self.get_precomputed_collocation(phrase)
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_suffix_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 825; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_suffix_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 864; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_1) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 825; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_1) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 864; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_v_suffix_loc = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":827
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":866
  *         suffix_loc = suffix_node.phrase_location
  * 
  *         result = self.get_precomputed_collocation(phrase)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         if result is not None:
  *             intersect_method = "precomputed"
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s_119); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 827; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s_119); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 866; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 827; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 866; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
   __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase));
   PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase));
-  __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 827; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 866; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
   __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_3) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 827; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_3) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 866; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_v_result = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *)__pyx_t_3);
   __pyx_t_3 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":828
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":867
  * 
  *         result = self.get_precomputed_collocation(phrase)
  *         if result is not None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43270,7 +44568,7 @@ static struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFact
   __pyx_t_4 = (((PyObject *)__pyx_v_result) != Py_None);
   if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":829
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":868
  *         result = self.get_precomputed_collocation(phrase)
  *         if result is not None:
  *             intersect_method = "precomputed"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43283,7 +44581,7 @@ static struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFact
   }
   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":831
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":870
  *             intersect_method = "precomputed"
  * 
  *         if result is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43293,7 +44591,7 @@ static struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFact
   __pyx_t_4 = (((PyObject *)__pyx_v_result) == Py_None);
   if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":832
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":871
  * 
  *         if result is None:
  *             if self.use_baeza_yates:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43302,21 +44600,21 @@ static struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFact
  */
     if (__pyx_v_self->use_baeza_yates) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":833
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":872
  *         if result is None:
  *             if self.use_baeza_yates:
  *                 result = self.intersect_helper(prefix, suffix, prefix_loc, suffix_loc, BAEZA_YATES)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 intersect_method="double binary"
  *             else:
  */
-      __pyx_t_3 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->intersect_helper(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_prefix, __pyx_v_suffix, __pyx_v_prefix_loc, __pyx_v_suffix_loc, __pyx_v_3_sa_BAEZA_YATES); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 833; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_3 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->intersect_helper(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_prefix, __pyx_v_suffix, __pyx_v_prefix_loc, __pyx_v_suffix_loc, __pyx_v_3_sa_BAEZA_YATES); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 872; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
-      if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_3) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 833; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_3) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 872; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_result));
       __pyx_v_result = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *)__pyx_t_3);
       __pyx_t_3 = 0;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":834
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":873
  *             if self.use_baeza_yates:
  *                 result = self.intersect_helper(prefix, suffix, prefix_loc, suffix_loc, BAEZA_YATES)
  *                 intersect_method="double binary"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -43330,21 +44628,21 @@ static struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_PhraseLocation *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFact
     }
     /*else*/ {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":836
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":875
  *                 intersect_method="double binary"
  *             else:
  *                 result = self.intersect_helper(prefix, suffix, prefix_loc, suffix_loc, MERGE)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 intersect_method="merge"
  *         return result
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":837
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":838
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+  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("advance", 1, 3, 3, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 879; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":840
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":842
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":843
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-          else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 843; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 843; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_8(__pyx_t_7), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 882; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 843; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 843; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_11 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_11)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 882; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_8(__pyx_t_11), 3) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 882; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 843; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 882; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":844
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":854
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":893
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  *         else:
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@@ -43944,36 +45242,36 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_15get_all_nodes_isteps_
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         if (likely((values[1] = PyDict_GetItem(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_n_s__i)) != 0)) kw_args--;
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-          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 1); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 856; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 1); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 895; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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-          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 2); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 856; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 2); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 895; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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-          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 3); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 856; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 3); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 895; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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-          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 4); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 856; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 4); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 895; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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-          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 5); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 856; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 5); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 895; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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-          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 6); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 856; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, 6); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 895; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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@@ -43996,7 +45294,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_15get_all_nodes_isteps_
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   __pyx_L5_argtuple_error:;
-  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 856; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("get_all_nodes_isteps_away", 1, 7, 7, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 895; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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@@ -44007,7 +45305,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_15get_all_nodes_isteps_
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":856
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":895
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":858
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":897
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-  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 858; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 897; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":859
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":898
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-  __pyx_t_1 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_i, __pyx_v_spanlen); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 859; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_i, __pyx_v_spanlen); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 898; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_v_skip); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 859; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_v_skip); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 898; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_1, Py_GE); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 859; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_1, Py_GE); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 898; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 859; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 898; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":860
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":899
  *         frontier = []
  *         if (i+spanlen+skip >= len(next_states)):
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@@ -44094,14 +45392,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_14get_all_nodes_isteps_
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":861
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":900
  *         if (i+spanlen+skip >= len(next_states)):
  *             return frontier
  *         key = tuple([i,spanlen])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  __pyx_t_4 = PyList_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 861; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_4 = PyList_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 900; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -44109,42 +45407,42 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_14get_all_nodes_isteps_
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-  __pyx_t_1 = ((PyObject *)PyList_AsTuple(__pyx_t_4)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 861; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = ((PyObject *)PyList_AsTuple(__pyx_t_4)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 900; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":862
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":901
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  *         key = tuple([i,spanlen])
  *         reachable = []             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 862; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 901; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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   __pyx_v_reachable = ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":863
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":902
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  *         reachable = []
  *         if (key in reachable_buffer):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  __pyx_t_5 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_key), __pyx_v_reachable_buffer, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 863; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_5 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_key), __pyx_v_reachable_buffer, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 902; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   if (__pyx_t_5) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":864
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":903
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  *         if (key in reachable_buffer):
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-    __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_reachable_buffer, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_key)); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 864; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_reachable_buffer, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_key)); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 903; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -44153,16 +45451,16 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_14get_all_nodes_isteps_
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":866
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":905
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-    __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s__reachable); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 866; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s__reachable); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 905; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 866; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_New(3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 905; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -44173,7 +45471,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_14get_all_nodes_isteps_
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     PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_4, 2, __pyx_v_spanlen);
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-    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 866; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_4), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 905; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -44181,18 +45479,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_14get_all_nodes_isteps_
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":867
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":906
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-    if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_v_reachable_buffer, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_key), __pyx_v_reachable) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 867; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_v_reachable_buffer, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_key), __pyx_v_reachable) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 906; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":868
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":907
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  *             reachable_buffer[key] = reachable
  *         for nextreachable in reachable:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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+    __pyx_t_3 = -1; __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_reachable); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 907; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -44211,23 +45509,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_14get_all_nodes_isteps_
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_3); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_3++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 907; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 907; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_3); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_3++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 907; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 907; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 868; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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     __pyx_t_4 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":869
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":908
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+    __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_next_states, __pyx_v_nextreachable); if (!__pyx_t_4) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 908; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_7 = -1; __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 908; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_4 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_7); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_7++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 908; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_4 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_7); __pyx_t_7++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 908; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_7); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_7++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 869; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_7); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_7++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 908; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_4 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_7); __pyx_t_7++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 908; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 869; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 908; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":870
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":909
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+      __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s__shortest); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 909; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_9 = PyTuple_New(3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_9)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 909; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_9), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 909; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":871
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":910
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+      __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_jump, __pyx_v_skip, Py_LT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_10); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 910; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_10); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 910; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":872
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":911
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+      __pyx_t_9 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_self->max_initial_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_9)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 912; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_t_9, Py_LE); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 873; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 912; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":874
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+        __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_fwords, __pyx_v_next_id); if (!__pyx_t_4) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 913; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_11 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_11 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 913; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_4 = PyInt_FromSsize_t(__pyx_t_11); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 913; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_9 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_9)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 913; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_range, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_9), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 874; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_11 = -1; __pyx_t_9 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_9)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 913; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_4 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_9, __pyx_t_11); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_4); __pyx_t_11++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 913; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_4 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_9, __pyx_t_11); __pyx_t_11++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 913; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 874; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 913; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":875
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":914
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-          __pyx_t_4 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_fwords, __pyx_v_next_id); if (!__pyx_t_4) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 875; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_v_alt_id); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 914; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_t_10, Py_NE); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_13); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_13)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 875; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_4, __pyx_t_10, Py_NE); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_13); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_13)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 914; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_13); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 875; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_13); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 914; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":876
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":915
  *                     for alt_id in range(len(fwords[next_id])):
  *                         if (fwords[next_id][alt_id][0] != EPSILON):
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-            __pyx_t_13 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_pathlen, __pyx_v_jump); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_13)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 876; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_13 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_pathlen, __pyx_v_jump); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_13)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 915; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":877
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":916
  *                         if (fwords[next_id][alt_id][0] != EPSILON):
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+            __pyx_t_5 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_newel), ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_frontier), Py_NE)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_5 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 916; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":878
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":917
  *                             newel = (next_id,alt_id,pathlen+jump)
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-              __pyx_t_10 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_pathlen, __pyx_v_jump); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 878; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_10 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_pathlen, __pyx_v_jump); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 917; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+              __pyx_t_13 = PyTuple_New(3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_13)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 917; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+              __pyx_t_14 = PyList_Append(__pyx_v_frontier, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_13)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_14 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 917; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":879
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":918
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+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("reachable", 1, 3, 3, 1); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 920; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("reachable", 1, 3, 3, 2); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 920; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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-        if (unlikely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_pyargnames, 0, values, pos_args, "reachable") < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 881; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+        if (unlikely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_pyargnames, 0, values, pos_args, "reachable") < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 920; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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-  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("reachable", 1, 3, 3, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 881; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("reachable", 1, 3, 3, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 920; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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@@ -44614,7 +45912,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_17reachable(PyObject *_
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":881
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":882
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+  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 921; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":883
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+  __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_fwords); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_2 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 922; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_ifrom, __pyx_t_1, Py_GE); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 922; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 922; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":884
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":889
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@@ -44859,29 +46157,29 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_16reachable(struct __py
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":893
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":932
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+        __pyx_t_8 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self), __pyx_n_s__reachable); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_8)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_fwords, __pyx_v_ifrom); if (!__pyx_t_3) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_fwords, __pyx_v_ifrom); if (!__pyx_t_3) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        __pyx_t_7 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_v_alt_id); if (!__pyx_t_7) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_7 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_3, __pyx_v_alt_id); if (!__pyx_t_7) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_t_7, 2, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_3) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_t_7, 2, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_3) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_7 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_ifrom, __pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        __pyx_t_3 = PyNumber_Subtract(__pyx_v_dist, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_3 = PyNumber_Subtract(__pyx_v_dist, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        __pyx_t_6 = PyTuple_New(3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_6 = PyTuple_New(3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -44892,7 +46190,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_16reachable(struct __py
         __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_3);
         __pyx_t_7 = 0;
         __pyx_t_3 = 0;
-        __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_8, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_6), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_8, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_6), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_8); __pyx_t_8 = 0;
         __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_6)); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
@@ -44900,7 +46198,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_16reachable(struct __py
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-          __pyx_t_10 = -1; __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = -1; __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_6);
           __pyx_t_11 = Py_TYPE(__pyx_t_6)->tp_iternext;
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@@ -44909,23 +46207,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_16reachable(struct __py
           if (!__pyx_t_11 && PyList_CheckExact(__pyx_t_6)) {
             if (__pyx_t_10 >= PyList_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_6)) break;
             #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-            __pyx_t_3 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_3 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             #else
-            __pyx_t_3 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_3 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             #endif
           } else if (!__pyx_t_11 && PyTuple_CheckExact(__pyx_t_6)) {
             if (__pyx_t_10 >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_6)) break;
             #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-            __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_3 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_t_10); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             #else
-            __pyx_t_3 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_3 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             #endif
           } else {
             __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_t_11(__pyx_t_6);
             if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {
               if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                 if (likely(PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_StopIteration))) PyErr_Clear();
-                else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 893; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 932; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               }
               break;
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@@ -44935,24 +46233,24 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_16reachable(struct __py
           __pyx_v_ifromchild = __pyx_t_3;
           __pyx_t_3 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":894
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":933
  *                 else:
  *                     for ifromchild in self.reachable(fwords,ifrom+fwords[ifrom][alt_id][2],dist-1):
  *                         if (ifromchild not in ret):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             ret.append(ifromchild)
  * 
  */
-          __pyx_t_4 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(__pyx_v_ifromchild, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_ret), Py_NE)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 894; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_4 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(__pyx_v_ifromchild, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_ret), Py_NE)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 933; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":895
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":934
  *                     for ifromchild in self.reachable(fwords,ifrom+fwords[ifrom][alt_id][2],dist-1):
  *                         if (ifromchild not in ret):
  *                             ret.append(ifromchild)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *         return ret
  */
-            __pyx_t_9 = PyList_Append(__pyx_v_ret, __pyx_v_ifromchild); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 895; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_9 = PyList_Append(__pyx_v_ret, __pyx_v_ifromchild); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 934; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             goto __pyx_L11;
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           __pyx_L11:;
@@ -44965,7 +46263,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_16reachable(struct __py
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   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":897
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":936
  *                             ret.append(ifromchild)
  * 
  *         return ret             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -45026,16 +46324,16 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_19shortest(PyObject *__
         case  1:
         if (likely((values[1] = PyDict_GetItem(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_n_s__ifrom)) != 0)) kw_args--;
         else {
-          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("shortest", 1, 3, 3, 1); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 899; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("shortest", 1, 3, 3, 1); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 938; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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         else {
-          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("shortest", 1, 3, 3, 2); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 899; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+          __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("shortest", 1, 3, 3, 2); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 938; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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       }
       if (unlikely(kw_args > 0)) {
-        if (unlikely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_pyargnames, 0, values, pos_args, "shortest") < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 899; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+        if (unlikely(__Pyx_ParseOptionalKeywords(__pyx_kwds, __pyx_pyargnames, 0, values, pos_args, "shortest") < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 938; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
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       goto __pyx_L5_argtuple_error;
@@ -45050,7 +46348,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_19shortest(PyObject *__
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   goto __pyx_L4_argument_unpacking_done;
   __pyx_L5_argtuple_error:;
-  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("shortest", 1, 3, 3, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 899; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
+  __Pyx_RaiseArgtupleInvalid("shortest", 1, 3, 3, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_args)); {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 938; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L3_error;}
   __pyx_L3_error:;
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@@ -45061,7 +46359,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_19shortest(PyObject *__
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":899
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":938
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@@ -45086,7 +46384,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_18shortest(struct __pyx
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":901
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":940
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   __pyx_v_min = __pyx_int_1000;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":902
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":941
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-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_ifrom, __pyx_v_ito, Py_GT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 902; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_2 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 902; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_ifrom, __pyx_v_ito, Py_GT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 941; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_2 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 941; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":903
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":942
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  *         if (ifrom > ito):
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@@ -45123,19 +46421,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_18shortest(struct __pyx
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":904
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":943
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  *         if (ifrom == ito):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_ifrom, __pyx_v_ito, Py_EQ); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 904; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_2 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 904; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_ifrom, __pyx_v_ito, Py_EQ); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 943; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_2 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 943; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":905
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":944
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  *         if (ifrom == ito):
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@@ -45150,41 +46448,41 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_18shortest(struct __pyx
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":906
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":945
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-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_fwords, __pyx_v_ifrom); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 906; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_v_fwords, __pyx_v_ifrom); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 945; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":923
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":925
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":927
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+        __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
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@@ -46273,8 +47737,8 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_12, 3, __pyx_t_2);
-        __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_2);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_12, 3, __pyx_t_1);
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-        __pyx_t_2 = 0;
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":962
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":963
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":964
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":965
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":967
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":968
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":970
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-  for (__pyx_t_5 = __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self->min_gap_size; __pyx_t_5 < __pyx_t_1; __pyx_t_5+=1) {
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+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_11); __pyx_t_11 = 0;
+  for (__pyx_t_5 = __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self->min_gap_size; __pyx_t_5 < __pyx_t_2; __pyx_t_5+=1) {
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":971
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+    __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_t_2 > 0);
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":980
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+    __pyx_t_14 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1024; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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     __pyx_t_14 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":981
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1025
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-    __pyx_t_14 = ((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_frontier); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+    __pyx_t_14 = ((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_frontier); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
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-      if (__pyx_t_1 >= PyList_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_14)) break;
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+      __pyx_t_3 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_2); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1025; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_3 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1025; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 981; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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           __pyx_t_12 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(sequence, 4); 
-          __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(sequence, 5); 
+          __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(sequence, 5); 
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-          __pyx_t_2 = PyList_GET_ITEM(sequence, 5); 
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-        __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_2);
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+        PyObject** temps[8] = {&__pyx_t_15,&__pyx_t_8,&__pyx_t_11,&__pyx_t_10,&__pyx_t_12,&__pyx_t_1,&__pyx_t_16,&__pyx_t_17};
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+        __pyx_t_18 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_3); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_18)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1025; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 981; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+      __pyx_t_20 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_10); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_20 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1025; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -46699,9 +48169,9 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-      __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_2);
-      __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node = __pyx_t_2;
-      __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+      __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
+      __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node = __pyx_t_1;
+      __pyx_t_1 = 0;
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       __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_prefix);
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":982
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1026
  *             new_frontier = []
  *             for k, i, input_match, alt, pathlen, node, prefix, is_shadow_path in frontier:
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":983
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":985
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":987
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1031
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@@ -46949,36 +48422,36 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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       __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_lookup_required = 0;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":998
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1042
  * 
  *                 lookup_required = False
  *                 if word_id in node.children:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     if node.children[word_id] is None:
  *                         # Path dead-ends at this node
  */
-      __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 998; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1042; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      __pyx_t_9 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, __pyx_t_17, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 998; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_9 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, __pyx_t_17, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1042; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":999
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1043
  *                 lookup_required = False
  *                 if word_id in node.children:
  *                     if node.children[word_id] is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         # Path dead-ends at this node
  *                         continue
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-        __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 999; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1043; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_17);
-        __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_2) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 999; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-        __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
+        __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1043; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_17); __pyx_t_17 = 0;
-        __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_t_2 == Py_None);
-        __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+        __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_t_1 == Py_None);
+        __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1001
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1045
  *                     if node.children[word_id] is None:
  *                         # Path dead-ends at this node
  *                         continue             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -46990,18 +48463,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
         }
         /*else*/ {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1004
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1048
  *                     else:
  *                         # Path continues at this node
  *                         node = node.children[word_id]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 else:
  *                     if node.suffix_link is None:
  */
-          __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1004; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-          __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_17) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1004; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1048; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_17) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1048; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_17);
-          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node);
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node);
           __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_17);
@@ -47013,20 +48486,20 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
       }
       /*else*/ {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1006
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1050
  *                         node = node.children[word_id]
  *                 else:
  *                     if node.suffix_link is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         # Current node is root; lookup required
  *                         lookup_required = True
  */
-        __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1006; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1050; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1008
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1052
  *                     if node.suffix_link is None:
  *                         # Current node is root; lookup required
  *                         lookup_required = True             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47038,54 +48511,54 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
         }
         /*else*/ {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1010
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1054
  *                         lookup_required = True
  *                     else:
  *                         if word_id in node.suffix_link.children:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             if node.suffix_link.children[word_id] is None:
  *                                 # Suffix link reports path is dead end
  */
-          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1010; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1010; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-          __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
+          __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_17); __pyx_t_17 = 0;
-          __pyx_t_9 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, __pyx_t_2, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1010; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+          __pyx_t_9 = (__Pyx_PySequence_Contains(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, __pyx_t_1, Py_EQ)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1011
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1055
  *                     else:
  *                         if word_id in node.suffix_link.children:
  *                             if node.suffix_link.children[word_id] is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 # Suffix link reports path is dead end
  *                                 node.children[word_id] = None
  */
-            __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1011; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-            __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-            __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1011; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1055; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+            __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1055; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-            __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_2) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1011; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-            __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
+            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+            __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1055; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
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-            __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_t_2 == Py_None);
-            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+            __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_t_1 == Py_None);
+            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
             if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1013
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1057
  *                             if node.suffix_link.children[word_id] is None:
  *                                 # Suffix link reports path is dead end
  *                                 node.children[word_id] = None             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 continue
  *                             else:
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-              __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1013; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-              __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-              if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, Py_None) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1013; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-              __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1057; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+              if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, Py_None) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1057; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1014
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1058
  *                                 # Suffix link reports path is dead end
  *                                 node.children[word_id] = None
  *                                 continue             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47097,7 +48570,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
             }
             /*else*/ {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1017
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1061
  *                             else:
  *                                 # Suffix link indicates lookup is reqired
  *                                 lookup_required = True             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47111,18 +48584,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           }
           /*else*/ {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1020
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1064
  *                         else:
  *                             #ERROR: We never get here
  *                             raise Exception("Keyword trie error")             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 # checking whether lookup_required
  *                 if lookup_required:
  */
-            __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_Exception, ((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_122), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1020; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-            __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-            __Pyx_Raise(__pyx_t_2, 0, 0, 0);
-            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-            {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1020; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_builtin_Exception, ((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_122), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1064; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+            __Pyx_Raise(__pyx_t_1, 0, 0, 0);
+            __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+            {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1064; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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           __pyx_L30:;
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@@ -47130,7 +48603,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
       }
       __pyx_L27:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1022
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1066
  *                             raise Exception("Keyword trie error")
  *                 # checking whether lookup_required
  *                 if lookup_required:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47139,7 +48612,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
  */
       if (__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_lookup_required) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1023
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1067
  *                 # checking whether lookup_required
  *                 if lookup_required:
  *                     new_node = None             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47152,68 +48625,68 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
         __Pyx_GIVEREF(Py_None);
         __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_new_node = Py_None;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1024
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1068
  *                 if lookup_required:
  *                     new_node = None
  *                     if is_shadow_path:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         # Extending shadow path
  *                         # on the shadow path we don't do any search, we just use info from suffix link
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-        __pyx_t_9 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1024; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_9 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1068; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1027
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1071
  *                         # Extending shadow path
  *                         # on the shadow path we don't do any search, we just use info from suffix link
  *                         new_node = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=node.suffix_link.children[word_id].phrase_location,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-          __pyx_t_2 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1027; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-          __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2));
-          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1027; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_1 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1071; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1));
+          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1071; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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  *                             if sa_range is not None:
  *                                 phrase_location = PhraseLocation(sa_low=sa_range[0], sa_high=sa_range[1])
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+            __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase, -1, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_3) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1084; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_20 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_3); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_20 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1084; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_3 = PyBytes_FromString(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_tostring(__pyx_t_20)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1084; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1040; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromSsize_t((__pyx_t_6 - 1)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1084; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+            __pyx_t_16 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase_location->sa_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_16)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1084; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            __pyx_t_12 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase_location->sa_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1040; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_12 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase_location->sa_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1084; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            __pyx_t_10 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1040; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_10 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1084; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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             __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3));
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, 1, __pyx_t_2);
-            __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_2);
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, 1, __pyx_t_1);
+            __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
             PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, 2, __pyx_t_16);
             __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_16);
             PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, 3, __pyx_t_12);
             __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_12);
             __pyx_t_3 = 0;
-            __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+            __pyx_t_1 = 0;
             __pyx_t_16 = 0;
             __pyx_t_12 = 0;
-            __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_17, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_10), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1040; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_17, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_10), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1084; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -47377,7 +48850,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
             __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sa_range = __pyx_t_12;
             __pyx_t_12 = 0;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1041
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1085
  *                             phrase_location = node.phrase_location
  *                             sa_range = self.fsa.lookup(sym_tostring(phrase[-1]), len(phrase)-1, phrase_location.sa_low, phrase_location.sa_high)
  *                             if sa_range is not None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47387,24 +48860,24 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
             __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sa_range != Py_None);
             if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1042
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1086
  *                             sa_range = self.fsa.lookup(sym_tostring(phrase[-1]), len(phrase)-1, phrase_location.sa_low, phrase_location.sa_high)
  *                             if sa_range is not None:
  *                                 phrase_location = PhraseLocation(sa_low=sa_range[0], sa_high=sa_range[1])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             else:
  *                                 phrase_location = None
  */
-              __pyx_t_12 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1042; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_12 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1086; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_12));
-              __pyx_t_10 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sa_range, 0, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1042; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_10 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sa_range, 0, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1086; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__sa_low), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1042; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__sa_low), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1086; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              __pyx_t_10 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sa_range, 1, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1042; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_10 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sa_range, 1, sizeof(long), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1086; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__sa_high), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1042; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__sa_high), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1086; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_12)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1042; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_PhraseLocation)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_12)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1086; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
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@@ -47416,7 +48889,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
             }
             /*else*/ {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1044
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1088
  *                                 phrase_location = PhraseLocation(sa_low=sa_range[0], sa_high=sa_range[1])
  *                             else:
  *                                 phrase_location = None             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47433,7 +48906,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           }
           __pyx_L34:;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1046
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1090
  *                                 phrase_location = None
  * 
  *                         if phrase_location is None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47443,19 +48916,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           __pyx_t_9 = (((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase_location) == Py_None);
           if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1047
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1091
  * 
  *                         if phrase_location is None:
  *                             node.children[word_id] = None             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             # Search failed
  *                             continue
  */
-            __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1047; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1091; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
-            if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, Py_None) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1047; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, Py_None) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1091; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1049
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1093
  *                             node.children[word_id] = None
  *                             # Search failed
  *                             continue             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47467,7 +48940,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           }
           __pyx_L36:;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1051
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1095
  *                             continue
  *                         # Search succeeded
  *                         suffix_link = self.rules.root             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47480,32 +48953,32 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self->rules->root);
           __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link = __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self->rules->root;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1052
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1096
  *                         # Search succeeded
  *                         suffix_link = self.rules.root
  *                         if node.suffix_link is not None:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             suffix_link = node.suffix_link.children[word_id]
  *                         new_node = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=phrase_location,
  */
-          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1052; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1096; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
           __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_t_10 != Py_None);
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           if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1053
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1097
  *                         suffix_link = self.rules.root
  *                         if node.suffix_link is not None:
  *                             suffix_link = node.suffix_link.children[word_id]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         new_node = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=phrase_location,
  *                                 suffix_link=suffix_link,
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-            __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1053; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1097; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1053; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1097; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_12);
             __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
-            __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_12, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1053; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetItem(__pyx_t_12, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1097; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
             __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_12); __pyx_t_12 = 0;
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link);
@@ -47517,35 +48990,35 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           }
           __pyx_L37:;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1054
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1098
  *                         if node.suffix_link is not None:
  *                             suffix_link = node.suffix_link.children[word_id]
  *                         new_node = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=phrase_location,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 suffix_link=suffix_link,
  *                                 phrase=hiero_phrase)
  */
-          __pyx_t_10 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1098; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_10));
-          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_10, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__phrase_location), ((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase_location)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_10, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__phrase_location), ((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase_location)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1098; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1055
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1099
  *                             suffix_link = node.suffix_link.children[word_id]
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  *                                 suffix_link=suffix_link,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 phrase=hiero_phrase)
  *                     node.children[word_id] = new_node
  */
-          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_10, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__suffix_link), __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_10, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__suffix_link), __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1098; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1056
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1100
  *                         new_node = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=phrase_location,
  *                                 suffix_link=suffix_link,
  *                                 phrase=hiero_phrase)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     node.children[word_id] = new_node
  *                     node = new_node
  */
-          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_10, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__phrase), ((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_ExtendedTrieNode)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_10)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_10, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__phrase), ((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1098; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_ExtendedTrieNode)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_10)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1098; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_12);
           __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_10)); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_new_node);
@@ -47556,19 +49029,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
         }
         __pyx_L33:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1057
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1101
  *                                 suffix_link=suffix_link,
  *                                 phrase=hiero_phrase)
  *                     node.children[word_id] = new_node             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     node = new_node
  * 
  */
-        __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1057; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1101; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_12);
-        if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_new_node) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1057; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        if (PyObject_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_word_id, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_new_node) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1101; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_12); __pyx_t_12 = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1058
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1102
  *                                 phrase=hiero_phrase)
  *                     node.children[word_id] = new_node
  *                     node = new_node             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47581,7 +49054,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
         __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_new_node);
         __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node = __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_new_node;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1063
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1107
  *                     This should happen before we get to extraction (so that
  *                     the node will exist if needed)'''
  *                     if arity < self.max_nonterminals:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47591,14 +49064,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1064
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1108
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  *                     if arity < self.max_nonterminals:
  *                         xcat_index = arity+1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, xcat_index)
  *                         suffix_link_xcat_index = xcat_index
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-          __pyx_t_12 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_arity + 1)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1064; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_12 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_arity + 1)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1108; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_12);
           __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat_index);
           __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat_index);
@@ -47606,17 +49079,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat_index = __pyx_t_12;
           __pyx_t_12 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1065
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1109
  *                     if arity < self.max_nonterminals:
  *                         xcat_index = arity+1
  *                         xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, xcat_index)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         suffix_link_xcat_index = xcat_index
  *                         if is_shadow_path:
  */
-          __pyx_t_20 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat_index); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_20 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1065; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_20 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat_index); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_20 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1109; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1066
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1110
  *                         xcat_index = arity+1
  *                         xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, xcat_index)
  *                         suffix_link_xcat_index = xcat_index             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47629,24 +49102,24 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1067
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1111
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  *                         if is_shadow_path:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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  *                         suffix_link_xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, suffix_link_xcat_index)
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-          __pyx_t_9 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1067; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_9 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1111; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1068
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1112
  *                         suffix_link_xcat_index = xcat_index
  *                         if is_shadow_path:
  *                             suffix_link_xcat_index = xcat_index-1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         suffix_link_xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, suffix_link_xcat_index)
  *                         node.children[xcat] = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=node.phrase_location,
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-            __pyx_t_12 = PyNumber_Subtract(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat_index, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1068; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_12 = PyNumber_Subtract(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat_index, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -47657,159 +49130,159 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           }
           __pyx_L39:;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1069
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1113
  *                         if is_shadow_path:
  *                             suffix_link_xcat_index = xcat_index-1
  *                         suffix_link_xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, suffix_link_xcat_index)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         node.children[xcat] = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=node.phrase_location,
  *                                 suffix_link=node.suffix_link.children[suffix_link_xcat],
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-          __pyx_t_20 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat_index); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_20 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1069; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_20 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat_index); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_20 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1113; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat = __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_t_20);
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1070
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1114
  *                             suffix_link_xcat_index = xcat_index-1
  *                         suffix_link_xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, suffix_link_xcat_index)
  *                         node.children[xcat] = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=node.phrase_location,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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  *                                 phrase= Phrase(phrase + (xcat,)))
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-          __pyx_t_12 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1070; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_12 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_12));
-          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1070; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
-          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__phrase_location), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1070; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__phrase_location), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1071
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1115
  *                         suffix_link_xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, suffix_link_xcat_index)
  *                         node.children[xcat] = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=node.phrase_location,
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  * 
  */
-          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1071; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__suffix_link); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1071; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_17);
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
-          __pyx_t_10 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat, sizeof(int), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1071; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_suffix_link_xcat, sizeof(int), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_10) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__suffix_link), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1070; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__suffix_link), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1072
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1116
  *                         node.children[xcat] = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=node.phrase_location,
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+          __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_17 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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           __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_10);
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+          __pyx_t_10 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_phrase, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_17)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
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+          __pyx_t_17 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__phrase), __pyx_t_10) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_ExtendedTrieNode)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_12)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1070
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1114
  *                             suffix_link_xcat_index = xcat_index-1
  *                         suffix_link_xcat = sym_setindex(self.category, suffix_link_xcat_index)
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  *                                 phrase= Phrase(phrase + (xcat,)))
  */
-          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1070; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__children); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          if (__Pyx_SetItemInt(__pyx_t_12, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat, __pyx_t_10, sizeof(int), PyInt_FromLong) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1070; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          if (__Pyx_SetItemInt(__pyx_t_12, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_xcat, __pyx_t_10, sizeof(int), PyInt_FromLong) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1075
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1119
  * 
  *                     # sample from range
  *                     if not is_shadow_path:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         sample = self.sampler.sample(node.phrase_location)
  *                         num_subpatterns = (<PhraseLocation> node.phrase_location).num_subpatterns
  */
-        __pyx_t_9 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1075; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1076
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1120
  *                     # sample from range
  *                     if not is_shadow_path:
  *                         sample = self.sampler.sample(node.phrase_location)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         num_subpatterns = (<PhraseLocation> node.phrase_location).num_subpatterns
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+          __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self->sampler), __pyx_n_s__sample); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1120; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1120; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_17 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1120; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_10, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_17), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1076; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_10, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_17), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1120; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
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+          if (!(likely(((__pyx_t_12) == Py_None) || likely(__Pyx_TypeTest(__pyx_t_12, __pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList))))) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1120; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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           __Pyx_XDECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sample));
           __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_12);
           __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sample = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_12);
           __pyx_t_12 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1077
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1121
  *                     if not is_shadow_path:
  *                         sample = self.sampler.sample(node.phrase_location)
  *                         num_subpatterns = (<PhraseLocation> node.phrase_location).num_subpatterns             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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  *                         for j from 0 <= j < num_subpatterns:
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-          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1077; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_node, __pyx_n_s__phrase_location); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1121; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_12); __pyx_t_12 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1078
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1122
  *                         sample = self.sampler.sample(node.phrase_location)
  *                         num_subpatterns = (<PhraseLocation> node.phrase_location).num_subpatterns
  *                         chunklen = IntList(initial_len=num_subpatterns)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         for j from 0 <= j < num_subpatterns:
  *                             chunklen.arr[j] = hiero_phrase.chunklen(j)
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-          __pyx_t_12 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1078; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_12 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1122; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_17 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_num_subpatterns); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1122; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__initial_len), __pyx_t_17) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1078; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          if (PyDict_SetItem(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__initial_len), __pyx_t_17) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1122; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_12)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1122; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -47818,7 +49291,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_chunklen = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_17);
           __pyx_t_17 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1079
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1123
  *                         num_subpatterns = (<PhraseLocation> node.phrase_location).num_subpatterns
  *                         chunklen = IntList(initial_len=num_subpatterns)
  *                         for j from 0 <= j < num_subpatterns:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47828,7 +49301,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1080
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1124
  *                         chunklen = IntList(initial_len=num_subpatterns)
  *                         for j from 0 <= j < num_subpatterns:
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@@ -47838,14 +49311,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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           }
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1081
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1125
  *                         for j from 0 <= j < num_subpatterns:
  *                             chunklen.arr[j] = hiero_phrase.chunklen(j)
  *                         extracts = []             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         j = 0
  *                         extract_start = monitor_cpu()
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-          __pyx_t_17 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1081; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_17 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1125; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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           __Pyx_XDECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extracts));
@@ -47853,7 +49326,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1082
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1126
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  *                         j = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47862,16 +49335,16 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
  */
           __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_j = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1083
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1127
  *                         extracts = []
  *                         j = 0
  *                         extract_start = monitor_cpu()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         while j < sample.len:
  *                             extract = []
  */
-          __pyx_t_17 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__monitor_cpu); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1083; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_17 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__monitor_cpu); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1127; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_17, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1083; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_17, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1127; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -47880,7 +49353,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
           __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extract_start = __pyx_t_12;
           __pyx_t_12 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1084
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1128
  *                         j = 0
  *                         extract_start = monitor_cpu()
  *                         while j < sample.len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47891,14 +49364,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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             if (!__pyx_t_21) break;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1085
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1129
  *                         extract_start = monitor_cpu()
  *                         while j < sample.len:
  *                             extract = []             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *                             assign_matching(&matching, sample.arr, j, num_subpatterns, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  */
-            __pyx_t_12 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1085; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_12 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1129; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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             __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extract);
             __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extract);
@@ -47906,7 +49379,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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             __pyx_t_12 = 0;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1087
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1131
  *                             extract = []
  * 
  *                             assign_matching(&matching, sample.arr, j, num_subpatterns, self.fda.sent_id.arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -47915,21 +49388,21 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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             __pyx_f_3_sa_assign_matching((&__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_matching), __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sample->arr, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_j, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_num_subpatterns, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self->fda->sent_id->arr);
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1088
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1132
  * 
  *                             assign_matching(&matching, sample.arr, j, num_subpatterns, self.fda.sent_id.arr)
  *                             loc = tuple(sample[j:j+num_subpatterns])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             extract = self.extract(hiero_phrase, &matching, chunklen.arr, num_subpatterns)
  *                             extracts.extend([(e, loc) for e in extract])
  */
-            __pyx_t_12 = __Pyx_PySequence_GetSlice(((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sample), __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_j, (__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_j + __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_num_subpatterns)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1088; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_12 = __Pyx_PySequence_GetSlice(((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_sample), __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_j, (__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_j + __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_num_subpatterns)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1132; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_17 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1132; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_17), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1132; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -47938,14 +49411,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1089
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1133
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  *                             extract = self.extract(hiero_phrase, &matching, chunklen.arr, num_subpatterns)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             extracts.extend([(e, loc) for e in extract])
  *                             j = j + num_subpatterns
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+            __pyx_t_12 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_self, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase, (&__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_matching), __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_chunklen->arr, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_num_subpatterns); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1133; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -47953,22 +49426,22 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1090
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1134
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  *                             j = j + num_subpatterns
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+            __pyx_t_12 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extracts), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_12)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+            __pyx_t_17 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              __pyx_t_6 = -1; __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extract); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1090; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_6 = -1; __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extract); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -47976,23 +49449,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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+                __pyx_t_16 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_t_6); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_16); __pyx_t_6++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+                __pyx_t_16 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_16)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+                __pyx_t_16 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_t_6); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_16); __pyx_t_6++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+                __pyx_t_16 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_16)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                    else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1090; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -48003,7 +49476,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-              __pyx_t_16 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_16)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1090; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_16 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_16)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -48011,23 +49484,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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+            __pyx_t_10 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_10), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1090; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_17 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_10), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1134; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1091
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1135
  *                             extract = self.extract(hiero_phrase, &matching, chunklen.arr, num_subpatterns)
  *                             extracts.extend([(e, loc) for e in extract])
  *                             j = j + num_subpatterns             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -48037,7 +49510,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1093
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1137
  *                             j = j + num_subpatterns
  * 
  *                         num_samples = sample.len/num_subpatterns             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -48046,24 +49519,24 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-            {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1093; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1137; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1093; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1137; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1094
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1138
  * 
  *                         num_samples = sample.len/num_subpatterns
  *                         extract_stop = monitor_cpu()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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  *                         if len(extracts) > 0:
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-          __pyx_t_17 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__monitor_cpu); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1094; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -48072,46 +49545,46 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1095
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  *                         if len(extracts) > 0:
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+          __pyx_t_17 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_10, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extract_stop); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_17)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1139; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_10 = PyNumber_Subtract(__pyx_t_17, __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extract_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1139; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+          __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_PyFloat_AsFloat(__pyx_t_10); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_4 == (float)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1139; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1096
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  *                         if len(extracts) > 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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  *                             fphrases = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list)))
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+          __pyx_t_6 = PyList_GET_SIZE(((PyObject *)__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_extracts)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_6 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1140; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1097
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1098
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1099
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-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1099; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
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-                {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1099; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1099; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                  __pyx_t_2 = PyList_GET_ITEM(sequence, 0); 
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-                {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1099; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_2);
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-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1100
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-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1101
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1102
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@@ -48347,9 +49820,9 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-              {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1102; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1103
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-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1104
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-                    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1104; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1104; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1105
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-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1106
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-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1107
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-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1108
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-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1109
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- *                                                meta))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
- *                                     yield Rule(self.category, f, e, scores, alignment)
- * 
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1157
+ *                                                meta,
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+ *                                     # Phrase pair processed
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  */
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           __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path);
           __pyx_t_12 = 0;
-          __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+          __pyx_t_11 = 0;
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-          __pyx_t_3 = 0;
-          __pyx_t_13 = PyList_Append(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_new_frontier, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_17)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_15 = 0;
+          __pyx_t_13 = PyList_Append(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_new_frontier, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_17)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1165; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1117
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1166
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@@ -48855,18 +50378,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1118
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1167
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-        __pyx_t_9 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1118; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_9 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_9 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1167; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1119
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1168
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-          goto __pyx_L64;
+          goto __pyx_L65;
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-        __pyx_L64:;
+        __pyx_L65:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1120
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1169
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1121
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1122
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@@ -48962,14 +50485,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_24generator4(__pyx_Gene
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1125
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-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1126
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1127
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-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1129
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  *     cdef int find_fixpoint(self,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49429,7 +51457,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("find_fixpoint", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1158
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1229
  *         cdef int e_low_prev, e_high_prev, f_low_prev, f_high_prev, new_x, new_low_x, new_high_x
  * 
  *         e_low[0] = e_in_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49438,7 +51466,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   (__pyx_v_e_low[0]) = __pyx_v_e_in_low;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1159
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1230
  * 
  *         e_low[0] = e_in_low
  *         e_high[0] = e_in_high             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49447,19 +51475,19 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   (__pyx_v_e_high[0]) = __pyx_v_e_in_high;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1160
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1231
  *         e_low[0] = e_in_low
  *         e_high[0] = e_in_high
  *         self.find_projection(f_low, f_high, f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         if e_low[0] == -1:
  *             # low-priority corner case: if phrase w is unaligned,
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_1 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1160; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_t_2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_f_low, __pyx_t_1, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_f_links_high, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1160; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_1 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1231; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_f_low, __pyx_t_1, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_f_links_high, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1231; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1161
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1232
  *         e_high[0] = e_in_high
  *         self.find_projection(f_low, f_high, f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)
  *         if e_low[0] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49469,7 +51497,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   __pyx_t_3 = ((__pyx_v_e_low[0]) == -1);
   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1167
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1238
  *             # rule X -> X_1 w X_2 / X_1 X_2.    This is probably
  *             # not worth the bother, though.
  *             return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49481,7 +51509,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     goto __pyx_L3;
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1168
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1239
  *             # not worth the bother, though.
  *             return 0
  *         elif e_in_low != -1 and e_low[0] != e_in_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49497,7 +51525,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   }
   if (__pyx_t_5) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1169
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1240
  *             return 0
  *         elif e_in_low != -1 and e_low[0] != e_in_low:
  *             if e_in_low - e_low[0] < min_ex_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49507,7 +51535,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_5 = ((__pyx_v_e_in_low - (__pyx_v_e_low[0])) < __pyx_v_min_ex_size);
     if (__pyx_t_5) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1170
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1241
  *         elif e_in_low != -1 and e_low[0] != e_in_low:
  *             if e_in_low - e_low[0] < min_ex_size:
  *                 e_low[0] = e_in_low - min_ex_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49516,7 +51544,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
       (__pyx_v_e_low[0]) = (__pyx_v_e_in_low - __pyx_v_min_ex_size);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1171
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1242
  *             if e_in_low - e_low[0] < min_ex_size:
  *                 e_low[0] = e_in_low - min_ex_size
  *                 if e_low[0] < 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49526,7 +51554,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_5 = ((__pyx_v_e_low[0]) < 0);
       if (__pyx_t_5) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1172
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1243
  *                 e_low[0] = e_in_low - min_ex_size
  *                 if e_low[0] < 0:
  *                     return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49545,7 +51573,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   }
   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1174
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1245
  *                     return 0
  * 
  *         if e_high[0] - e_low[0] > max_e_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49555,7 +51583,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   __pyx_t_5 = (((__pyx_v_e_high[0]) - (__pyx_v_e_low[0])) > __pyx_v_max_e_len);
   if (__pyx_t_5) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1175
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1246
  * 
  *         if e_high[0] - e_low[0] > max_e_len:
  *             return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49567,7 +51595,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     goto __pyx_L6;
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1176
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1247
  *         if e_high[0] - e_low[0] > max_e_len:
  *             return 0
  *         elif e_in_high != -1 and e_high[0] != e_in_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49583,7 +51611,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   }
   if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1177
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1248
  *             return 0
  *         elif e_in_high != -1 and e_high[0] != e_in_high:
  *             if e_high[0] - e_in_high < min_ex_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49593,7 +51621,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_4 = (((__pyx_v_e_high[0]) - __pyx_v_e_in_high) < __pyx_v_min_ex_size);
     if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1178
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1249
  *         elif e_in_high != -1 and e_high[0] != e_in_high:
  *             if e_high[0] - e_in_high < min_ex_size:
  *                 e_high[0] = e_in_high + min_ex_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49602,7 +51630,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
       (__pyx_v_e_high[0]) = (__pyx_v_e_in_high + __pyx_v_min_ex_size);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1179
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1250
  *             if e_high[0] - e_in_high < min_ex_size:
  *                 e_high[0] = e_in_high + min_ex_size
  *                 if e_high[0] > e_sent_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49612,7 +51640,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_4 = ((__pyx_v_e_high[0]) > __pyx_v_e_sent_len);
       if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1180
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1251
  *                 e_high[0] = e_in_high + min_ex_size
  *                 if e_high[0] > e_sent_len:
  *                     return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49631,7 +51659,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   }
   __pyx_L6:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1182
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1253
  *                     return 0
  * 
  *         f_back_low[0] = -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49640,7 +51668,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]) = -1;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1183
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1254
  * 
  *         f_back_low[0] = -1
  *         f_back_high[0] = -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49649,7 +51677,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   (__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]) = -1;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1184
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1255
  *         f_back_low[0] = -1
  *         f_back_high[0] = -1
  *         f_low_prev = f_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49658,17 +51686,17 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_f_low_prev = __pyx_v_f_low;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1185
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1256
  *         f_back_high[0] = -1
  *         f_low_prev = f_low
  *         f_high_prev = f_high             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         new_x = 0
  *         new_low_x = 0
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_1 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1185; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_1 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1256; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_v_f_high_prev = __pyx_t_1;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1186
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1257
  *         f_low_prev = f_low
  *         f_high_prev = f_high
  *         new_x = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49677,7 +51705,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_new_x = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1187
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1258
  *         f_high_prev = f_high
  *         new_x = 0
  *         new_low_x = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49686,7 +51714,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_new_low_x = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1188
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1259
  *         new_x = 0
  *         new_low_x = 0
  *         new_high_x = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49695,7 +51723,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_new_high_x = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1190
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1261
  *         new_high_x = 0
  * 
  *         while True:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49705,7 +51733,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   while (1) {
     if (!1) break;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1192
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1263
  *         while True:
  * 
  *             if f_back_low[0] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49715,45 +51743,45 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_4 = ((__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]) == -1);
     if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1193
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1264
  * 
  *             if f_back_low[0] == -1:
  *                 self.find_projection(e_low[0], e_high[0], e_links_low, e_links_high, f_back_low, f_back_high)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             else:
  *                 self.find_projection(e_low[0], e_low_prev, e_links_low, e_links_high, f_back_low, f_back_high)
  */
-      __pyx_t_2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, (__pyx_v_e_low[0]), (__pyx_v_e_high[0]), __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_e_links_high, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1193; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, (__pyx_v_e_low[0]), (__pyx_v_e_high[0]), __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_e_links_high, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1264; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
       goto __pyx_L11;
     }
     /*else*/ {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1195
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1266
  *                 self.find_projection(e_low[0], e_high[0], e_links_low, e_links_high, f_back_low, f_back_high)
  *             else:
  *                 self.find_projection(e_low[0], e_low_prev, e_links_low, e_links_high, f_back_low, f_back_high)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 self.find_projection(e_high_prev, e_high[0], e_links_low, e_links_high, f_back_low, f_back_high)
  * 
  */
-      __pyx_t_2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, (__pyx_v_e_low[0]), __pyx_v_e_low_prev, __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_e_links_high, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1195; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, (__pyx_v_e_low[0]), __pyx_v_e_low_prev, __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_e_links_high, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1266; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1196
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1267
  *             else:
  *                 self.find_projection(e_low[0], e_low_prev, e_links_low, e_links_high, f_back_low, f_back_high)
  *                 self.find_projection(e_high_prev, e_high[0], e_links_low, e_links_high, f_back_low, f_back_high)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *             if f_back_low[0] > f_low:
  */
-      __pyx_t_2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_high_prev, (__pyx_v_e_high[0]), __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_e_links_high, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1196; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_high_prev, (__pyx_v_e_high[0]), __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_e_links_high, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1267; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
     }
     __pyx_L11:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1198
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1269
  *                 self.find_projection(e_high_prev, e_high[0], e_links_low, e_links_high, f_back_low, f_back_high)
  * 
  *             if f_back_low[0] > f_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49763,7 +51791,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_4 = ((__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]) > __pyx_v_f_low);
     if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1199
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1270
  * 
  *             if f_back_low[0] > f_low:
  *                 f_back_low[0] = f_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49775,35 +51803,35 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L12:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1201
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1272
  *                 f_back_low[0] = f_low
  * 
  *             if f_back_high[0] < f_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 f_back_high[0] = f_high
  * 
  */
-    __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1201; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1272; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-    __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_v_f_high, Py_LT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1201; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_v_f_high, Py_LT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1272; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1201; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1272; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
     if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1202
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1273
  * 
  *             if f_back_high[0] < f_high:
  *                 f_back_high[0] = f_high             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *             if f_back_low[0] == f_low_prev and f_back_high[0] == f_high_prev:
  */
-      __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_1 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1202; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_1 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1273; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       (__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]) = __pyx_t_1;
       goto __pyx_L13;
     }
     __pyx_L13:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1204
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1275
  *                 f_back_high[0] = f_high
  * 
  *             if f_back_low[0] == f_low_prev and f_back_high[0] == f_high_prev:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49819,7 +51847,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1205
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1276
  * 
  *             if f_back_low[0] == f_low_prev and f_back_high[0] == f_high_prev:
  *                 return 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49832,7 +51860,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L14:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1207
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1278
  *                 return 1
  * 
  *             if allow_low_x == 0 and f_back_low[0] < f_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49848,7 +51876,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_5) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1209
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1280
  *             if allow_low_x == 0 and f_back_low[0] < f_low:
  *                 # FAIL: f phrase is not tight
  *                 return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49861,7 +51889,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L15:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1211
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1282
  *                 return 0
  * 
  *             if f_back_high[0] - f_back_low[0] > max_f_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49871,7 +51899,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_5 = (((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]) - (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0])) > __pyx_v_max_f_len);
     if (__pyx_t_5) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1213
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1284
  *             if f_back_high[0] - f_back_low[0] > max_f_len:
  *                 # FAIL: f back projection is too wide
  *                 return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49884,7 +51912,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L16:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1215
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1286
  *                 return 0
  * 
  *             if allow_high_x == 0 and f_back_high[0] > f_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49893,11 +51921,11 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_t_5 = (__pyx_v_allow_high_x == 0);
     if (__pyx_t_5) {
-      __pyx_t_6 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1215; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_6 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1286; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_6);
-      __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_v_f_high, Py_GT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1215; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_v_f_high, Py_GT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1286; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
-      __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1215; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_3 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1286; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
       __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_t_3;
     } else {
@@ -49905,7 +51933,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1217
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1288
  *             if allow_high_x == 0 and f_back_high[0] > f_high:
  *                 # FAIL: extension on high side not allowed
  *                 return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49918,7 +51946,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L17:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1219
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1290
  *                 return 0
  * 
  *             if f_low != f_back_low[0]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49928,7 +51956,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_f_low != (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]));
     if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1220
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1291
  * 
  *             if f_low != f_back_low[0]:
  *                 if new_low_x == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49938,7 +51966,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_new_low_x == 0);
       if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1221
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1292
  *             if f_low != f_back_low[0]:
  *                 if new_low_x == 0:
  *                     if new_x >= max_new_x:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49948,7 +51976,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_new_x >= __pyx_v_max_new_x);
         if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1223
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1294
  *                     if new_x >= max_new_x:
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on low side violates max # of gaps
  *                         return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49961,7 +51989,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         /*else*/ {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1225
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1296
  *                         return 0
  *                     else:
  *                         new_x = new_x + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49970,7 +51998,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
           __pyx_v_new_x = (__pyx_v_new_x + 1);
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1226
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1297
  *                     else:
  *                         new_x = new_x + 1
  *                         new_low_x = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49984,7 +52012,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       __pyx_L19:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1227
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1298
  *                         new_x = new_x + 1
  *                         new_low_x = 1
  *                 if f_low - f_back_low[0] < min_fx_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -49994,7 +52022,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_4 = ((__pyx_v_f_low - (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0])) < __pyx_v_min_fx_size);
       if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1228
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1299
  *                         new_low_x = 1
  *                 if f_low - f_back_low[0] < min_fx_size:
  *                     f_back_low[0] = f_low - min_fx_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50003,7 +52031,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]) = (__pyx_v_f_low - __pyx_v_min_fx_size);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1229
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1300
  *                 if f_low - f_back_low[0] < min_fx_size:
  *                     f_back_low[0] = f_low - min_fx_size
  *                     if f_back_high[0] - f_back_low[0] > max_f_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50013,7 +52041,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_4 = (((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]) - (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0])) > __pyx_v_max_f_len);
         if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1231
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1302
  *                     if f_back_high[0] - f_back_low[0] > max_f_len:
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on low side violates max initial length
  *                         return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50026,7 +52054,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L22:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1232
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1303
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on low side violates max initial length
  *                         return 0
  *                     if f_back_low[0] < 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50036,7 +52064,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_4 = ((__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]) < 0);
         if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1234
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1305
  *                     if f_back_low[0] < 0:
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on low side violates sentence boundary
  *                         return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50055,22 +52083,22 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L18:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1236
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1307
  *                         return 0
  * 
  *             if f_high != f_back_high[0]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 if new_high_x == 0:
  *                     if new_x >= max_new_x:
  */
-    __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1236; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1307; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-    __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_f_high, __pyx_t_2, Py_NE); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1236; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_6 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_f_high, __pyx_t_2, Py_NE); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1307; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
-    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1236; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1307; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
     if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1237
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1308
  * 
  *             if f_high != f_back_high[0]:
  *                 if new_high_x == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50080,7 +52108,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_new_high_x == 0);
       if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1238
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1309
  *             if f_high != f_back_high[0]:
  *                 if new_high_x == 0:
  *                     if new_x >= max_new_x:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50090,7 +52118,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_new_x >= __pyx_v_max_new_x);
         if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1240
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1311
  *                     if new_x >= max_new_x:
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on high side violates max # of gaps
  *                         return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50103,7 +52131,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         /*else*/ {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1242
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1313
  *                         return 0
  *                     else:
  *                         new_x = new_x + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50112,7 +52140,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
           __pyx_v_new_x = (__pyx_v_new_x + 1);
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1243
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1314
  *                     else:
  *                         new_x = new_x + 1
  *                         new_high_x = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50126,44 +52154,44 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       __pyx_L25:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1244
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1315
  *                         new_x = new_x + 1
  *                         new_high_x = 1
  *                 if f_back_high[0] - f_high < min_fx_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     f_back_high[0] = f_high + min_fx_size
  *                     if f_back_high[0] - f_back_low[0] > max_f_len:
  */
-      __pyx_t_6 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1244; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_6 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1315; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Subtract(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1244; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_Subtract(__pyx_t_6, __pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1315; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
-      __pyx_t_6 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_min_fx_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1244; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_6 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_min_fx_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1315; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_6);
-      __pyx_t_7 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_6, Py_LT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_7); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1244; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_7 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_t_2, __pyx_t_6, Py_LT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_7); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1315; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
-      __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_7); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1244; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_7); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1315; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_7); __pyx_t_7 = 0;
       if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1245
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1316
  *                         new_high_x = 1
  *                 if f_back_high[0] - f_high < min_fx_size:
  *                     f_back_high[0] = f_high + min_fx_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     if f_back_high[0] - f_back_low[0] > max_f_len:
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on high side violates max initial length
  */
-        __pyx_t_7 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_min_fx_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1245; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_7 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_min_fx_size); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1316; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_7);
-        __pyx_t_6 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_f_high, __pyx_t_7); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1245; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_6 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_v_f_high, __pyx_t_7); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1316; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_6);
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_7); __pyx_t_7 = 0;
-        __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_1 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1245; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_6); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_1 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1316; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
         (__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]) = __pyx_t_1;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1246
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1317
  *                 if f_back_high[0] - f_high < min_fx_size:
  *                     f_back_high[0] = f_high + min_fx_size
  *                     if f_back_high[0] - f_back_low[0] > max_f_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50173,7 +52201,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_4 = (((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]) - (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0])) > __pyx_v_max_f_len);
         if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1248
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1319
  *                     if f_back_high[0] - f_back_low[0] > max_f_len:
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on high side violates max initial length
  *                         return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50186,7 +52214,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L28:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1249
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1320
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on high side violates max initial length
  *                         return 0
  *                     if f_back_high[0] > f_sent_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50196,7 +52224,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_4 = ((__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]) > __pyx_v_f_sent_len);
         if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1251
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1322
  *                     if f_back_high[0] > f_sent_len:
  *                         # FAIL: extension required on high side violates sentence boundary
  *                         return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50215,7 +52243,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L24:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1253
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1324
  *                         return 0
  * 
  *             e_low_prev = e_low[0]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50224,7 +52252,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_v_e_low_prev = (__pyx_v_e_low[0]);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1254
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1325
  * 
  *             e_low_prev = e_low[0]
  *             e_high_prev = e_high[0]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50233,29 +52261,29 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_v_e_high_prev = (__pyx_v_e_high[0]);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1256
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1327
  *             e_high_prev = e_high[0]
  * 
  *             self.find_projection(f_back_low[0], f_low_prev, f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             self.find_projection(f_high_prev, f_back_high[0], f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)
  *             if e_low[0] == e_low_prev and e_high[0] == e_high_prev:
  */
-    __pyx_t_6 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]), __pyx_v_f_low_prev, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_f_links_high, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1256; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_6 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]), __pyx_v_f_low_prev, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_f_links_high, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1327; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_6);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1257
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1328
  * 
  *             self.find_projection(f_back_low[0], f_low_prev, f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)
  *             self.find_projection(f_high_prev, f_back_high[0], f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             if e_low[0] == e_low_prev and e_high[0] == e_high_prev:
  *                 return 1
  */
-    __pyx_t_6 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_f_high_prev, (__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]), __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_f_links_high, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1257; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_6 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_projection(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_f_high_prev, (__pyx_v_f_back_high[0]), __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_f_links_high, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_6)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1328; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_6);
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_6); __pyx_t_6 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1258
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1329
  *             self.find_projection(f_back_low[0], f_low_prev, f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)
  *             self.find_projection(f_high_prev, f_back_high[0], f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)
  *             if e_low[0] == e_low_prev and e_high[0] == e_high_prev:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50271,7 +52299,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1259
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1330
  *             self.find_projection(f_high_prev, f_back_high[0], f_links_low, f_links_high, e_low, e_high)
  *             if e_low[0] == e_low_prev and e_high[0] == e_high_prev:
  *                 return 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50284,7 +52312,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L30:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1260
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1331
  *             if e_low[0] == e_low_prev and e_high[0] == e_high_prev:
  *                 return 1
  *             if allow_arbitrary_x == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50294,7 +52322,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_3 = (__pyx_v_allow_arbitrary_x == 0);
     if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1262
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1333
  *             if allow_arbitrary_x == 0:
  *                 # FAIL: arbitrary expansion not permitted
  *                 return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50307,7 +52335,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L31:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1263
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1334
  *                 # FAIL: arbitrary expansion not permitted
  *                 return 0
  *             if e_high[0] - e_low[0] > max_e_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50317,7 +52345,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_3 = (((__pyx_v_e_high[0]) - (__pyx_v_e_low[0])) > __pyx_v_max_e_len);
     if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1265
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1336
  *             if e_high[0] - e_low[0] > max_e_len:
  *                 # FAIL: re-projection violates sentence max phrase length
  *                 return 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50330,7 +52358,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L32:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1266
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1337
  *                 # FAIL: re-projection violates sentence max phrase length
  *                 return 0
  *             f_low_prev = f_back_low[0]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50339,7 +52367,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_v_f_low_prev = (__pyx_v_f_back_low[0]);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1267
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1338
  *                 return 0
  *             f_low_prev = f_back_low[0]
  *             f_high_prev = f_back_high[0]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50362,7 +52390,7 @@ static int __pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_fixpoint(struct __pyx_obj
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1270
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1341
  * 
  * 
  *     cdef find_projection(self, int in_low, int in_high, int* in_links_low, int* in_links_high,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50380,7 +52408,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_projection(CYTHON_U
   int __pyx_t_4;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("find_projection", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1273
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1344
  *                         int* out_low, int* out_high):
  *         cdef int i
  *         for i from in_low <= i < in_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50390,7 +52418,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_projection(CYTHON_U
   __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_v_in_high;
   for (__pyx_v_i = __pyx_v_in_low; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_1; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1274
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1345
  *         cdef int i
  *         for i from in_low <= i < in_high:
  *             if in_links_low[i] != -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50400,7 +52428,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_projection(CYTHON_U
     __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_in_links_low[__pyx_v_i]) != -1);
     if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1275
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1346
  *         for i from in_low <= i < in_high:
  *             if in_links_low[i] != -1:
  *                 if out_low[0] == -1 or in_links_low[i] < out_low[0]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50416,7 +52444,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_projection(CYTHON_U
       }
       if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1276
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1347
  *             if in_links_low[i] != -1:
  *                 if out_low[0] == -1 or in_links_low[i] < out_low[0]:
  *                     out_low[0] = in_links_low[i]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50428,7 +52456,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_projection(CYTHON_U
       }
       __pyx_L6:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1277
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1348
  *                 if out_low[0] == -1 or in_links_low[i] < out_low[0]:
  *                     out_low[0] = in_links_low[i]
  *                 if out_high[0] == -1 or in_links_high[i] > out_high[0]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50444,7 +52472,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_projection(CYTHON_U
       }
       if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1278
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1349
  *                     out_low[0] = in_links_low[i]
  *                 if out_high[0] == -1 or in_links_high[i] > out_high[0]:
  *                     out_high[0] = in_links_high[i]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50466,7 +52494,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_find_projection(CYTHON_U
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1281
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1352
  * 
  * 
  *     cdef int* int_arr_extend(self, int* arr, int* arr_len, int* data, int data_len):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50480,7 +52508,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_int_arr_extend(CYTHON_UNUSED
   __Pyx_RefNannyDeclarations
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("int_arr_extend", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1283
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1354
  *     cdef int* int_arr_extend(self, int* arr, int* arr_len, int* data, int data_len):
  *         cdef int new_len
  *         new_len = arr_len[0] + data_len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50489,7 +52517,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_int_arr_extend(CYTHON_UNUSED
  */
   __pyx_v_new_len = ((__pyx_v_arr_len[0]) + __pyx_v_data_len);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1284
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1355
  *         cdef int new_len
  *         new_len = arr_len[0] + data_len
  *         arr = <int*> realloc(arr, new_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50498,7 +52526,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_int_arr_extend(CYTHON_UNUSED
  */
   __pyx_v_arr = ((int *)realloc(__pyx_v_arr, (__pyx_v_new_len * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1285
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1356
  *         new_len = arr_len[0] + data_len
  *         arr = <int*> realloc(arr, new_len*sizeof(int))
  *         memcpy(arr+arr_len[0], data, data_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50507,7 +52535,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_int_arr_extend(CYTHON_UNUSED
  */
   memcpy((__pyx_v_arr + (__pyx_v_arr_len[0])), __pyx_v_data, (__pyx_v_data_len * (sizeof(int))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1286
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1357
  *         arr = <int*> realloc(arr, new_len*sizeof(int))
  *         memcpy(arr+arr_len[0], data, data_len*sizeof(int))
  *         arr_len[0] = new_len             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50516,7 +52544,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_int_arr_extend(CYTHON_UNUSED
  */
   (__pyx_v_arr_len[0]) = __pyx_v_new_len;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1287
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1358
  *         memcpy(arr+arr_len[0], data, data_len*sizeof(int))
  *         arr_len[0] = new_len
  *         return arr             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50532,7 +52560,7 @@ static int *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_int_arr_extend(CYTHON_UNUSED
   return __pyx_r;
 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1290
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1361
  * 
  * 
  *     cdef extract_phrases(self, int e_low, int e_high, int* e_gap_low, int* e_gap_high, int* e_links_low, int num_gaps,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50578,19 +52606,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
   int __pyx_clineno = 0;
   __Pyx_RefNannySetupContext("extract_phrases", 0);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1298
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1369
  *         cdef result
  * 
  *         result = []             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         len1 = 0
  *         e_gaps1 = <int*> malloc(0)
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1298; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1369; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_v_result = ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1299
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1370
  * 
  *         result = []
  *         len1 = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50599,7 +52627,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_len1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1300
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1371
  *         result = []
  *         len1 = 0
  *         e_gaps1 = <int*> malloc(0)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50608,19 +52636,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_e_gaps1 = ((int *)malloc(0));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1301
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1372
  *         len1 = 0
  *         e_gaps1 = <int*> malloc(0)
  *         ephr_arr = IntList()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *         e_gap_order = <int*> malloc(num_gaps*sizeof(int))
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1301; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1372; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_v_ephr_arr = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_1);
   __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1303
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1374
  *         ephr_arr = IntList()
  * 
  *         e_gap_order = <int*> malloc(num_gaps*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50629,7 +52657,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_e_gap_order = ((int *)malloc((__pyx_v_num_gaps * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1304
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1375
  * 
  *         e_gap_order = <int*> malloc(num_gaps*sizeof(int))
  *         if num_gaps > 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50639,7 +52667,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
   __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_num_gaps > 0);
   if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1305
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1376
  *         e_gap_order = <int*> malloc(num_gaps*sizeof(int))
  *         if num_gaps > 0:
  *             e_gap_order[0] = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50648,7 +52676,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     (__pyx_v_e_gap_order[0]) = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1306
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1377
  *         if num_gaps > 0:
  *             e_gap_order[0] = 0
  *             for i from 1 <= i < num_gaps:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50658,7 +52686,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
     __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_num_gaps;
     for (__pyx_v_i = 1; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1307
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1378
  *             e_gap_order[0] = 0
  *             for i from 1 <= i < num_gaps:
  *                 for j from 0 <= j < i:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50668,7 +52696,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_i;
       for (__pyx_v_j = 0; __pyx_v_j < __pyx_t_4; __pyx_v_j++) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1308
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1379
  *             for i from 1 <= i < num_gaps:
  *                 for j from 0 <= j < i:
  *                     if e_gap_low[i] < e_gap_low[j]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50678,7 +52706,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
         __pyx_t_2 = ((__pyx_v_e_gap_low[__pyx_v_i]) < (__pyx_v_e_gap_low[__pyx_v_j]));
         if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1309
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1380
  *                 for j from 0 <= j < i:
  *                     if e_gap_low[i] < e_gap_low[j]:
  *                         for k from j <= k < i:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50688,7 +52716,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
           __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_v_i;
           for (__pyx_v_k = __pyx_v_j; __pyx_v_k < __pyx_t_5; __pyx_v_k++) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1310
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1381
  *                     if e_gap_low[i] < e_gap_low[j]:
  *                         for k from j <= k < i:
  *                             e_gap_order[k+1] = e_gap_order[k]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50698,7 +52726,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
             (__pyx_v_e_gap_order[(__pyx_v_k + 1)]) = (__pyx_v_e_gap_order[__pyx_v_k]);
           }
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1311
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1382
  *                         for k from j <= k < i:
  *                             e_gap_order[k+1] = e_gap_order[k]
  *                         e_gap_order[j] = i             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50707,7 +52735,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
           (__pyx_v_e_gap_order[__pyx_v_j]) = __pyx_v_i;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1312
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1383
  *                             e_gap_order[k+1] = e_gap_order[k]
  *                         e_gap_order[j] = i
  *                         break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50721,7 +52749,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       }
       /*else*/ {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1314
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1385
  *                         break
  *                 else:
  *                     e_gap_order[i] = i             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50736,7 +52764,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
   }
   __pyx_L3:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1316
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1387
  *                     e_gap_order[i] = i
  * 
  *         e_x_low = e_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50745,7 +52773,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_e_x_low = __pyx_v_e_low;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1317
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1388
  * 
  *         e_x_low = e_low
  *         e_x_high = e_high             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50754,7 +52782,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_e_x_high = __pyx_v_e_high;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1318
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1389
  *         e_x_low = e_low
  *         e_x_high = e_high
  *         if not self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50764,7 +52792,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
   __pyx_t_2 = (!__pyx_v_self->tight_phrases);
   if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1319
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1390
  *         e_x_high = e_high
  *         if not self.tight_phrases:
  *             while e_x_low > 0 and e_high - e_x_low < self.train_max_initial_size and e_links_low[e_x_low-1] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50787,7 +52815,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       }
       if (!__pyx_t_6) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1320
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1391
  *         if not self.tight_phrases:
  *             while e_x_low > 0 and e_high - e_x_low < self.train_max_initial_size and e_links_low[e_x_low-1] == -1:
  *                 e_x_low = e_x_low - 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50797,7 +52825,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       __pyx_v_e_x_low = (__pyx_v_e_x_low - 1);
     }
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1321
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1392
  *             while e_x_low > 0 and e_high - e_x_low < self.train_max_initial_size and e_links_low[e_x_low-1] == -1:
  *                 e_x_low = e_x_low - 1
  *             while e_x_high < e_sent_len and e_x_high - e_low < self.train_max_initial_size and e_links_low[e_x_high] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50820,7 +52848,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       }
       if (!__pyx_t_2) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1322
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1393
  *                 e_x_low = e_x_low - 1
  *             while e_x_high < e_sent_len and e_x_high - e_low < self.train_max_initial_size and e_links_low[e_x_high] == -1:
  *                 e_x_high = e_x_high + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50833,7 +52861,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
   }
   __pyx_L11:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1324
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1395
  *                 e_x_high = e_x_high + 1
  * 
  *         for i from e_x_low <= i <= e_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50843,7 +52871,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
   __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_e_low;
   for (__pyx_v_i = __pyx_v_e_x_low; __pyx_v_i <= __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1325
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1396
  * 
  *         for i from e_x_low <= i <= e_low:
  *             e_gaps1 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps1, &len1, &i, 1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50853,7 +52881,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
     __pyx_v_e_gaps1 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->int_arr_extend(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_gaps1, (&__pyx_v_len1), (&__pyx_v_i), 1);
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1327
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1398
  *             e_gaps1 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps1, &len1, &i, 1)
  * 
  *         for i from 0 <= i < num_gaps:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50863,7 +52891,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
   __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_num_gaps;
   for (__pyx_v_i = 0; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1328
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1399
  * 
  *         for i from 0 <= i < num_gaps:
  *             e_gaps2 = <int*> malloc(0)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50872,7 +52900,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_e_gaps2 = ((int *)malloc(0));
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1329
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1400
  *         for i from 0 <= i < num_gaps:
  *             e_gaps2 = <int*> malloc(0)
  *             len2 = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50881,7 +52909,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_len2 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1331
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1402
  *             len2 = 0
  * 
  *             j = e_gap_order[i]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50890,7 +52918,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_j = (__pyx_v_e_gap_order[__pyx_v_i]);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1332
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1403
  * 
  *             j = e_gap_order[i]
  *             e_x_gap_low = e_gap_low[j]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50899,7 +52927,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_e_x_gap_low = (__pyx_v_e_gap_low[__pyx_v_j]);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1333
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1404
  *             j = e_gap_order[i]
  *             e_x_gap_low = e_gap_low[j]
  *             e_x_gap_high = e_gap_high[j]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50908,7 +52936,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_e_x_gap_high = (__pyx_v_e_gap_high[__pyx_v_j]);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1334
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1405
  *             e_x_gap_low = e_gap_low[j]
  *             e_x_gap_high = e_gap_high[j]
  *             if not self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50918,7 +52946,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
     __pyx_t_2 = (!__pyx_v_self->tight_phrases);
     if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1335
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1406
  *             e_x_gap_high = e_gap_high[j]
  *             if not self.tight_phrases:
  *                 while e_x_gap_low > e_x_low and e_links_low[e_x_gap_low-1] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50935,7 +52963,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
         }
         if (!__pyx_t_7) break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1336
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1407
  *             if not self.tight_phrases:
  *                 while e_x_gap_low > e_x_low and e_links_low[e_x_gap_low-1] == -1:
  *                     e_x_gap_low = e_x_gap_low - 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50945,7 +52973,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
         __pyx_v_e_x_gap_low = (__pyx_v_e_x_gap_low - 1);
       }
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1337
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1408
  *                 while e_x_gap_low > e_x_low and e_links_low[e_x_gap_low-1] == -1:
  *                     e_x_gap_low = e_x_gap_low - 1
  *                 while e_x_gap_high < e_x_high and e_links_low[e_x_gap_high] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50962,7 +52990,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
         }
         if (!__pyx_t_6) break;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1338
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1409
  *                     e_x_gap_low = e_x_gap_low - 1
  *                 while e_x_gap_high < e_x_high and e_links_low[e_x_gap_high] == -1:
  *                     e_x_gap_high = e_x_gap_high + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50975,7 +53003,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
     }
     __pyx_L20:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1340
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1411
  *                     e_x_gap_high = e_x_gap_high + 1
  * 
  *             k = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50984,7 +53012,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_k = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1341
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1412
  * 
  *             k = 0
  *             step = 1+(i*2)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -50993,7 +53021,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_step = (1 + (__pyx_v_i * 2));
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1342
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1413
  *             k = 0
  *             step = 1+(i*2)
  *             while k < len1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51004,7 +53032,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       __pyx_t_6 = (__pyx_v_k < __pyx_v_len1);
       if (!__pyx_t_6) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1343
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1414
  *             step = 1+(i*2)
  *             while k < len1:
  *                 for m from e_x_gap_low <= m <= e_gap_low[j]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51014,7 +53042,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_e_gap_low[__pyx_v_j]);
       for (__pyx_v_m = __pyx_v_e_x_gap_low; __pyx_v_m <= __pyx_t_4; __pyx_v_m++) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1344
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1415
  *             while k < len1:
  *                 for m from e_x_gap_low <= m <= e_gap_low[j]:
  *                     if m >= e_gaps1[k+step-1]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51024,7 +53052,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
         __pyx_t_6 = (__pyx_v_m >= (__pyx_v_e_gaps1[((__pyx_v_k + __pyx_v_step) - 1)]));
         if (__pyx_t_6) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1345
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1416
  *                 for m from e_x_gap_low <= m <= e_gap_low[j]:
  *                     if m >= e_gaps1[k+step-1]:
  *                         for n from e_gap_high[j] <= n <= e_x_gap_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51034,7 +53062,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
           __pyx_t_5 = __pyx_v_e_x_gap_high;
           for (__pyx_v_n = (__pyx_v_e_gap_high[__pyx_v_j]); __pyx_v_n <= __pyx_t_5; __pyx_v_n++) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1346
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1417
  *                     if m >= e_gaps1[k+step-1]:
  *                         for n from e_gap_high[j] <= n <= e_x_gap_high:
  *                             if n-m >= 1:    # extractor.py doesn't restrict target-side gap length             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51044,7 +53072,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
             __pyx_t_6 = ((__pyx_v_n - __pyx_v_m) >= 1);
             if (__pyx_t_6) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1347
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1418
  *                         for n from e_gap_high[j] <= n <= e_x_gap_high:
  *                             if n-m >= 1:    # extractor.py doesn't restrict target-side gap length
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, e_gaps1+k, step)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51053,7 +53081,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
               __pyx_v_e_gaps2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->int_arr_extend(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_gaps2, (&__pyx_v_len2), (__pyx_v_e_gaps1 + __pyx_v_k), __pyx_v_step);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1348
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1419
  *                             if n-m >= 1:    # extractor.py doesn't restrict target-side gap length
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, e_gaps1+k, step)
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &m, 1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51062,7 +53090,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
               __pyx_v_e_gaps2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->int_arr_extend(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_gaps2, (&__pyx_v_len2), (&__pyx_v_m), 1);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1349
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1420
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, e_gaps1+k, step)
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &m, 1)
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &n, 1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51079,7 +53107,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
         __pyx_L29:;
       }
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1350
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1421
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &m, 1)
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &n, 1)
  *                 k = k + step             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51089,7 +53117,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       __pyx_v_k = (__pyx_v_k + __pyx_v_step);
     }
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1351
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1422
  *                                 e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &n, 1)
  *                 k = k + step
  *             free(e_gaps1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51098,7 +53126,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     free(__pyx_v_e_gaps1);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1352
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1423
  *                 k = k + step
  *             free(e_gaps1)
  *             e_gaps1 = e_gaps2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51107,7 +53135,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_e_gaps1 = __pyx_v_e_gaps2;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1353
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1424
  *             free(e_gaps1)
  *             e_gaps1 = e_gaps2
  *             len1 = len2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51117,7 +53145,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
     __pyx_v_len1 = __pyx_v_len2;
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1355
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1426
  *             len1 = len2
  * 
  *         step = 1+(num_gaps*2)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51126,7 +53154,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_step = (1 + (__pyx_v_num_gaps * 2));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1356
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1427
  * 
  *         step = 1+(num_gaps*2)
  *         e_gaps2 = <int*> malloc(0)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51135,7 +53163,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_e_gaps2 = ((int *)malloc(0));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1357
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1428
  *         step = 1+(num_gaps*2)
  *         e_gaps2 = <int*> malloc(0)
  *         len2 = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51144,7 +53172,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_len2 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1358
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1429
  *         e_gaps2 = <int*> malloc(0)
  *         len2 = 0
  *         for i from e_high <= i <= e_x_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51154,7 +53182,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
   __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_e_x_high;
   for (__pyx_v_i = __pyx_v_e_high; __pyx_v_i <= __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1359
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1430
  *         len2 = 0
  *         for i from e_high <= i <= e_x_high:
  *             j = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51163,7 +53191,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_j = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1360
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1431
  *         for i from e_high <= i <= e_x_high:
  *             j = 0
  *             while j < len1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51174,7 +53202,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       __pyx_t_6 = (__pyx_v_j < __pyx_v_len1);
       if (!__pyx_t_6) break;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1361
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1432
  *             j = 0
  *             while j < len1:
  *                 if i - e_gaps1[j] <= self.train_max_initial_size and i >= e_gaps1[j+step-1]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51190,7 +53218,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       }
       if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1362
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1433
  *             while j < len1:
  *                 if i - e_gaps1[j] <= self.train_max_initial_size and i >= e_gaps1[j+step-1]:
  *                     e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, e_gaps1+j, step)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51199,7 +53227,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
         __pyx_v_e_gaps2 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->int_arr_extend(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_gaps2, (&__pyx_v_len2), (__pyx_v_e_gaps1 + __pyx_v_j), __pyx_v_step);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1363
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1434
  *                 if i - e_gaps1[j] <= self.train_max_initial_size and i >= e_gaps1[j+step-1]:
  *                     e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, e_gaps1+j, step)
  *                     e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &i, 1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51211,7 +53239,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
       }
       __pyx_L37:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1364
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1435
  *                     e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, e_gaps1+j, step)
  *                     e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &i, 1)
  *                 j = j + step             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51222,7 +53250,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
     }
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1365
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1436
  *                     e_gaps2 = self.int_arr_extend(e_gaps2, &len2, &i, 1)
  *                 j = j + step
  *         free(e_gaps1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51231,7 +53259,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   free(__pyx_v_e_gaps1);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1366
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1437
  *                 j = j + step
  *         free(e_gaps1)
  *         e_gaps1 = e_gaps2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51240,7 +53268,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_e_gaps1 = __pyx_v_e_gaps2;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1367
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1438
  *         free(e_gaps1)
  *         e_gaps1 = e_gaps2
  *         len1 = len2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51249,7 +53277,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_len1 = __pyx_v_len2;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1369
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1440
  *         len1 = len2
  * 
  *         step = (num_gaps+1)*2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51258,7 +53286,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_step = ((__pyx_v_num_gaps + 1) * 2);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1370
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1441
  * 
  *         step = (num_gaps+1)*2
  *         i = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51267,7 +53295,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
   __pyx_v_i = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1372
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1443
  *         i = 0
  * 
  *         while i < len1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51278,7 +53306,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
     __pyx_t_2 = (__pyx_v_i < __pyx_v_len1);
     if (!__pyx_t_2) break;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1373
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1444
  * 
  *         while i < len1:
  *             ephr_arr._clear()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51287,7 +53315,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_ephr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_clear(__pyx_v_ephr_arr);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1374
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1445
  *         while i < len1:
  *             ephr_arr._clear()
  *             num_chunks = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51296,20 +53324,20 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
  */
     __pyx_v_num_chunks = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1375
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1446
  *             ephr_arr._clear()
  *             num_chunks = 0
  *             indexes = []             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             for j from 0 <= j < num_gaps+1:
  *                 if e_gaps1[i+2*j] < e_gaps1[i+(2*j)+1]:
  */
-    __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1375; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1446; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
     __Pyx_XDECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_indexes));
     __pyx_v_indexes = __pyx_t_1;
     __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1376
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1447
  *             num_chunks = 0
  *             indexes = []
  *             for j from 0 <= j < num_gaps+1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51319,7 +53347,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
     __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 1);
     for (__pyx_v_j = 0; __pyx_v_j < __pyx_t_9; __pyx_v_j++) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1377
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1448
  *             indexes = []
  *             for j from 0 <= j < num_gaps+1:
  *                 if e_gaps1[i+2*j] < e_gaps1[i+(2*j)+1]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51329,7 +53357,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
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       if (__pyx_t_2) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1378
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1449
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@@ -51341,7 +53369,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1379
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1450
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1380
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1451
  *                     num_chunks = num_chunks + 1
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-        __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_k); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1380; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_k); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1451; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_10 = PyList_Append(__pyx_v_indexes, __pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_10 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1451; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1381
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1452
  *                 for k from e_gaps1[i+2*j] <= k < e_gaps1[i+(2*j)+1]:
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-        __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->eid2symid), __pyx_t_4, sizeof(int), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1381; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetItemInt(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->eid2symid), __pyx_t_4, sizeof(int), PyInt_FromLong); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1452; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyInt_AsInt(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_4 == (int)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1452; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1382
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1453
  *                     indexes.append(k)
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1383
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1454
  *                     ephr_arr._append(self.eid2symid[self.eda.data.arr[e_sent_start+k]])
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-        __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, ((__pyx_v_e_gap_order[__pyx_v_j]) + 1))); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1383; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, ((__pyx_v_e_gap_order[__pyx_v_j]) + 1))); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1454; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_10 = PyList_Append(__pyx_v_indexes, __pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_10 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1454; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1384
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1455
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@@ -51413,7 +53441,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1385
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1456
  *                     indexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, e_gap_order[j]+1))
  *                     ephr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, e_gap_order[j]+1))
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1386
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1457
  *                     ephr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, e_gap_order[j]+1))
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@@ -51438,22 +53466,22 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract_phrases(struct _
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1387
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1458
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-      __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1387; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1389
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1460
  *                 result.append((Phrase(ephr_arr),indexes))
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  *         free(e_gaps1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1390
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1461
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  *         free(e_gaps1)
  *         free(e_gap_order)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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   free(__pyx_v_e_gap_order);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1391
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1462
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  *         free(e_gap_order)
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1393
+/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1464
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1395
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1466
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1396
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1467
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1397
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1468
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1398
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1469
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+    __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_RichCompare(__pyx_v_s, __pyx_int_0, Py_LT); __Pyx_XGOTREF(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1469; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = __Pyx_PyObject_IsTrue(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_4 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1469; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1399
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1470
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1400
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1471
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-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1401
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1472
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  *             while (idx < num_links*2):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51623,51 +53651,51 @@ static struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_cre
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1402
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1403
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-        __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_v_eindexes, __pyx_n_s__index); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1403; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_6 = __Pyx_PyIndex_AsSsize_t(__pyx_t_5); if (unlikely((__pyx_t_6 == (Py_ssize_t)-1) && PyErr_Occurred())) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1474; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_5 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_sent_links[__pyx_t_6])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1474; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_7 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1474; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1404
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1475
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-        __pyx_t_7 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_5, __pyx_v_j); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1404; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_7 = PyNumber_Add(__pyx_t_5, __pyx_v_j); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_7)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1475; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+        __pyx_t_5 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_ret), __pyx_t_7); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1475; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1405
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1476
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  *                     ret.append(i*65536+j)
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+      __pyx_t_5 = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(__pyx_v_idx, __pyx_int_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_5)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1476; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1406
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1477
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 }
 
-/* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1408
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1421
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1492
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+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_IntList)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1492; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1422
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1493
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1423
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1494
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-  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1423; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1494; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1424
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1495
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1426
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1427
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1498
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1428
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1499
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  *         e_sent_end = self.eda.sent_index.arr[matching.sent_id+1]
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1429
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1500
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1430
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1501
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1431
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1502
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  *         f_sent_end = self.fda.sent_index.arr[matching.sent_id+1]
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1433
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1504
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+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1504; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1433; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1504; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1434
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1505
  * 
  *         self.findexes1.reset()
  *         sofar = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51955,7 +53983,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_int_0);
   __pyx_v_sofar = __pyx_int_0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1435
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1506
  *         self.findexes1.reset()
  *         sofar = 0
  *         for i in range(num_chunks):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51966,7 +53994,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   for (__pyx_t_4 = 0; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4+=1) {
     __pyx_v_i = __pyx_t_4;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1436
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1507
  *         sofar = 0
  *         for i in range(num_chunks):
  *             for j in range(chunklen[i]):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -51977,35 +54005,35 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     for (__pyx_t_6 = 0; __pyx_t_6 < __pyx_t_5; __pyx_t_6+=1) {
       __pyx_v_j = __pyx_t_6;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1437
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1508
  *         for i in range(num_chunks):
  *             for j in range(chunklen[i]):
  *                 self.findexes1.append(matching.arr[matching.start+i]+j-f_sent_start);             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 sofar += 1
  *             if (i+1<num_chunks):
  */
-      __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong((((__pyx_v_matching->arr[(__pyx_v_matching->start + __pyx_v_i)]) + __pyx_v_j) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1437; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong((((__pyx_v_matching->arr[(__pyx_v_matching->start + __pyx_v_i)]) + __pyx_v_j) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1508; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-      __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1), __pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1437; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1), __pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1508; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1438
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1509
  *             for j in range(chunklen[i]):
  *                 self.findexes1.append(matching.arr[matching.start+i]+j-f_sent_start);
  *                 sofar += 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             if (i+1<num_chunks):
  *                 self.findexes1.append(phrase[sofar])
  */
-      __pyx_t_1 = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(__pyx_v_sofar, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1438; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_1 = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(__pyx_v_sofar, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1509; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_sofar);
       __pyx_v_sofar = __pyx_t_1;
       __pyx_t_1 = 0;
     }
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1439
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1510
  *                 self.findexes1.append(matching.arr[matching.start+i]+j-f_sent_start);
  *                 sofar += 1
  *             if (i+1<num_chunks):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52015,28 +54043,28 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_7 = ((__pyx_v_i + 1) < __pyx_v_num_chunks);
     if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1440
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1511
  *                 sofar += 1
  *             if (i+1<num_chunks):
  *                 self.findexes1.append(phrase[sofar])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                 sofar += 1
  * 
  */
-      __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetItem(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase), __pyx_v_sofar); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1440; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetItem(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_phrase), __pyx_v_sofar); if (!__pyx_t_1) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1511; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-      __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1), __pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1440; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1), __pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1511; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1441
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1512
  *             if (i+1<num_chunks):
  *                 self.findexes1.append(phrase[sofar])
  *                 sofar += 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  * 
  */
-      __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(__pyx_v_sofar, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1441; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+      __pyx_t_2 = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(__pyx_v_sofar, __pyx_int_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1512; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
       __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_sofar);
       __pyx_v_sofar = __pyx_t_2;
@@ -52046,7 +54074,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_L7:;
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1444
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1515
  * 
  * 
  *         e_links_low = <int*> malloc(e_sent_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52055,7 +54083,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_e_links_low = ((int *)malloc((__pyx_v_e_sent_len * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1445
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1516
  * 
  *         e_links_low = <int*> malloc(e_sent_len*sizeof(int))
  *         e_links_high = <int*> malloc(e_sent_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52064,7 +54092,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_e_links_high = ((int *)malloc((__pyx_v_e_sent_len * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1446
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1517
  *         e_links_low = <int*> malloc(e_sent_len*sizeof(int))
  *         e_links_high = <int*> malloc(e_sent_len*sizeof(int))
  *         f_links_low = <int*> malloc(f_sent_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52073,7 +54101,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_f_links_low = ((int *)malloc((__pyx_v_f_sent_len * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1447
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1518
  *         e_links_high = <int*> malloc(e_sent_len*sizeof(int))
  *         f_links_low = <int*> malloc(f_sent_len*sizeof(int))
  *         f_links_high = <int*> malloc(f_sent_len*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52082,7 +54110,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_f_links_high = ((int *)malloc((__pyx_v_f_sent_len * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1448
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1519
  *         f_links_low = <int*> malloc(f_sent_len*sizeof(int))
  *         f_links_high = <int*> malloc(f_sent_len*sizeof(int))
  *         f_gap_low = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52091,7 +54119,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_f_gap_low = ((int *)malloc(((__pyx_v_num_chunks + 1) * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1449
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1520
  *         f_links_high = <int*> malloc(f_sent_len*sizeof(int))
  *         f_gap_low = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         f_gap_high = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52100,7 +54128,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_f_gap_high = ((int *)malloc(((__pyx_v_num_chunks + 1) * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1450
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1521
  *         f_gap_low = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         f_gap_high = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         e_gap_low = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52109,7 +54137,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_e_gap_low = ((int *)malloc(((__pyx_v_num_chunks + 1) * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1451
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1522
  *         f_gap_high = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         e_gap_low = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         e_gap_high = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52118,7 +54146,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_e_gap_high = ((int *)malloc(((__pyx_v_num_chunks + 1) * (sizeof(int)))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1452
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1523
  *         e_gap_low = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         e_gap_high = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         memset(f_gap_low, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52127,7 +54155,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   memset(__pyx_v_f_gap_low, 0, ((__pyx_v_num_chunks + 1) * (sizeof(int))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1453
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1524
  *         e_gap_high = <int*> malloc((num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         memset(f_gap_low, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         memset(f_gap_high, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52136,7 +54164,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   memset(__pyx_v_f_gap_high, 0, ((__pyx_v_num_chunks + 1) * (sizeof(int))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1454
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1525
  *         memset(f_gap_low, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         memset(f_gap_high, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         memset(e_gap_low, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52145,7 +54173,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   memset(__pyx_v_e_gap_low, 0, ((__pyx_v_num_chunks + 1) * (sizeof(int))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1455
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1526
  *         memset(f_gap_high, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         memset(e_gap_low, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  *         memset(e_gap_high, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52154,7 +54182,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   memset(__pyx_v_e_gap_high, 0, ((__pyx_v_num_chunks + 1) * (sizeof(int))));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1457
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1528
  *         memset(e_gap_high, 0, (num_chunks+1)*sizeof(int))
  * 
  *         reason_for_failure = ""             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52164,7 +54192,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_45));
   __pyx_v_reason_for_failure = ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_45);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1459
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1530
  *         reason_for_failure = ""
  * 
  *         for i from 0 <= i < e_sent_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52174,7 +54202,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_e_sent_len;
   for (__pyx_v_i = 0; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1460
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1531
  * 
  *         for i from 0 <= i < e_sent_len:
  *             e_links_low[i] = -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52183,7 +54211,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     (__pyx_v_e_links_low[__pyx_v_i]) = -1;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1461
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1532
  *         for i from 0 <= i < e_sent_len:
  *             e_links_low[i] = -1
  *             e_links_high[i] = -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52193,7 +54221,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     (__pyx_v_e_links_high[__pyx_v_i]) = -1;
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1462
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1533
  *             e_links_low[i] = -1
  *             e_links_high[i] = -1
  *         for i from 0 <= i < f_sent_len:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52203,7 +54231,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_f_sent_len;
   for (__pyx_v_i = 0; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1463
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1534
  *             e_links_high[i] = -1
  *         for i from 0 <= i < f_sent_len:
  *             f_links_low[i] = -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52212,7 +54240,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     (__pyx_v_f_links_low[__pyx_v_i]) = -1;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1464
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1535
  *         for i from 0 <= i < f_sent_len:
  *             f_links_low[i] = -1
  *             f_links_high[i] = -1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52222,7 +54250,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     (__pyx_v_f_links_high[__pyx_v_i]) = -1;
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1470
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1541
  *         # links that we care about (but then how to look up
  *         # when we want to check something on the e side?)
  *         i = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52231,7 +54259,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_i = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1471
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1542
  *         # when we want to check something on the e side?)
  *         i = 0
  *         while i < num_links*2:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52242,7 +54270,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_i < (__pyx_v_num_links * 2));
     if (!__pyx_t_7) break;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1472
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1543
  *         i = 0
  *         while i < num_links*2:
  *             f_i = sent_links[i]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52251,7 +54279,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_v_f_i = (__pyx_v_sent_links[__pyx_v_i]);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1473
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1544
  *         while i < num_links*2:
  *             f_i = sent_links[i]
  *             e_i = sent_links[i+1]             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52260,7 +54288,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_v_e_i = (__pyx_v_sent_links[(__pyx_v_i + 1)]);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1474
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1545
  *             f_i = sent_links[i]
  *             e_i = sent_links[i+1]
  *             if f_links_low[f_i] == -1 or f_links_low[f_i] > e_i:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52276,7 +54304,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1475
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1546
  *             e_i = sent_links[i+1]
  *             if f_links_low[f_i] == -1 or f_links_low[f_i] > e_i:
  *                 f_links_low[f_i] = e_i             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52288,7 +54316,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L14:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1476
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1547
  *             if f_links_low[f_i] == -1 or f_links_low[f_i] > e_i:
  *                 f_links_low[f_i] = e_i
  *             if f_links_high[f_i] == -1 or f_links_high[f_i] < e_i + 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52304,7 +54332,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_8) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1477
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1548
  *                 f_links_low[f_i] = e_i
  *             if f_links_high[f_i] == -1 or f_links_high[f_i] < e_i + 1:
  *                 f_links_high[f_i] = e_i + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52316,7 +54344,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L15:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1478
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1549
  *             if f_links_high[f_i] == -1 or f_links_high[f_i] < e_i + 1:
  *                 f_links_high[f_i] = e_i + 1
  *             if e_links_low[e_i] == -1 or e_links_low[e_i] > f_i:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52332,7 +54360,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1479
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1550
  *                 f_links_high[f_i] = e_i + 1
  *             if e_links_low[e_i] == -1 or e_links_low[e_i] > f_i:
  *                 e_links_low[e_i] = f_i             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52344,7 +54372,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L16:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1480
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1551
  *             if e_links_low[e_i] == -1 or e_links_low[e_i] > f_i:
  *                 e_links_low[e_i] = f_i
  *             if e_links_high[e_i] == -1 or e_links_high[e_i] < f_i + 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52360,7 +54388,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1481
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1552
  *                 e_links_low[e_i] = f_i
  *             if e_links_high[e_i] == -1 or e_links_high[e_i] < f_i + 1:
  *                 e_links_high[e_i] = f_i + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52372,7 +54400,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L17:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1482
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1553
  *             if e_links_high[e_i] == -1 or e_links_high[e_i] < f_i + 1:
  *                 e_links_high[e_i] = f_i + 1
  *             i = i + 2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52382,19 +54410,19 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_v_i = (__pyx_v_i + 2);
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1484
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1555
  *             i = i + 2
  * 
  *         als = []             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         for x in range(matching.start,matching.end):
  *             al = (matching.arr[x]-f_sent_start,f_links_low[matching.arr[x]-f_sent_start])
  */
-  __pyx_t_2 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1484; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyList_New(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1555; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
   __pyx_v_als = __pyx_t_2;
   __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1485
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1556
  * 
  *         als = []
  *         for x in range(matching.start,matching.end):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52405,18 +54433,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   for (__pyx_t_4 = __pyx_v_matching->start; __pyx_t_4 < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_t_4+=1) {
     __pyx_v_x = __pyx_t_4;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1486
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1557
  *         als = []
  *         for x in range(matching.start,matching.end):
  *             al = (matching.arr[x]-f_sent_start,f_links_low[matching.arr[x]-f_sent_start])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *             als.append(al)
  *         # check all source-side alignment constraints
  */
-    __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong(((__pyx_v_matching->arr[__pyx_v_x]) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong(((__pyx_v_matching->arr[__pyx_v_x]) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1557; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-    __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_links_low[((__pyx_v_matching->arr[__pyx_v_x]) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_links_low[((__pyx_v_matching->arr[__pyx_v_x]) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1557; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-    __pyx_t_10 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1486; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_10 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1557; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
     PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_10, 0, __pyx_t_2);
     __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_2);
@@ -52428,17 +54456,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_v_al = __pyx_t_10;
     __pyx_t_10 = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1487
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1558
  *         for x in range(matching.start,matching.end):
  *             al = (matching.arr[x]-f_sent_start,f_links_low[matching.arr[x]-f_sent_start])
  *             als.append(al)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         # check all source-side alignment constraints
  *         met_constraints = 1
  */
-    __pyx_t_11 = PyList_Append(__pyx_v_als, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_al)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_11 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1487; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_11 = PyList_Append(__pyx_v_als, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_al)); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_11 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1558; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   }
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1489
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1560
  *             als.append(al)
  *         # check all source-side alignment constraints
  *         met_constraints = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52447,7 +54475,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_met_constraints = 1;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1490
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1561
  *         # check all source-side alignment constraints
  *         met_constraints = 1
  *         if self.require_aligned_terminal:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52456,7 +54484,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   if (__pyx_v_self->require_aligned_terminal) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1491
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1562
  *         met_constraints = 1
  *         if self.require_aligned_terminal:
  *             num_aligned_chunks = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52465,7 +54493,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
     __pyx_v_num_aligned_chunks = 0;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1492
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1563
  *         if self.require_aligned_terminal:
  *             num_aligned_chunks = 0
  *             for i from 0 <= i < num_chunks:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52475,7 +54503,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_num_chunks;
     for (__pyx_v_i = 0; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1493
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1564
  *             num_aligned_chunks = 0
  *             for i from 0 <= i < num_chunks:
  *                 for j from 0 <= j < chunklen[i]:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52485,7 +54513,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_4 = (__pyx_v_chunklen[__pyx_v_i]);
       for (__pyx_v_j = 0; __pyx_v_j < __pyx_t_4; __pyx_v_j++) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1494
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1565
  *             for i from 0 <= i < num_chunks:
  *                 for j from 0 <= j < chunklen[i]:
  *                     if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i]+j-f_sent_start] > -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52495,7 +54523,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_9 = ((__pyx_v_f_links_low[(((__pyx_v_matching->arr[(__pyx_v_matching->start + __pyx_v_i)]) + __pyx_v_j) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)]) > -1);
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1495
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1566
  *                 for j from 0 <= j < chunklen[i]:
  *                     if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i]+j-f_sent_start] > -1:
  *                         num_aligned_chunks = num_aligned_chunks + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52504,7 +54532,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
           __pyx_v_num_aligned_chunks = (__pyx_v_num_aligned_chunks + 1);
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1496
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1567
  *                     if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i]+j-f_sent_start] > -1:
  *                         num_aligned_chunks = num_aligned_chunks + 1
  *                         break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52519,7 +54547,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_L24_break:;
     }
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1497
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1568
  *                         num_aligned_chunks = num_aligned_chunks + 1
  *                         break
  *             if num_aligned_chunks == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52529,7 +54557,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_num_aligned_chunks == 0);
     if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1498
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1569
  *                         break
  *             if num_aligned_chunks == 0:
  *                 reason_for_failure = "No aligned terminals"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52540,7 +54568,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_reason_for_failure);
       __pyx_v_reason_for_failure = ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_127);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1499
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1570
  *             if num_aligned_chunks == 0:
  *                 reason_for_failure = "No aligned terminals"
  *                 met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52552,7 +54580,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     __pyx_L26:;
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1500
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1571
  *                 reason_for_failure = "No aligned terminals"
  *                 met_constraints = 0
  *             if self.require_aligned_chunks and num_aligned_chunks < num_chunks:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52567,7 +54595,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1501
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1572
  *                 met_constraints = 0
  *             if self.require_aligned_chunks and num_aligned_chunks < num_chunks:
  *                 reason_for_failure = "Unaligned chunk"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52578,7 +54606,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_reason_for_failure);
       __pyx_v_reason_for_failure = ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_128);
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1502
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1573
  *             if self.require_aligned_chunks and num_aligned_chunks < num_chunks:
  *                 reason_for_failure = "Unaligned chunk"
  *                 met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52593,7 +54621,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   }
   __pyx_L20:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1504
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1575
  *                 met_constraints = 0
  * 
  *         if met_constraints and self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52608,7 +54636,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   }
   if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1506
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1577
  *         if met_constraints and self.tight_phrases:
  *             # outside edge constraints are checked later
  *             for i from 0 <= i < num_chunks-1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52618,7 +54646,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __pyx_t_12 = (__pyx_v_num_chunks - 1);
     for (__pyx_v_i = 0; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_12; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1507
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1578
  *             # outside edge constraints are checked later
  *             for i from 0 <= i < num_chunks-1:
  *                 if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i]+chunklen[i]-f_sent_start] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52628,7 +54656,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_9 = ((__pyx_v_f_links_low[(((__pyx_v_matching->arr[(__pyx_v_matching->start + __pyx_v_i)]) + (__pyx_v_chunklen[__pyx_v_i])) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)]) == -1);
       if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1508
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1579
  *             for i from 0 <= i < num_chunks-1:
  *                 if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i]+chunklen[i]-f_sent_start] == -1:
  *                     reason_for_failure = "Gaps are not tight phrases"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52639,7 +54667,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_reason_for_failure);
         __pyx_v_reason_for_failure = ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_129);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1509
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1580
  *                 if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i]+chunklen[i]-f_sent_start] == -1:
  *                     reason_for_failure = "Gaps are not tight phrases"
  *                     met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52648,7 +54676,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_met_constraints = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1510
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1581
  *                     reason_for_failure = "Gaps are not tight phrases"
  *                     met_constraints = 0
  *                     break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52660,7 +54688,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       __pyx_L31:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1511
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1582
  *                     met_constraints = 0
  *                     break
  *                 if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i+1]-1-f_sent_start] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52670,7 +54698,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_9 = ((__pyx_v_f_links_low[(((__pyx_v_matching->arr[((__pyx_v_matching->start + __pyx_v_i) + 1)]) - 1) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start)]) == -1);
       if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1512
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1583
  *                     break
  *                 if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i+1]-1-f_sent_start] == -1:
  *                     reason_for_failure = "Gaps are not tight phrases"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52681,7 +54709,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_reason_for_failure);
         __pyx_v_reason_for_failure = ((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_129);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1513
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1584
  *                 if f_links_low[matching.arr[matching.start+i+1]-1-f_sent_start] == -1:
  *                     reason_for_failure = "Gaps are not tight phrases"
  *                     met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52690,7 +54718,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_met_constraints = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1514
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1585
  *                     reason_for_failure = "Gaps are not tight phrases"
  *                     met_constraints = 0
  *                     break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52707,7 +54735,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
   }
   __pyx_L28:;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1516
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1587
  *                     break
  * 
  *         f_low = matching.arr[matching.start] - f_sent_start             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52716,7 +54744,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_f_low = ((__pyx_v_matching->arr[__pyx_v_matching->start]) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1517
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1588
  * 
  *         f_low = matching.arr[matching.start] - f_sent_start
  *         f_high = matching.arr[matching.start + matching.size - 1] + chunklen[num_chunks-1] - f_sent_start             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52725,7 +54753,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   __pyx_v_f_high = (((__pyx_v_matching->arr[((__pyx_v_matching->start + __pyx_v_matching->size) - 1)]) + (__pyx_v_chunklen[(__pyx_v_num_chunks - 1)])) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1518
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1589
  *         f_low = matching.arr[matching.start] - f_sent_start
  *         f_high = matching.arr[matching.start + matching.size - 1] + chunklen[num_chunks-1] - f_sent_start
  *         if met_constraints:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52734,17 +54762,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   if (__pyx_v_met_constraints) {
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1520
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1591
  *         if met_constraints:
  * 
  *             if self.find_fixpoint(f_low, f_high, f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 -1, -1, &e_low, &e_high, &f_back_low, &f_back_high, f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                 self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  */
-    __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1520; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1591; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
 
-    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1524
+    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1595
  *                                 self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                 self.train_min_gap_size, 0,
  *                                 self.max_nonterminals - num_chunks + 1, 1, 1, 0, 0):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52755,7 +54783,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
     if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1525
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1596
  *                                 self.train_min_gap_size, 0,
  *                                 self.max_nonterminals - num_chunks + 1, 1, 1, 0, 0):
  *                 gap_error = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52764,7 +54792,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
       __pyx_v_gap_error = 0;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1526
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1597
  *                                 self.max_nonterminals - num_chunks + 1, 1, 1, 0, 0):
  *                 gap_error = 0
  *                 num_gaps = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52773,7 +54801,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
       __pyx_v_num_gaps = 0;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1528
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1599
  *                 num_gaps = 0
  * 
  *                 if f_back_low < f_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52783,7 +54811,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_f_back_low < __pyx_v_f_low);
       if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1529
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1600
  * 
  *                 if f_back_low < f_low:
  *                     f_gap_low[0] = f_back_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52792,7 +54820,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         (__pyx_v_f_gap_low[0]) = __pyx_v_f_back_low;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1530
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1601
  *                 if f_back_low < f_low:
  *                     f_gap_low[0] = f_back_low
  *                     f_gap_high[0] = f_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52801,7 +54829,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         (__pyx_v_f_gap_high[0]) = __pyx_v_f_low;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1531
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1602
  *                     f_gap_low[0] = f_back_low
  *                     f_gap_high[0] = f_low
  *                     num_gaps = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52810,7 +54838,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_num_gaps = 1;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1532
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1603
  *                     f_gap_high[0] = f_low
  *                     num_gaps = 1
  *                     gap_start = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52819,7 +54847,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_gap_start = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1533
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1604
  *                     num_gaps = 1
  *                     gap_start = 0
  *                     phrase_len = phrase_len+1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52828,7 +54856,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_phrase_len = (__pyx_v_phrase_len + 1);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1534
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1605
  *                     gap_start = 0
  *                     phrase_len = phrase_len+1
  *                     if phrase_len > self.max_length:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52838,7 +54866,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_phrase_len > __pyx_v_self->max_length);
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1535
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1606
  *                     phrase_len = phrase_len+1
  *                     if phrase_len > self.max_length:
  *                         gap_error = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52850,7 +54878,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L36:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1536
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1607
  *                     if phrase_len > self.max_length:
  *                         gap_error = 1
  *                     if self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52859,7 +54887,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         if (__pyx_v_self->tight_phrases) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1537
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1608
  *                         gap_error = 1
  *                     if self.tight_phrases:
  *                         if f_links_low[f_back_low] == -1 or f_links_low[f_low-1] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52875,7 +54903,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           if (__pyx_t_8) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1538
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1609
  *                     if self.tight_phrases:
  *                         if f_links_low[f_back_low] == -1 or f_links_low[f_low-1] == -1:
  *                             gap_error = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52884,7 +54912,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_gap_error = 1;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1539
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1610
  *                         if f_links_low[f_back_low] == -1 or f_links_low[f_low-1] == -1:
  *                             gap_error = 1
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Inside edges of preceding subphrase are not tight"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52904,7 +54932,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       /*else*/ {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1541
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1612
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Inside edges of preceding subphrase are not tight"
  *                 else:
  *                     gap_start = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52913,7 +54941,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_gap_start = 1;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1542
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1613
  *                 else:
  *                     gap_start = 1
  *                     if self.tight_phrases and f_links_low[f_low] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52928,7 +54956,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1545
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1616
  *                         # this is not a hard error.    we can't extract this phrase
  *                         # but we still might be able to extract a superphrase
  *                         met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52942,7 +54970,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       __pyx_L35:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1547
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1618
  *                         met_constraints = 0
  * 
  *                 for i from 0 <= i < matching.size - 1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52952,7 +54980,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_12 = (__pyx_v_matching->size - 1);
       for (__pyx_v_i = 0; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_12; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1548
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1619
  * 
  *                 for i from 0 <= i < matching.size - 1:
  *                     f_gap_low[1+i] = matching.arr[matching.start+i] + chunklen[i] - f_sent_start             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52961,7 +54989,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         (__pyx_v_f_gap_low[(1 + __pyx_v_i)]) = (((__pyx_v_matching->arr[(__pyx_v_matching->start + __pyx_v_i)]) + (__pyx_v_chunklen[__pyx_v_i])) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1549
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1620
  *                 for i from 0 <= i < matching.size - 1:
  *                     f_gap_low[1+i] = matching.arr[matching.start+i] + chunklen[i] - f_sent_start
  *                     f_gap_high[1+i] = matching.arr[matching.start+i+1] - f_sent_start             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52970,7 +54998,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         (__pyx_v_f_gap_high[(1 + __pyx_v_i)]) = ((__pyx_v_matching->arr[((__pyx_v_matching->start + __pyx_v_i) + 1)]) - __pyx_v_f_sent_start);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1550
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1621
  *                     f_gap_low[1+i] = matching.arr[matching.start+i] + chunklen[i] - f_sent_start
  *                     f_gap_high[1+i] = matching.arr[matching.start+i+1] - f_sent_start
  *                     num_gaps = num_gaps + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52980,7 +55008,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_v_num_gaps = (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 1);
       }
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1552
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1623
  *                     num_gaps = num_gaps + 1
  * 
  *                 if f_high < f_back_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52990,7 +55018,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_f_high < __pyx_v_f_back_high);
       if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1553
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1624
  * 
  *                 if f_high < f_back_high:
  *                     f_gap_low[gap_start+num_gaps] = f_high             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -52999,7 +55027,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         (__pyx_v_f_gap_low[(__pyx_v_gap_start + __pyx_v_num_gaps)]) = __pyx_v_f_high;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1554
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1625
  *                 if f_high < f_back_high:
  *                     f_gap_low[gap_start+num_gaps] = f_high
  *                     f_gap_high[gap_start+num_gaps] = f_back_high             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53008,7 +55036,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         (__pyx_v_f_gap_high[(__pyx_v_gap_start + __pyx_v_num_gaps)]) = __pyx_v_f_back_high;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1555
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1626
  *                     f_gap_low[gap_start+num_gaps] = f_high
  *                     f_gap_high[gap_start+num_gaps] = f_back_high
  *                     num_gaps = num_gaps + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53017,7 +55045,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_num_gaps = (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 1);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1556
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1627
  *                     f_gap_high[gap_start+num_gaps] = f_back_high
  *                     num_gaps = num_gaps + 1
  *                     phrase_len = phrase_len+1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53026,7 +55054,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_phrase_len = (__pyx_v_phrase_len + 1);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1557
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1628
  *                     num_gaps = num_gaps + 1
  *                     phrase_len = phrase_len+1
  *                     if phrase_len > self.max_length:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53036,7 +55064,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_phrase_len > __pyx_v_self->max_length);
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1558
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1629
  *                     phrase_len = phrase_len+1
  *                     if phrase_len > self.max_length:
  *                         gap_error = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53048,7 +55076,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L43:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1559
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1630
  *                     if phrase_len > self.max_length:
  *                         gap_error = 1
  *                     if self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53057,7 +55085,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         if (__pyx_v_self->tight_phrases) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1560
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1631
  *                         gap_error = 1
  *                     if self.tight_phrases:
  *                         if f_links_low[f_back_high-1] == -1 or f_links_low[f_high] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53073,7 +55101,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1561
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1632
  *                     if self.tight_phrases:
  *                         if f_links_low[f_back_high-1] == -1 or f_links_low[f_high] == -1:
  *                             gap_error = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53082,7 +55110,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_gap_error = 1;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1562
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1633
  *                         if f_links_low[f_back_high-1] == -1 or f_links_low[f_high] == -1:
  *                             gap_error = 1
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Inside edges of following subphrase are not tight"             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53102,7 +55130,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       /*else*/ {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1564
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1635
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Inside edges of following subphrase are not tight"
  *                 else:
  *                     if self.tight_phrases and f_links_low[f_high-1] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53117,7 +55145,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1565
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1636
  *                 else:
  *                     if self.tight_phrases and f_links_low[f_high-1] == -1:
  *                         met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53131,7 +55159,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       __pyx_L42:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1567
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1638
  *                         met_constraints = 0
  * 
  *                 if gap_error == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53141,7 +55169,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_gap_error == 0);
       if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1568
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1639
  * 
  *                 if gap_error == 0:
  *                     e_word_count = e_high - e_low             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53150,7 +55178,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_e_word_count = (__pyx_v_e_high - __pyx_v_e_low);
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1569
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1640
  *                 if gap_error == 0:
  *                     e_word_count = e_high - e_low
  *                     for i from 0 <= i < num_gaps: # check integrity of subphrases             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53160,17 +55188,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_num_gaps;
         for (__pyx_v_i = 0; __pyx_v_i < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_i++) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1570
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1641
  *                     e_word_count = e_high - e_low
  *                     for i from 0 <= i < num_gaps: # check integrity of subphrases
  *                         if self.find_fixpoint(f_gap_low[gap_start+i], f_gap_high[gap_start+i],             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                             f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,
  *                                             -1, -1, e_gap_low+gap_start+i, e_gap_high+gap_start+i,
  */
-          __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_gap_high[(__pyx_v_gap_start + __pyx_v_i)])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1570; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_gap_high[(__pyx_v_gap_start + __pyx_v_i)])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1641; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1575
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1646
  *                                             f_gap_low+gap_start+i, f_gap_high+gap_start+i,
  *                                             f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53181,7 +55209,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
           if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1577
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1648
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) == 0:
  *                             gap_error = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53190,18 +55218,18 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_gap_error = 1;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1578
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1649
  *                                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) == 0:
  *                             gap_error = 1
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Subphrase [%d, %d] failed integrity check" % (f_gap_low[gap_start+i], f_gap_high[gap_start+i])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             break
  * 
  */
-            __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_gap_low[(__pyx_v_gap_start + __pyx_v_i)])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1578; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_gap_low[(__pyx_v_gap_start + __pyx_v_i)])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1649; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
-            __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_gap_high[(__pyx_v_gap_start + __pyx_v_i)])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1578; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong((__pyx_v_f_gap_high[(__pyx_v_gap_start + __pyx_v_i)])); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1649; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-            __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1578; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1649; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
             PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, 0, __pyx_t_10);
             __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_10);
@@ -53209,14 +55237,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
             __pyx_t_10 = 0;
             __pyx_t_1 = 0;
-            __pyx_t_1 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_132), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1578; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_1 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_132), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1649; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1));
             __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
             __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_reason_for_failure);
             __pyx_v_reason_for_failure = ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1);
             __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1579
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1650
  *                             gap_error = 1
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Subphrase [%d, %d] failed integrity check" % (f_gap_low[gap_start+i], f_gap_high[gap_start+i])
  *                             break             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53233,7 +55261,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       }
       __pyx_L47:;
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1581
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1652
  *                             break
  * 
  *                 if gap_error == 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53243,7 +55271,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
       __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_gap_error == 0);
       if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1582
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1653
  * 
  *                 if gap_error == 0:
  *                     i = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53252,21 +55280,21 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         __pyx_v_i = 1;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1583
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1654
  *                 if gap_error == 0:
  *                     i = 1
  *                     self.findexes.reset()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     if f_back_low < f_low:
  *                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  */
-        __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1583; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1654; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-        __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1583; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1654; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1584
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1655
  *                     i = 1
  *                     self.findexes.reset()
  *                     if f_back_low < f_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53276,7 +55304,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_f_back_low < __pyx_v_f_low);
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1585
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1656
  *                     self.findexes.reset()
  *                     if f_back_low < f_low:
  *                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53285,7 +55313,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
           ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1586
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1657
  *                     if f_back_low < f_low:
  *                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                         i = i+1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53294,16 +55322,16 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
           __pyx_v_i = (__pyx_v_i + 1);
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1587
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1658
  *                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                         i = i+1
  *                         self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                     for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  */
-          __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1587; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1658; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-          __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1587; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1658; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
@@ -53311,27 +55339,27 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L52:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1588
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1659
  *                         i = i+1
  *                         self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                     self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                         if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  */
-        __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1588; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1659; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-        __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1588; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1659; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
         __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
         PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
         __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
-        __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1588; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1659; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
         __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
         __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1589
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1660
  *                         self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                     self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                     for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53341,7 +55369,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_phrase->n;
         for (__pyx_v_j = 0; __pyx_v_j < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_j++) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1590
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1661
  *                     self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                     for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                         if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53351,7 +55379,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_isvar((__pyx_v_phrase->syms[__pyx_v_j]));
           if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1591
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1662
  *                     for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                         if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  *                             fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53360,7 +55388,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1592
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1663
  *                         if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  *                             fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                             i = i + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53372,7 +55400,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           /*else*/ {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1594
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1665
  *                             i = i + 1
  *                         else:
  *                             fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53384,7 +55412,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           __pyx_L55:;
         }
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1595
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1666
  *                         else:
  *                             fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])
  *                     if f_back_high > f_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53394,7 +55422,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_f_back_high > __pyx_v_f_high);
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1596
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1667
  *                             fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])
  *                     if f_back_high > f_high:
  *                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53403,16 +55431,16 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
           ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1597
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1668
  *                     if f_back_high > f_high:
  *                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                         self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *                     fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)
  */
-          __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1597; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1668; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
-          __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_10); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1597; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_2 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_10); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1668; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
           __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
@@ -53420,25 +55448,25 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L56:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1599
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1670
  *                         self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  * 
  *                     fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     if met_constraints:
  *                         phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_low, e_high, e_gap_low + gap_start, e_gap_high + gap_start, e_links_low, num_gaps,
  */
-        __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1599; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1670; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
         __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
         PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
         __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
-        __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1599; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+        __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1670; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
         __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
         __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
         __pyx_v_fphr = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *)__pyx_t_10);
         __pyx_t_10 = 0;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1600
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1671
  * 
  *                     fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)
  *                     if met_constraints:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53447,47 +55475,47 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
         if (__pyx_v_met_constraints) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1603
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1674
  *                         phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_low, e_high, e_gap_low + gap_start, e_gap_high + gap_start, e_links_low, num_gaps,
  *                                             f_back_low, f_back_high, f_gap_low + gap_start, f_gap_high + gap_start, f_links_low,
  *                                             matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         if len(phrase_list) > 0:
  *                             pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  */
-          __pyx_t_10 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract_phrases(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high, (__pyx_v_e_gap_low + __pyx_v_gap_start), (__pyx_v_e_gap_high + __pyx_v_gap_start), __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_num_gaps, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_v_f_back_high, (__pyx_v_f_gap_low + __pyx_v_gap_start), (__pyx_v_f_gap_high + __pyx_v_gap_start), __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_matching->sent_id, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1601; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_10 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract_phrases(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high, (__pyx_v_e_gap_low + __pyx_v_gap_start), (__pyx_v_e_gap_high + __pyx_v_gap_start), __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_num_gaps, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_v_f_back_high, (__pyx_v_f_gap_low + __pyx_v_gap_start), (__pyx_v_f_gap_high + __pyx_v_gap_start), __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_matching->sent_id, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1672; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
           __pyx_v_phrase_list = __pyx_t_10;
           __pyx_t_10 = 0;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1604
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1675
  *                                             f_back_low, f_back_high, f_gap_low + gap_start, f_gap_high + gap_start, f_links_low,
  *                                             matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)
  *                         if len(phrase_list) > 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                             pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  *                         else:
  */
-          __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1604; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+          __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1675; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
           __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_t_13 > 0);
           if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1605
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1676
  *                                             matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)
  *                         if len(phrase_list) > 0:
  *                             pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         else:
  *                             pair_count = 0
  */
-            __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1605; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1676; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == 0)) {
               PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "float division");
-              {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1605; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1676; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             }
             __pyx_v_pair_count = (1.0 / __pyx_t_13);
             goto __pyx_L58;
           }
           /*else*/ {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1607
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1678
  *                             pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  *                         else:
  *                             pair_count = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53496,22 +55524,22 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_pair_count = 0.0;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1608
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1679
  *                         else:
  *                             pair_count = 0
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Didn't extract anything from [%d, %d] -> [%d, %d]" % (f_back_low, f_back_high, e_low, e_high)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                         for (phrase2,eindexes) in phrase_list:
  *                             als1 = self.create_alignments(sent_links,num_links,self.findexes,eindexes)
  */
-            __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_back_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1608; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_10 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_back_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1679; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
-            __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1608; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_2 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1679; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-            __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_e_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1608; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_e_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1679; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-            __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_e_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1608; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_e_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1679; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
-            __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1608; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1679; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
             PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, 0, __pyx_t_10);
             __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_10);
@@ -53525,7 +55553,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __pyx_t_2 = 0;
             __pyx_t_1 = 0;
             __pyx_t_14 = 0;
-            __pyx_t_14 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_133), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1608; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_14 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_133), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1679; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14));
             __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
             __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_v_reason_for_failure);
@@ -53534,7 +55562,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           __pyx_L58:;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1609
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1680
  *                             pair_count = 0
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Didn't extract anything from [%d, %d] -> [%d, %d]" % (f_back_low, f_back_high, e_low, e_high)
  *                         for (phrase2,eindexes) in phrase_list:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53545,7 +55573,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __pyx_t_14 = __pyx_v_phrase_list; __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_13 = 0;
             __pyx_t_16 = NULL;
           } else {
-            __pyx_t_13 = -1; __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_13 = -1; __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
             __pyx_t_16 = Py_TYPE(__pyx_t_14)->tp_iternext;
           }
@@ -53553,23 +55581,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             if (!__pyx_t_16 && PyList_CheckExact(__pyx_t_14)) {
               if (__pyx_t_13 >= PyList_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_14)) break;
               #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               #else
-              __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               #endif
             } else if (!__pyx_t_16 && PyTuple_CheckExact(__pyx_t_14)) {
               if (__pyx_t_13 >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_14)) break;
               #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               #else
-              __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               #endif
             } else {
               __pyx_t_15 = __pyx_t_16(__pyx_t_14);
               if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {
                 if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                   if (likely(PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_StopIteration))) PyErr_Clear();
-                  else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 }
                 break;
               }
@@ -53585,7 +55613,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               if (unlikely(size != 2)) {
                 if (size > 2) __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(2);
                 else if (size >= 0) __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(size);
-                {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               }
               #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
               if (likely(PyTuple_CheckExact(sequence))) {
@@ -53598,14 +55626,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_1);
               __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_2);
               #else
-              __pyx_t_1 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-              __pyx_t_2 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_2 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               #endif
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
             } else
             {
               Py_ssize_t index = -1;
-              __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_15); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_15); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
               __pyx_t_17 = Py_TYPE(__pyx_t_10)->tp_iternext;
@@ -53613,7 +55641,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
               index = 1; __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) goto __pyx_L61_unpacking_failed;
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-              if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __pyx_t_17 = NULL;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
               goto __pyx_L62_unpacking_done;
@@ -53621,7 +55649,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
               __pyx_t_17 = NULL;
               if (__Pyx_IterFinish() == 0) __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(index);
-              {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1609; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __pyx_L62_unpacking_done:;
             }
             __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_v_phrase2);
@@ -53631,7 +55659,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __pyx_v_eindexes = __pyx_t_2;
             __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1610
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1681
  *                             reason_for_failure = "Didn't extract anything from [%d, %d] -> [%d, %d]" % (f_back_low, f_back_high, e_low, e_high)
  *                         for (phrase2,eindexes) in phrase_list:
  *                             als1 = self.create_alignments(sent_links,num_links,self.findexes,eindexes)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53640,31 +55668,31 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_t_15 = ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes);
             __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15);
-            __pyx_t_2 = ((PyObject *)((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->create_alignments(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_sent_links, __pyx_v_num_links, __pyx_t_15, __pyx_v_eindexes)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1610; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_2 = ((PyObject *)((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->create_alignments(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_sent_links, __pyx_v_num_links, __pyx_t_15, __pyx_v_eindexes)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1681; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
             __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
             __Pyx_XDECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als1));
             __pyx_v_als1 = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_2);
             __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1611
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1682
  *                         for (phrase2,eindexes) in phrase_list:
  *                             als1 = self.create_alignments(sent_links,num_links,self.findexes,eindexes)
  *                             extracts.append((fphr, phrase2, pair_count, tuple(als1)))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                     if (num_gaps < self.max_nonterminals and
  *                         phrase_len < self.max_length and
  */
-            __pyx_t_2 = PyFloat_FromDouble(__pyx_v_pair_count); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1611; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_2 = PyFloat_FromDouble(__pyx_v_pair_count); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1682; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-            __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1611; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1682; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
             __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als1));
             PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als1));
             __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als1));
-            __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1611; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1682; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
             __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
-            __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1611; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1682; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
             __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
             PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
@@ -53678,7 +55706,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
             __pyx_t_2 = 0;
             __pyx_t_1 = 0;
-            __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(__pyx_v_extracts, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1611; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+            __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(__pyx_v_extracts, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1682; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
             __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
             __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
             __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
@@ -53688,7 +55716,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         __pyx_L57:;
 
-        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1612
+        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1683
  *                             als1 = self.create_alignments(sent_links,num_links,self.findexes,eindexes)
  *                             extracts.append((fphr, phrase2, pair_count, tuple(als1)))
  *                     if (num_gaps < self.max_nonterminals and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53698,7 +55726,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_num_gaps < __pyx_v_self->max_nonterminals);
         if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1613
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1684
  *                             extracts.append((fphr, phrase2, pair_count, tuple(als1)))
  *                     if (num_gaps < self.max_nonterminals and
  *                         phrase_len < self.max_length and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53708,7 +55736,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_phrase_len < __pyx_v_self->max_length);
           if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1614
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1685
  *                     if (num_gaps < self.max_nonterminals and
  *                         phrase_len < self.max_length and
  *                         f_back_high - f_back_low + self.train_min_gap_size <= self.train_max_initial_size):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53726,7 +55754,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
         }
         if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1615
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1686
  *                         phrase_len < self.max_length and
  *                         f_back_high - f_back_low + self.train_min_gap_size <= self.train_max_initial_size):
  *                         if (f_back_low == f_low and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53736,7 +55764,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_f_back_low == __pyx_v_f_low);
           if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1616
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1687
  *                         f_back_high - f_back_low + self.train_min_gap_size <= self.train_max_initial_size):
  *                         if (f_back_low == f_low and
  *                                 f_low >= self.train_min_gap_size and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53746,7 +55774,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_v_f_low >= __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size);
             if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1617
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1688
  *                         if (f_back_low == f_low and
  *                                 f_low >= self.train_min_gap_size and
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_low-1] != -1 and f_links_low[f_back_high-1] != -1))):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53776,7 +55804,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1618
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1689
  *                                 f_low >= self.train_min_gap_size and
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_low-1] != -1 and f_links_low[f_back_high-1] != -1))):
  *                             f_x_low = f_low-self.train_min_gap_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53785,7 +55813,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_f_x_low = (__pyx_v_f_low - __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size);
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1619
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1690
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_low-1] != -1 and f_links_low[f_back_high-1] != -1))):
  *                             f_x_low = f_low-self.train_min_gap_size
  *                             met_constraints = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53794,7 +55822,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_met_constraints = 1;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1620
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1691
  *                             f_x_low = f_low-self.train_min_gap_size
  *                             met_constraints = 1
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53803,7 +55831,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             if (__pyx_v_self->tight_phrases) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1621
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1692
  *                             met_constraints = 1
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:
  *                                 while f_x_low >= 0 and f_links_low[f_x_low] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53820,7 +55848,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 if (!__pyx_t_18) break;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1622
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1693
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:
  *                                 while f_x_low >= 0 and f_links_low[f_x_low] == -1:
  *                                     f_x_low = f_x_low - 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53833,7 +55861,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             __pyx_L65:;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1623
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1694
  *                                 while f_x_low >= 0 and f_links_low[f_x_low] == -1:
  *                                     f_x_low = f_x_low - 1
  *                             if f_x_low < 0 or f_back_high - f_x_low > self.train_max_initial_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53849,7 +55877,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1624
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1695
  *                                     f_x_low = f_x_low - 1
  *                             if f_x_low < 0 or f_back_high - f_x_low > self.train_max_initial_size:
  *                                 met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53861,7 +55889,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             __pyx_L68:;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1626
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1697
  *                                 met_constraints = 0
  * 
  *                             if (met_constraints and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53870,17 +55898,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             if (__pyx_v_met_constraints) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1627
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1698
  * 
  *                             if (met_constraints and
  *                                 self.find_fixpoint(f_x_low, f_back_high,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                             f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,
  *                                             e_low, e_high, &e_x_low, &e_x_high, &f_x_low, &f_x_high,
  */
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1627; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_back_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1698; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1631
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1702
  *                                             e_low, e_high, &e_x_low, &e_x_high, &f_x_low, &f_x_high,
  *                                             f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53890,7 +55918,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               if (((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_fixpoint(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_f_x_low, __pyx_t_14, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_f_links_high, __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_e_links_high, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high, (&__pyx_v_e_x_low), (&__pyx_v_e_x_high), (&__pyx_v_f_x_low), (&__pyx_v_f_x_high), __pyx_v_f_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_self->train_max_initial_size, __pyx_v_self->train_max_initial_size, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0)) {
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1633
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1704
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                             1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0) and
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or f_links_low[f_x_low] != -1) and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53906,17 +55934,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1634
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1705
  *                                             1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 0) and
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or f_links_low[f_x_low] != -1) and
  *                                 self.find_fixpoint(f_x_low, f_low,    # check integrity of new subphrase             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                             f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,
  *                                             -1, -1, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high,
  */
-                  __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1634; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1705; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1638
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1709
  *                                             -1, -1, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high,
  *                                             f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53939,7 +55967,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1640
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1711
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)):
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53948,7 +55976,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_clear(__pyx_v_fphr_arr);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1641
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1712
  *                                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)):
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()
  *                                 i = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53957,35 +55985,35 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               __pyx_v_i = 1;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1642
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1713
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()
  *                                 i = 1
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  */
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1642; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1713; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_14, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1642; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_14, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1713; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1643
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1714
  *                                 i = 1
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 i = i+1
  */
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1643; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1714; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-              __pyx_t_14 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1643; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1714; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1644
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1715
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -53994,7 +56022,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1645
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1716
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 i = i+1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54003,27 +56031,27 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               __pyx_v_i = (__pyx_v_i + 1);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1646
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1717
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 i = i+1
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  */
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1646; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1717; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1646; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1717; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
               __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
               PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
               __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_14, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1646; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_14, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1717; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1647
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1718
  *                                 i = i+1
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54033,7 +56061,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_phrase->n;
               for (__pyx_v_j = 0; __pyx_v_j < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_j++) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1648
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1719
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54043,7 +56071,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_isvar((__pyx_v_phrase->syms[__pyx_v_j]));
                 if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1649
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1720
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54052,7 +56080,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
                   ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1650
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1721
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                         i = i + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54064,7 +56092,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 /*else*/ {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1652
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1723
  *                                         i = i + 1
  *                                     else:
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54076,7 +56104,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_L72:;
               }
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1653
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1724
  *                                     else:
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])
  *                                 if f_back_high > f_high:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54086,7 +56114,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_f_back_high > __pyx_v_f_high);
               if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1654
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1725
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])
  *                                 if f_back_high > f_high:
  *                                     fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54095,16 +56123,16 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
                 ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1655
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1726
  *                                 if f_back_high > f_high:
  *                                     fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                     self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, e_links_low, num_gaps+1,
  */
-                __pyx_t_15 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1655; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_15 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1726; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
-                __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_15); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1655; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_15); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1726; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
@@ -54112,67 +56140,67 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               }
               __pyx_L73:;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1656
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1727
  *                                     fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                     self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, e_links_low, num_gaps+1,
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high, f_links_low, matching.sent_id,
  */
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1656; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1727; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
               __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
               PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
               __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1656; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1727; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
               __pyx_v_fphr = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *)__pyx_t_15);
               __pyx_t_15 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1659
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1730
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, e_links_low, num_gaps+1,
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high, f_links_low, matching.sent_id,
  *                                                     e_sent_len, e_sent_start)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  */
-              __pyx_t_15 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract_phrases(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_x_low, __pyx_v_e_x_high, __pyx_v_e_gap_low, __pyx_v_e_gap_high, __pyx_v_e_links_low, (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 1), __pyx_v_f_x_low, __pyx_v_f_x_high, __pyx_v_f_gap_low, __pyx_v_f_gap_high, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_matching->sent_id, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1657; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract_phrases(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_x_low, __pyx_v_e_x_high, __pyx_v_e_gap_low, __pyx_v_e_gap_high, __pyx_v_e_links_low, (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 1), __pyx_v_f_x_low, __pyx_v_f_x_high, __pyx_v_f_gap_low, __pyx_v_f_gap_high, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_matching->sent_id, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1728; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
               __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_v_phrase_list);
               __pyx_v_phrase_list = __pyx_t_15;
               __pyx_t_15 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1660
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1731
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high, f_links_low, matching.sent_id,
  *                                                     e_sent_len, e_sent_start)
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  *                                 else:
  */
-              __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1660; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1731; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_t_13 > 0);
               if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1661
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1732
  *                                                     e_sent_len, e_sent_start)
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0
  */
-                __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1661; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1732; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == 0)) {
                   PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "float division");
-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1661; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1732; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 }
                 __pyx_v_pair_count = (1.0 / __pyx_t_13);
                 goto __pyx_L74;
               }
               /*else*/ {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1663
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1734
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54183,7 +56211,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               }
               __pyx_L74:;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1664
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1735
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0
  *                                 for phrase2,eindexes in phrase_list:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54194,7 +56222,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_t_15 = __pyx_v_phrase_list; __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_13 = 0;
                 __pyx_t_16 = NULL;
               } else {
-                __pyx_t_13 = -1; __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_13 = -1; __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
                 __pyx_t_16 = Py_TYPE(__pyx_t_15)->tp_iternext;
               }
@@ -54202,23 +56230,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 if (!__pyx_t_16 && PyList_CheckExact(__pyx_t_15)) {
                   if (__pyx_t_13 >= PyList_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_15)) break;
                   #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-                  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   #else
-                  __pyx_t_1 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_1 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   #endif
                 } else if (!__pyx_t_16 && PyTuple_CheckExact(__pyx_t_15)) {
                   if (__pyx_t_13 >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_15)) break;
                   #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-                  __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   #else
-                  __pyx_t_1 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_1 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   #endif
                 } else {
                   __pyx_t_1 = __pyx_t_16(__pyx_t_15);
                   if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {
                     if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                       if (likely(PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_StopIteration))) PyErr_Clear();
-                      else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                      else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                     }
                     break;
                   }
@@ -54234,7 +56262,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                   if (unlikely(size != 2)) {
                     if (size > 2) __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(2);
                     else if (size >= 0) __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(size);
-                    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   }
                   #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
                   if (likely(PyTuple_CheckExact(sequence))) {
@@ -54247,14 +56275,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                   __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14);
                   __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_2);
                   #else
-                  __pyx_t_14 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-                  __pyx_t_2 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_14 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_2 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   #endif
                   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
                 } else
                 {
                   Py_ssize_t index = -1;
-                  __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_10);
                   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
                   __pyx_t_17 = Py_TYPE(__pyx_t_10)->tp_iternext;
@@ -54262,7 +56290,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
                   index = 1; __pyx_t_2 = __pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) goto __pyx_L77_unpacking_failed;
                   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-                  if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   __pyx_t_17 = NULL;
                   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
                   goto __pyx_L78_unpacking_done;
@@ -54270,7 +56298,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_10); __pyx_t_10 = 0;
                   __pyx_t_17 = NULL;
                   if (__Pyx_IterFinish() == 0) __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(index);
-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1664; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1735; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   __pyx_L78_unpacking_done:;
                 }
                 __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_v_phrase2);
@@ -54280,7 +56308,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_v_eindexes = __pyx_t_2;
                 __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1665
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1736
  *                                     pair_count = 0
  *                                 for phrase2,eindexes in phrase_list:
  *                                     als2 = self.create_alignments(sent_links,num_links,self.findexes,eindexes)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54289,31 +56317,31 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
                 __pyx_t_1 = ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes);
                 __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_1);
-                __pyx_t_2 = ((PyObject *)((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->create_alignments(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_sent_links, __pyx_v_num_links, __pyx_t_1, __pyx_v_eindexes)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1665; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_2 = ((PyObject *)((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->create_alignments(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_sent_links, __pyx_v_num_links, __pyx_t_1, __pyx_v_eindexes)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1736; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
                 __Pyx_XDECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als2));
                 __pyx_v_als2 = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_2);
                 __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1666
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1737
  *                                 for phrase2,eindexes in phrase_list:
  *                                     als2 = self.create_alignments(sent_links,num_links,self.findexes,eindexes)
  *                                     extracts.append((fphr, phrase2, pair_count, tuple(als2)))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  *                         if (f_back_high == f_high and
  */
-                __pyx_t_2 = PyFloat_FromDouble(__pyx_v_pair_count); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1666; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_2 = PyFloat_FromDouble(__pyx_v_pair_count); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1737; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
-                __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1666; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1737; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
                 __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als2));
                 PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als2));
                 __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als2));
-                __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1666; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1737; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
                 __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
-                __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1666; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_1 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1737; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
                 __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
                 PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
@@ -54327,7 +56355,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_14);
                 __pyx_t_2 = 0;
                 __pyx_t_14 = 0;
-                __pyx_t_14 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(__pyx_v_extracts, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1666; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_14 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(__pyx_v_extracts, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1737; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
                 __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
@@ -54340,7 +56368,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           __pyx_L64:;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1668
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1739
  *                                     extracts.append((fphr, phrase2, pair_count, tuple(als2)))
  * 
  *                         if (f_back_high == f_high and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54350,7 +56378,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_f_back_high == __pyx_v_f_high);
           if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1669
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1740
  * 
  *                         if (f_back_high == f_high and
  *                             f_sent_len - f_high >= self.train_min_gap_size and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54360,7 +56388,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __pyx_t_9 = ((__pyx_v_f_sent_len - __pyx_v_f_high) >= __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size);
             if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1670
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1741
  *                         if (f_back_high == f_high and
  *                             f_sent_len - f_high >= self.train_min_gap_size and
  *                             ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_high] != -1 and f_links_low[f_back_low] != -1))):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54390,7 +56418,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1671
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1742
  *                             f_sent_len - f_high >= self.train_min_gap_size and
  *                             ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_high] != -1 and f_links_low[f_back_low] != -1))):
  *                             f_x_high = f_high+self.train_min_gap_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54399,7 +56427,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_f_x_high = (__pyx_v_f_high + __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size);
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1672
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1743
  *                             ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_high] != -1 and f_links_low[f_back_low] != -1))):
  *                             f_x_high = f_high+self.train_min_gap_size
  *                             met_constraints = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54408,7 +56436,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_met_constraints = 1;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1673
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1744
  *                             f_x_high = f_high+self.train_min_gap_size
  *                             met_constraints = 1
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54417,7 +56445,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             if (__pyx_v_self->tight_phrases) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1674
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1745
  *                             met_constraints = 1
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:
  *                                 while f_x_high <= f_sent_len and f_links_low[f_x_high-1] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54434,7 +56462,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 if (!__pyx_t_18) break;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1675
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1746
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:
  *                                 while f_x_high <= f_sent_len and f_links_low[f_x_high-1] == -1:
  *                                     f_x_high = f_x_high + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54447,7 +56475,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             __pyx_L80:;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1676
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1747
  *                                 while f_x_high <= f_sent_len and f_links_low[f_x_high-1] == -1:
  *                                     f_x_high = f_x_high + 1
  *                             if f_x_high > f_sent_len or f_x_high - f_back_low > self.train_max_initial_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54463,7 +56491,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1677
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1748
  *                                     f_x_high = f_x_high + 1
  *                             if f_x_high > f_sent_len or f_x_high - f_back_low > self.train_max_initial_size:
  *                                 met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54475,7 +56503,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             __pyx_L83:;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1679
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1750
  *                                 met_constraints = 0
  * 
  *                             if (met_constraints and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54484,17 +56512,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             if (__pyx_v_met_constraints) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1680
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1751
  * 
  *                             if (met_constraints and
  *                                 self.find_fixpoint(f_back_low, f_x_high,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                             f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,
  *                                             e_low, e_high, &e_x_low, &e_x_high, &f_x_low, &f_x_high,
  */
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_x_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1680; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_x_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1751; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1684
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1755
  *                                             e_low, e_high, &e_x_low, &e_x_high, &f_x_low, &f_x_high,
  *                                             f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54504,7 +56532,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               if (((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->find_fixpoint(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_f_back_low, __pyx_t_15, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_f_links_high, __pyx_v_e_links_low, __pyx_v_e_links_high, __pyx_v_e_low, __pyx_v_e_high, (&__pyx_v_e_x_low), (&__pyx_v_e_x_high), (&__pyx_v_f_x_low), (&__pyx_v_f_x_high), __pyx_v_f_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_self->train_max_initial_size, __pyx_v_self->train_max_initial_size, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0)) {
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1686
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1757
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                             1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0) and
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or f_links_low[f_x_high-1] != -1) and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54520,17 +56548,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1687
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1758
  *                                             1, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0) and
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or f_links_low[f_x_high-1] != -1) and
  *                                 self.find_fixpoint(f_high, f_x_high,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                             f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,
  *                                             -1, -1, e_gap_low+gap_start+num_gaps, e_gap_high+gap_start+num_gaps,
  */
-                  __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_x_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1687; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_x_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1758; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1692
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1763
  *                                             f_gap_low+gap_start+num_gaps, f_gap_high+gap_start+num_gaps,
  *                                             f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54553,7 +56581,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1694
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1765
  *                                             self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)):
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54562,7 +56590,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_clear(__pyx_v_fphr_arr);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1695
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1766
  *                                             0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)):
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()
  *                                 i = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54571,21 +56599,21 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               __pyx_v_i = 1;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1696
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1767
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()
  *                                 i = 1
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 if f_back_low < f_low:
  *                                     fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  */
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1696; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1767; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_15, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1696; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_15, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1767; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1697
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1768
  *                                 i = 1
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()
  *                                 if f_back_low < f_low:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54595,7 +56623,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_f_back_low < __pyx_v_f_low);
               if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1698
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1769
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()
  *                                 if f_back_low < f_low:
  *                                     fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54604,7 +56632,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
                 ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1699
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1770
  *                                 if f_back_low < f_low:
  *                                     fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                     i = i+1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54613,16 +56641,16 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
                 __pyx_v_i = (__pyx_v_i + 1);
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1700
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1771
  *                                     fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                     i = i+1
  *                                     self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  */
-                __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1700; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1771; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
-                __pyx_t_15 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_14); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1700; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_15 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_14); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1771; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
@@ -54630,27 +56658,27 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               }
               __pyx_L85:;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1701
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1772
  *                                     i = i+1
  *                                     self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  */
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1701; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1772; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1701; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1772; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
               __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
               PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
               __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_15, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1701; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_15, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1772; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14)); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1702
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1773
  *                                     self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54660,7 +56688,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_phrase->n;
               for (__pyx_v_j = 0; __pyx_v_j < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_j++) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1703
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1774
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54670,7 +56698,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_isvar((__pyx_v_phrase->syms[__pyx_v_j]));
                 if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1704
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1775
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54679,7 +56707,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
                   ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1705
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1776
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                         i = i + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54691,7 +56719,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 /*else*/ {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1707
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1778
  *                                         i = i + 1
  *                                     else:
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54703,7 +56731,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_L88:;
               }
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1708
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1779
  *                                     else:
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54712,81 +56740,81 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1709
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1780
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low+gap_start, e_gap_high+gap_start, e_links_low, num_gaps+1,
  */
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1709; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1780; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-              __pyx_t_14 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1709; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1780; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1710
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1781
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low+gap_start, e_gap_high+gap_start, e_links_low, num_gaps+1,
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low+gap_start, f_gap_high+gap_start, f_links_low,
  */
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1710; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1781; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
               __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
               PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
               __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1710; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1781; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14)); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
               __pyx_v_fphr = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *)__pyx_t_1);
               __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1713
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1784
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low+gap_start, e_gap_high+gap_start, e_links_low, num_gaps+1,
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low+gap_start, f_gap_high+gap_start, f_links_low,
  *                                                     matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  */
-              __pyx_t_1 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract_phrases(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_x_low, __pyx_v_e_x_high, (__pyx_v_e_gap_low + __pyx_v_gap_start), (__pyx_v_e_gap_high + __pyx_v_gap_start), __pyx_v_e_links_low, (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 1), __pyx_v_f_x_low, __pyx_v_f_x_high, (__pyx_v_f_gap_low + __pyx_v_gap_start), (__pyx_v_f_gap_high + __pyx_v_gap_start), __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_matching->sent_id, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1711; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract_phrases(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_x_low, __pyx_v_e_x_high, (__pyx_v_e_gap_low + __pyx_v_gap_start), (__pyx_v_e_gap_high + __pyx_v_gap_start), __pyx_v_e_links_low, (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 1), __pyx_v_f_x_low, __pyx_v_f_x_high, (__pyx_v_f_gap_low + __pyx_v_gap_start), (__pyx_v_f_gap_high + __pyx_v_gap_start), __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_matching->sent_id, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1782; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
               __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_v_phrase_list);
               __pyx_v_phrase_list = __pyx_t_1;
               __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1714
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1785
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low+gap_start, f_gap_high+gap_start, f_links_low,
  *                                                     matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  *                                 else:
  */
-              __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1714; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1785; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_t_13 > 0);
               if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1715
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1786
  *                                                     matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0
  */
-                __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1715; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1786; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == 0)) {
                   PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "float division");
-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1715; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1786; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 }
                 __pyx_v_pair_count = (1.0 / __pyx_t_13);
                 goto __pyx_L89;
               }
               /*else*/ {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1717
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1788
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54797,7 +56825,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               }
               __pyx_L89:;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1718
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1789
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0
  *                                 for phrase2, eindexes in phrase_list:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54808,7 +56836,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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                 __pyx_t_16 = NULL;
               } else {
-                __pyx_t_13 = -1; __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_13 = -1; __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
                 __pyx_t_16 = Py_TYPE(__pyx_t_1)->tp_iternext;
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@@ -54816,23 +56844,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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                   if (__pyx_t_13 >= PyList_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_1)) break;
                   #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-                  __pyx_t_14 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_14 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                  __pyx_t_14 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_14 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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                   if (__pyx_t_13 >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_1)) break;
                   #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-                  __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   #else
-                  __pyx_t_14 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_14 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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                   __pyx_t_14 = __pyx_t_16(__pyx_t_1);
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                     if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                       if (likely(PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_StopIteration))) PyErr_Clear();
-                      else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                      else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -54848,7 +56876,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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                     if (size > 2) __Pyx_RaiseTooManyValuesError(2);
                     else if (size >= 0) __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(size);
-                    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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                   #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
                   if (likely(PyTuple_CheckExact(sequence))) {
@@ -54861,14 +56889,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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                   __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_2);
                   #else
-                  __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-                  __pyx_t_2 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_2 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                  __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_14); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_14); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -54876,7 +56904,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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-                  if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   __pyx_t_17 = NULL;
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@@ -54884,7 +56912,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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                   __pyx_t_17 = NULL;
                   if (__Pyx_IterFinish() == 0) __Pyx_RaiseNeedMoreValuesError(index);
-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1718; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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                 __pyx_v_eindexes = __pyx_t_2;
                 __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1719
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1790
  *                                     pair_count = 0
  *                                 for phrase2, eindexes in phrase_list:
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@@ -54903,31 +56931,31 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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                 __pyx_t_14 = ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes);
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-                __pyx_t_2 = ((PyObject *)((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->create_alignments(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_sent_links, __pyx_v_num_links, __pyx_t_14, __pyx_v_eindexes)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1719; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_2 = ((PyObject *)((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->create_alignments(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_sent_links, __pyx_v_num_links, __pyx_t_14, __pyx_v_eindexes)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1790; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
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                 __pyx_v_als3 = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_2);
                 __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1720
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1791
  *                                 for phrase2, eindexes in phrase_list:
  *                                     als3 = self.create_alignments(sent_links,num_links,self.findexes,eindexes)
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-                __pyx_t_2 = PyFloat_FromDouble(__pyx_v_pair_count); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1720; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_2 = PyFloat_FromDouble(__pyx_v_pair_count); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1791; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1720; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1791; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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                 PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als3));
                 __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_als3));
-                __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1720; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1791; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
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-                __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1720; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_14 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1791; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
                 __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
                 PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
@@ -54941,7 +56969,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_15);
                 __pyx_t_2 = 0;
                 __pyx_t_15 = 0;
-                __pyx_t_15 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(__pyx_v_extracts, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1720; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_15 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(__pyx_v_extracts, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1791; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
                 __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_14)); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
                 __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
@@ -54954,7 +56982,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           __pyx_L79:;
 
-          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1721
+          /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1792
  *                                     als3 = self.create_alignments(sent_links,num_links,self.findexes,eindexes)
  *                                     extracts.append((fphr, phrase2, pair_count, tuple(als3)))
  *                         if (num_gaps < self.max_nonterminals - 1 and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54964,7 +56992,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           __pyx_t_7 = (__pyx_v_num_gaps < (__pyx_v_self->max_nonterminals - 1));
           if (__pyx_t_7) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1722
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1793
  *                                     extracts.append((fphr, phrase2, pair_count, tuple(als3)))
  *                         if (num_gaps < self.max_nonterminals - 1 and
  *                             phrase_len+1 < self.max_length and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54974,7 +57002,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __pyx_t_9 = ((__pyx_v_phrase_len + 1) < __pyx_v_self->max_length);
             if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1723
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1794
  *                         if (num_gaps < self.max_nonterminals - 1 and
  *                             phrase_len+1 < self.max_length and
  *                             f_back_high == f_high and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54984,7 +57012,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __pyx_t_18 = (__pyx_v_f_back_high == __pyx_v_f_high);
               if (__pyx_t_18) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1724
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1795
  *                             phrase_len+1 < self.max_length and
  *                             f_back_high == f_high and
  *                             f_back_low == f_low and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -54994,7 +57022,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_t_8 = (__pyx_v_f_back_low == __pyx_v_f_low);
                 if (__pyx_t_8) {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1725
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1796
  *                             f_back_high == f_high and
  *                             f_back_low == f_low and
  *                             f_back_high - f_back_low + (2*self.train_min_gap_size) <= self.train_max_initial_size and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55004,7 +57032,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                   __pyx_t_19 = (((__pyx_v_f_back_high - __pyx_v_f_back_low) + (2 * __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size)) <= __pyx_v_self->train_max_initial_size);
                   if (__pyx_t_19) {
 
-                    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1726
+                    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1797
  *                             f_back_low == f_low and
  *                             f_back_high - f_back_low + (2*self.train_min_gap_size) <= self.train_max_initial_size and
  *                             f_low >= self.train_min_gap_size and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55014,7 +57042,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                     __pyx_t_20 = (__pyx_v_f_low >= __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size);
                     if (__pyx_t_20) {
 
-                      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1727
+                      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1798
  *                             f_back_high - f_back_low + (2*self.train_min_gap_size) <= self.train_max_initial_size and
  *                             f_low >= self.train_min_gap_size and
  *                             f_high <= f_sent_len - self.train_min_gap_size and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55024,7 +57052,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                       __pyx_t_21 = (__pyx_v_f_high <= (__pyx_v_f_sent_len - __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size));
                       if (__pyx_t_21) {
 
-                        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1728
+                        /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1799
  *                             f_low >= self.train_min_gap_size and
  *                             f_high <= f_sent_len - self.train_min_gap_size and
  *                             ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_low-1] != -1 and f_links_low[f_high] != -1))):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55074,7 +57102,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
           }
           if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1730
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1801
  *                             ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_low-1] != -1 and f_links_low[f_high] != -1))):
  * 
  *                             met_constraints = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55083,7 +57111,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_met_constraints = 1;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1731
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1802
  * 
  *                             met_constraints = 1
  *                             f_x_low = f_low-self.train_min_gap_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55092,7 +57120,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_f_x_low = (__pyx_v_f_low - __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size);
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1732
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1803
  *                             met_constraints = 1
  *                             f_x_low = f_low-self.train_min_gap_size
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55101,7 +57129,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             if (__pyx_v_self->tight_phrases) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1733
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1804
  *                             f_x_low = f_low-self.train_min_gap_size
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:
  *                                 while f_x_low >= 0 and f_links_low[f_x_low] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55118,7 +57146,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 if (!__pyx_t_18) break;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1734
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1805
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:
  *                                 while f_x_low >= 0 and f_links_low[f_x_low] == -1:
  *                                     f_x_low = f_x_low - 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55131,7 +57159,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             __pyx_L95:;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1735
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1806
  *                                 while f_x_low >= 0 and f_links_low[f_x_low] == -1:
  *                                     f_x_low = f_x_low - 1
  *                             if f_x_low < 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55141,7 +57169,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             __pyx_t_18 = (__pyx_v_f_x_low < 0);
             if (__pyx_t_18) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1736
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1807
  *                                     f_x_low = f_x_low - 1
  *                             if f_x_low < 0:
  *                                 met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55153,7 +57181,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             __pyx_L98:;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1738
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1809
  *                                 met_constraints = 0
  * 
  *                             f_x_high = f_high+self.train_min_gap_size             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55162,7 +57190,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             __pyx_v_f_x_high = (__pyx_v_f_high + __pyx_v_self->train_min_gap_size);
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1739
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1810
  * 
  *                             f_x_high = f_high+self.train_min_gap_size
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55171,7 +57199,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             if (__pyx_v_self->tight_phrases) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1740
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1811
  *                             f_x_high = f_high+self.train_min_gap_size
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:
  *                                 while f_x_high <= f_sent_len and f_links_low[f_x_high-1] == -1:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55188,7 +57216,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 if (!__pyx_t_7) break;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1741
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1812
  *                             if self.tight_phrases:
  *                                 while f_x_high <= f_sent_len and f_links_low[f_x_high-1] == -1:
  *                                     f_x_high = f_x_high + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55201,7 +57229,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             __pyx_L99:;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1742
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1813
  *                                 while f_x_high <= f_sent_len and f_links_low[f_x_high-1] == -1:
  *                                     f_x_high = f_x_high + 1
  *                             if f_x_high > f_sent_len or f_x_high - f_x_low > self.train_max_initial_size:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55217,7 +57245,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1743
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1814
  *                                     f_x_high = f_x_high + 1
  *                             if f_x_high > f_sent_len or f_x_high - f_x_low > self.train_max_initial_size:
  *                                 met_constraints = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55229,7 +57257,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             __pyx_L102:;
 
-            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1745
+            /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1816
  *                                 met_constraints = 0
  * 
  *                             if (met_constraints and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55238,17 +57266,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
             if (__pyx_v_met_constraints) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1746
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1817
  * 
  *                             if (met_constraints and
  *                                 (self.find_fixpoint(f_x_low, f_x_high,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                                 f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,
  *                                                 e_low, e_high, &e_x_low, &e_x_high, &f_x_low, &f_x_high,
  */
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_x_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1746; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_x_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1817; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1750
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1821
  *                                                 e_low, e_high, &e_x_low, &e_x_high, &f_x_low, &f_x_high,
  *                                                 f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                                 self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55259,7 +57287,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
               if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1752
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1823
  *                                                 self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                                 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1) == 1) and
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_x_low] != -1 and f_links_low[f_x_high-1] != -1)) and             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55281,17 +57309,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 if (__pyx_t_18) {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1753
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1824
  *                                                 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1) == 1) and
  *                                 ((not self.tight_phrases) or (f_links_low[f_x_low] != -1 and f_links_low[f_x_high-1] != -1)) and
  *                                 self.find_fixpoint(f_x_low, f_low,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                                 f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,
  *                                                 -1, -1, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high,
  */
-                  __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1753; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_low); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1824; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1757
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1828
  *                                                 -1, -1, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high,
  *                                                 f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                                 self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55302,17 +57330,17 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
                   if (__pyx_t_3) {
 
-                    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1759
+                    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1830
  *                                                 self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                                 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0) and
  *                                 self.find_fixpoint(f_high, f_x_high,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                                 f_links_low, f_links_high, e_links_low, e_links_high,
  *                                                 -1, -1, e_gap_low+1+num_gaps, e_gap_high+1+num_gaps,
  */
-                    __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_x_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1759; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                    __pyx_t_1 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_v_f_x_high); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1830; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                     __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
 
-                    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1764
+                    /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1835
  *                                                 f_gap_low+1+num_gaps, f_gap_high+1+num_gaps,
  *                                                 f_sent_len, e_sent_len,
  *                                                 self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55339,7 +57367,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
             }
             if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1766
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1837
  *                                                 self.train_max_initial_size, self.train_max_initial_size,
  *                                                 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)):
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55348,7 +57376,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_clear(__pyx_v_fphr_arr);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1767
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1838
  *                                                 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)):
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()
  *                                 i = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55357,35 +57385,35 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               __pyx_v_i = 1;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1768
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1839
  *                                 fphr_arr._clear()
  *                                 i = 1
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  */
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1768; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__reset); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1839; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1768; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1839; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1769
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1840
  *                                 i = 1
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 i = i+1
  */
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1769; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1840; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
-              __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_15); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1769; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_15); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1840; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1770
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1841
  *                                 self.findexes.reset()
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55394,7 +57422,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1771
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1842
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 i = i+1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55403,27 +57431,27 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               __pyx_v_i = (__pyx_v_i + 1);
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1772
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1843
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 i = i+1
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  */
-              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1772; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_GetAttr(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_n_s__extend); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1843; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1772; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1843; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
               __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
               PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
               __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes1));
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1772; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1843; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1773
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1844
  *                                 i = i+1
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55433,7 +57461,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               __pyx_t_3 = __pyx_v_phrase->n;
               for (__pyx_v_j = 0; __pyx_v_j < __pyx_t_3; __pyx_v_j++) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1774
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1845
  *                                 self.findexes.extend(self.findexes1)
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55443,7 +57471,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_t_4 = __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_isvar((__pyx_v_phrase->syms[__pyx_v_j]));
                 if (__pyx_t_4) {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1775
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1846
  *                                 for j from 0 <= j < phrase.n:
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55452,7 +57480,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
                   ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1776
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1847
  *                                     if sym_isvar(phrase.syms[j]):
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                         i = i + 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55464,7 +57492,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 }
                 /*else*/ {
 
-                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1778
+                  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1849
  *                                         i = i + 1
  *                                     else:
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55476,7 +57504,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_L106:;
               }
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1779
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1850
  *                                     else:
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55485,81 +57513,81 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
               ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr->__pyx_vtab)->_append(__pyx_v_fphr_arr, __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i));
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1780
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1851
  *                                         fphr_arr._append(phrase.syms[j])
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, e_links_low, num_gaps+2,
  */
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1780; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyInt_FromLong(__pyx_f_3_sa_sym_setindex(__pyx_v_self->category, __pyx_v_i)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1851; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
-              __pyx_t_15 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_14); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1780; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes), __pyx_t_14); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1851; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_14 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1781
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1852
  *                                 fphr_arr._append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 self.findexes.append(sym_setindex(self.category, i))
  *                                 fphr = Phrase(fphr_arr)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, e_links_low, num_gaps+2,
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high, f_links_low,
  */
-              __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1781; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1852; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_15);
               __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
               PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_15, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
               __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr_arr));
-              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1781; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_Phrase)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1852; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); __pyx_t_15 = 0;
               __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_fphr));
               __pyx_v_fphr = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *)__pyx_t_14);
               __pyx_t_14 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1784
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1855
  *                                 phrase_list = self.extract_phrases(e_x_low, e_x_high, e_gap_low, e_gap_high, e_links_low, num_gaps+2,
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high, f_links_low,
  *                                                     matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  */
-              __pyx_t_14 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract_phrases(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_x_low, __pyx_v_e_x_high, __pyx_v_e_gap_low, __pyx_v_e_gap_high, __pyx_v_e_links_low, (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 2), __pyx_v_f_x_low, __pyx_v_f_x_high, __pyx_v_f_gap_low, __pyx_v_f_gap_high, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_matching->sent_id, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1782; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_14 = ((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->extract_phrases(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_e_x_low, __pyx_v_e_x_high, __pyx_v_e_gap_low, __pyx_v_e_gap_high, __pyx_v_e_links_low, (__pyx_v_num_gaps + 2), __pyx_v_f_x_low, __pyx_v_f_x_high, __pyx_v_f_gap_low, __pyx_v_f_gap_high, __pyx_v_f_links_low, __pyx_v_matching->sent_id, __pyx_v_e_sent_len, __pyx_v_e_sent_start); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1853; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
               __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_v_phrase_list);
               __pyx_v_phrase_list = __pyx_t_14;
               __pyx_t_14 = 0;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1785
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1856
  *                                                     f_x_low, f_x_high, f_gap_low, f_gap_high, f_links_low,
  *                                                     matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  *                                 else:
  */
-              __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1785; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+              __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1856; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
               __pyx_t_9 = (__pyx_t_13 > 0);
               if (__pyx_t_9) {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1786
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1857
  *                                                     matching.sent_id, e_sent_len, e_sent_start)
  *                                 if len(phrase_list) > 0:
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0
  */
-                __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1786; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_13 = PyObject_Length(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == -1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1857; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 if (unlikely(__pyx_t_13 == 0)) {
                   PyErr_Format(PyExc_ZeroDivisionError, "float division");
-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1786; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1857; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 }
                 __pyx_v_pair_count = (1.0 / __pyx_t_13);
                 goto __pyx_L107;
               }
               /*else*/ {
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1788
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1859
  *                                     pair_count = 1.0 / len(phrase_list)
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55570,7 +57598,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
               }
               __pyx_L107:;
 
-              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1789
+              /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1860
  *                                 else:
  *                                     pair_count = 0
  *                                 for phrase2, eindexes in phrase_list:             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -55581,7 +57609,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 __pyx_t_14 = __pyx_v_phrase_list; __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_14); __pyx_t_13 = 0;
                 __pyx_t_16 = NULL;
               } else {
-                __pyx_t_13 = -1; __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_13 = -1; __pyx_t_14 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_v_phrase_list); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_14)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                 __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_14);
                 __pyx_t_16 = Py_TYPE(__pyx_t_14)->tp_iternext;
               }
@@ -55589,23 +57617,23 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
                 if (!__pyx_t_16 && PyList_CheckExact(__pyx_t_14)) {
                   if (__pyx_t_13 >= PyList_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_14)) break;
                   #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
-                  __pyx_t_15 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_15 = PyList_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   #else
-                  __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
                   #endif
                 } else if (!__pyx_t_16 && PyTuple_CheckExact(__pyx_t_14)) {
                   if (__pyx_t_13 >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(__pyx_t_14)) break;
                   #if CYTHON_COMPILING_IN_CPYTHON
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+                  __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __Pyx_INCREF(__pyx_t_15); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(0 < 0)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+                  __pyx_t_15 = PySequence_ITEM(__pyx_t_14, __pyx_t_13); __pyx_t_13++; if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                      else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                      else {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                    {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+                  __pyx_t_1 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_2 = PySequence_ITEM(sequence, 1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                  __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_15); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  __pyx_t_10 = PyObject_GetIter(__pyx_t_15); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_10)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                  if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  if (__Pyx_IternextUnpackEndCheck(__pyx_t_17(__pyx_t_10), 2) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1789; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                  {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1860; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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                 __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1790
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1861
  *                                     pair_count = 0
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@@ -55676,31 +57704,31 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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                 __pyx_t_15 = ((PyObject *)__pyx_v_self->findexes);
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-                __pyx_t_2 = ((PyObject *)((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->create_alignments(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_sent_links, __pyx_v_num_links, __pyx_t_15, __pyx_v_eindexes)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1790; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_2 = ((PyObject *)((struct __pyx_vtabstruct_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)__pyx_v_self->__pyx_vtab)->create_alignments(__pyx_v_self, __pyx_v_sent_links, __pyx_v_num_links, __pyx_t_15, __pyx_v_eindexes)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1861; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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                 __pyx_v_als4 = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)__pyx_t_2);
                 __pyx_t_2 = 0;
 
-                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1791
+                /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1862
  *                                 for phrase2, eindexes in phrase_list:
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-                __pyx_t_2 = PyFloat_FromDouble(__pyx_v_pair_count); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1791; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_2 = PyFloat_FromDouble(__pyx_v_pair_count); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1862; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1791; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1862; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-                __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1791; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+                __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)(&PyTuple_Type))), ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1862; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+                __pyx_t_15 = PyTuple_New(4); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_15)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1862; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -55714,7 +57742,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
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+                __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyObject_Append(__pyx_v_extracts, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_15)); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1862; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -55736,7 +57764,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
     }
     /*else*/ {
 
-      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1793
+      /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1864
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1795
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1866
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@@ -55761,7 +57789,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
  */
   free(__pyx_v_sent_links);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1796
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1867
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  */
   free(__pyx_v_f_links_low);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1797
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1868
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  */
   free(__pyx_v_f_links_high);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1798
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1869
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  *         free(f_links_high)
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  */
   free(__pyx_v_e_links_low);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1799
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1870
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  */
   free(__pyx_v_e_links_high);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1800
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1871
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  */
   free(__pyx_v_f_gap_low);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1801
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1872
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  */
   free(__pyx_v_f_gap_high);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1802
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1873
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  *         free(f_gap_high)
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  */
   free(__pyx_v_e_gap_low);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1803
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1874
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  */
   free(__pyx_v_e_gap_high);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1805
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1876
  *         free(e_gap_high)
  * 
  *         return extracts             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ * 
+ *     #
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@@ -55874,6 +57904,8411 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract(struct __pyx_obj
 }
 
 /* Python wrapper */
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+static PyObject *__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_26add_instance(PyObject *__pyx_v_self, PyObject *__pyx_args, PyObject *__pyx_kwds) {
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_f_words = 0;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_e_words = 0;
+  PyObject *__pyx_v_alignment = 0;
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+    __pyx_GeneratorObject *gen = __Pyx_Generator_New((__pyx_generator_body_t) __pyx_gb_3_sa_13FeatureVector_7__str___2generator17, (PyObject *) __pyx_cur_scope); if (unlikely(!gen)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 21; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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 }
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_13FeatureVector_7__str___2generator12(__pyx_GeneratorObject *__pyx_generator, PyObject *__pyx_sent_value) /* generator body */
+static PyObject *__pyx_gb_3_sa_13FeatureVector_7__str___2generator17(__pyx_GeneratorObject *__pyx_generator, PyObject *__pyx_sent_value) /* generator body */
 {
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+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *__pyx_cur_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *)__pyx_generator->closure);
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-    __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_135), __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_feat); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 21; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+    __pyx_t_4 = PyNumber_Remainder(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_155), __pyx_cur_scope->__pyx_v_feat); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_4)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 21; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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 static PyObject *__pyx_pf_3_sa_13FeatureVector_7__str__(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *__pyx_v_self) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *__pyx_cur_scope;
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   const char *__pyx_filename = NULL;
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+  __pyx_cur_scope = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *)__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__->tp_new(__pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, __pyx_empty_tuple, NULL);
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@@ -61692,6 +72127,14 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory(PyTypeObject *t, PyOb
   p->fid2symid = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   p->findexes = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   p->findexes1 = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->samples_f = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->phrases_f = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->phrases_e = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->phrases_fe = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->phrases_al = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->bilex_f = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->bilex_e = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->bilex_fe = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   if (__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_1__cinit__(o, a, k) < 0) {
     Py_DECREF(o); o = 0;
   }
@@ -61716,6 +72159,14 @@ static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory(PyObject *o) {
   Py_CLEAR(p->fid2symid);
   Py_CLEAR(p->findexes);
   Py_CLEAR(p->findexes1);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->samples_f);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->phrases_f);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->phrases_e);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->phrases_fe);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->phrases_al);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->bilex_f);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->bilex_e);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->bilex_fe);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
@@ -61770,6 +72221,30 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory(PyObject *o, visitproc
   if (p->findexes1) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->findexes1), a); if (e) return e;
   }
+  if (p->samples_f) {
+    e = (*v)(p->samples_f, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->phrases_f) {
+    e = (*v)(p->phrases_f, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->phrases_e) {
+    e = (*v)(p->phrases_e, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->phrases_fe) {
+    e = (*v)(p->phrases_fe, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->phrases_al) {
+    e = (*v)(p->phrases_al, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->bilex_f) {
+    e = (*v)(p->bilex_f, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->bilex_e) {
+    e = (*v)(p->bilex_e, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->bilex_fe) {
+    e = (*v)(p->bilex_fe, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -61824,6 +72299,30 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory(PyObject *o) {
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->findexes1);
   p->findexes1 = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_IntList *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->samples_f);
+  p->samples_f = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->phrases_f);
+  p->phrases_f = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->phrases_e);
+  p->phrases_e = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->phrases_fe);
+  p->phrases_fe = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->phrases_al);
+  p->phrases_al = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->bilex_f);
+  p->bilex_f = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->bilex_e);
+  p->bilex_e = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->bilex_fe);
+  p->bilex_fe = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -61839,6 +72338,13 @@ static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory[] = {
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   {__Pyx_NAMESTR("get_next_states"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_21get_next_states, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
   {__Pyx_NAMESTR("input"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_23input, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(__pyx_doc_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_22input)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("add_instance"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_26add_instance, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("form_rule"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_28form_rule, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("fmt_rule"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_30fmt_rule, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("dump_online_stats"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_32dump_online_stats, METH_NOARGS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("dump_online_rules"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_34dump_online_rules, METH_NOARGS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("online_ctx_lookup"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_36online_ctx_lookup, METH_VARARGS|METH_KEYWORDS, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
+  {__Pyx_NAMESTR("get_f_phrases"), (PyCFunction)__pyx_pw_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_38get_f_phrases, METH_O, __Pyx_DOCSTR(0)},
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
@@ -64474,32 +74980,828 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_10_genexpr = {
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 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *)o);
+  p->__pyx_v_words = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_words);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_words) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_words, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_words);
+  p->__pyx_v_words = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
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+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
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+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words = {
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+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
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+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words = {
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+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
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+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
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+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
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+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
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+  0, /*tp_repr*/
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+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
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+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr *)o);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_word = 0;
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_word);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_outer_scope) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_word) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_word, a); if (e) return e;
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+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_word);
+  p->__pyx_v_word = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_t_0);
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
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+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr[] = {
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+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *)o);
+  p->__pyx_v_syms = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_syms);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_syms) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_syms, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_syms);
+  p->__pyx_v_syms = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr *)o);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_sym = 0;
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_sym);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_outer_scope) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_sym) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_sym, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_sym);
+  p->__pyx_v_sym = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_t_0);
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ *)o);
   p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ *)o;
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ *)o;
   if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
   p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -64507,11 +75809,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -64569,7 +75871,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -64582,13 +75884,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -64609,12 +75911,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -64624,24 +75926,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -64651,7 +75953,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -64665,32 +75967,32 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *)o);
   p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *)o;
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *)o;
   if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
   p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Rule *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -64698,11 +76000,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -64760,7 +76062,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -64773,13 +76075,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -64800,12 +76102,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_12___str__"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_16___str__"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -64815,24 +76117,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -64842,7 +76144,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -64856,28 +76158,28 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr *)o);
   p->__pyx_outer_scope = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_a = 0;
   p->__pyx_t_0 = 0;
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr *)o;
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_outer_scope);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_a);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr *)o;
   if (p->__pyx_outer_scope) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope), a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -64890,11 +76192,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr(PyObject *o, vis
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope);
-  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_a);
   p->__pyx_v_a = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -64905,11 +76207,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -64967,7 +76269,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -64980,13 +76282,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -65007,12 +76309,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -65022,24 +76324,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -65049,7 +76351,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -65063,28 +76365,28 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *)o);
   p->__pyx_v_point = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
   p->__pyx_t_0 = 0;
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *)o;
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_point);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *)o;
   if (p->__pyx_v_point) {
     e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_point, a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -65097,8 +76399,8 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments(PyObject *o,
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_point);
   p->__pyx_v_point = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -65112,11 +76414,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -65174,7 +76476,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -65187,13 +76489,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments =
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -65214,12 +76516,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -65229,24 +76531,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -65256,7 +76558,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -65270,11 +76572,11 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *)o);
   p->__pyx_v_alignment = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_als = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_alslist = 0;
@@ -65287,17 +76589,21 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyTypeObject *t,
   p->__pyx_v_extract_stop = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_extracts = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_f = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_f_syms = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_fcount = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_fphrases = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_frontier = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_frontier_nodes = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_fwords = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_genexpr = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_input_match = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_intersect_start_time = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_intersect_stop_time = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_key = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_lex_i = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_lex_j = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_loc = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_locs = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_max_locs = 0;
@@ -65315,6 +76621,7 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyTypeObject *t,
   p->__pyx_v_sa_range = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_sample = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_scores = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_seen_phrases = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_spanlen = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_stop_time = 0;
@@ -65330,8 +76637,8 @@ static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyTypeObject *t,
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *)o;
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_alignment);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_als);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_alslist);
@@ -65344,17 +76651,21 @@ static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_extract_stop);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_extracts);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_f);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_f_syms);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_fcount);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_fphrases);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_frontier);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_frontier_nodes);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_fwords);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_genexpr);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_input_match);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_intersect_start_time);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_intersect_stop_time);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_is_shadow_path);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_key);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_lex_i);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_lex_j);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_loc);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_locs);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_max_locs);
@@ -65372,6 +76683,7 @@ static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_sa_range);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_sample);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_scores);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_seen_phrases);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_spanlen);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_stop_time);
@@ -65387,9 +76699,9 @@ static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *)o;
   if (p->__pyx_v_alignment) {
     e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_alignment, a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -65426,6 +76738,9 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o, visit
   if (p->__pyx_v_f) {
     e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_f, a); if (e) return e;
   }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_f_syms) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_f_syms, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
   if (p->__pyx_v_fcount) {
     e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_fcount, a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -65441,6 +76756,9 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o, visit
   if (p->__pyx_v_fwords) {
     e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_fwords, a); if (e) return e;
   }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_genexpr) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_genexpr, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
   if (p->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase), a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -65459,6 +76777,12 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o, visit
   if (p->__pyx_v_key) {
     e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_key, a); if (e) return e;
   }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_lex_i) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_lex_i, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_lex_j) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_lex_j, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
   if (p->__pyx_v_loc) {
     e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_loc, a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -65510,6 +76834,9 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o, visit
   if (p->__pyx_v_scores) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_scores), a); if (e) return e;
   }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_seen_phrases) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_seen_phrases, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
   if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -65549,8 +76876,8 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o, visit
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_alignment);
   p->__pyx_v_alignment = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -65588,6 +76915,9 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_f);
   p->__pyx_v_f = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_f_syms);
+  p->__pyx_v_f_syms = ((PyObject*)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_fcount);
   p->__pyx_v_fcount = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
@@ -65603,6 +76933,9 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_fwords);
   p->__pyx_v_fwords = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_genexpr);
+  p->__pyx_v_genexpr = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase);
   p->__pyx_v_hiero_phrase = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
@@ -65621,6 +76954,12 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_key);
   p->__pyx_v_key = ((PyObject*)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_lex_i);
+  p->__pyx_v_lex_i = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_lex_j);
+  p->__pyx_v_lex_j = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_loc);
   p->__pyx_v_loc = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
@@ -65672,6 +77011,9 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_scores);
   p->__pyx_v_scores = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_seen_phrases);
+  p->__pyx_v_seen_phrases = ((PyObject*)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
   p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
@@ -65711,11 +77053,218 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_19_input"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr *)o);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_word = 0;
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_word);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_outer_scope) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_word) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_word, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_word);
+  p->__pyx_v_word = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_t_0);
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -65773,7 +77322,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -65786,13 +77335,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -65813,12 +77362,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_15_input"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -65828,24 +77377,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -65855,7 +77404,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -65869,32 +77418,1346 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance *)o);
+  p->__pyx_v_al = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_cover = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_e_nt_cover = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_e_words = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_ef_span = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_extract = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_f_len = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_f_words = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_fe_span = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_rules = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_al);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_cover);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_e_nt_cover);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_e_words);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_ef_span);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_extract);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_f_len);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_f_words);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_fe_span);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_rules);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_al) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_al, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_cover) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_cover, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_e_nt_cover) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_e_nt_cover, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_e_words) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_e_words, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_ef_span) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_ef_span, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_extract) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_extract, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_f_len) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_f_len, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_f_words) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_f_words, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_fe_span) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_fe_span, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_rules) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_rules, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
   if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_al);
+  p->__pyx_v_al = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_cover);
+  p->__pyx_v_cover = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_e_nt_cover);
+  p->__pyx_v_e_nt_cover = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_e_words);
+  p->__pyx_v_e_words = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_ef_span);
+  p->__pyx_v_ef_span = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_extract);
+  p->__pyx_v_extract = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_f_len);
+  p->__pyx_v_f_len = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_f_words);
+  p->__pyx_v_f_words = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_fe_span);
+  p->__pyx_v_fe_span = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_rules);
+  p->__pyx_v_rules = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
+  p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *)o);
+  p->__pyx_v_links = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_links);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_links) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_links, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_links);
+  p->__pyx_v_links = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
+  p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr *)o);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_i = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_j = 0;
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_i);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_j);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_outer_scope) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_i) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_i, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_j) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_j, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_i);
+  p->__pyx_v_i = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_j);
+  p->__pyx_v_j = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_t_0);
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *)o);
+  p->__pyx_v_a = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_a);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_a) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_a, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_a);
+  p->__pyx_v_a = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
+  p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr *)o);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_packed = 0;
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_packed);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_outer_scope) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_packed) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_packed, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_t_0) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_t_0, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_packed);
+  p->__pyx_v_packed = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_t_0);
+  p->__pyx_t_0 = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases *)o);
+  p->__pyx_v_extract = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_f_len = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_f_words = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_phrases = 0;
+  p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_extract);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_f_len);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_f_words);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_phrases);
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_extract) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_extract, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_f_len) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_f_len, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_f_words) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_f_words, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_phrases) {
+    e = (*v)(p->__pyx_v_phrases, a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases *)o;
+  PyObject* tmp;
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_extract);
+  p->__pyx_v_extract = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_f_len);
+  p->__pyx_v_f_len = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_f_words);
+  p->__pyx_v_f_words = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_phrases);
+  p->__pyx_v_phrases = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
+  p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  Py_XDECREF(tmp);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases[] = {
+  {0, 0, 0, 0}
+};
+
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases = {
+  0, /*nb_add*/
+  0, /*nb_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_divmod*/
+  0, /*nb_power*/
+  0, /*nb_negative*/
+  0, /*nb_positive*/
+  0, /*nb_absolute*/
+  0, /*nb_nonzero*/
+  0, /*nb_invert*/
+  0, /*nb_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_and*/
+  0, /*nb_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_or*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_coerce*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_int*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_long*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_float*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_oct*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_hex*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_add*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*nb_inplace_divide*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_power*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_and*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_xor*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_or*/
+  0, /*nb_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_true_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_floor_divide*/
+  0, /*nb_inplace_true_divide*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02050000
+  0, /*nb_index*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases = {
+  0, /*sq_length*/
+  0, /*sq_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_repeat*/
+  0, /*sq_item*/
+  0, /*sq_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_item*/
+  0, /*sq_ass_slice*/
+  0, /*sq_contains*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_concat*/
+  0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
+};
+
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases = {
+  0, /*mp_length*/
+  0, /*mp_subscript*/
+  0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
+};
+
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases = {
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getwritebuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getsegcount*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*bf_getcharbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_getbuffer*/
+  #endif
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*bf_releasebuffer*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases = {
+  PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  0, /*tp_itemsize*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  0, /*tp_print*/
+  0, /*tp_getattr*/
+  0, /*tp_setattr*/
+  #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
+  0, /*tp_compare*/
+  #else
+  0, /*reserved*/
+  #endif
+  0, /*tp_repr*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  0, /*tp_hash*/
+  0, /*tp_call*/
+  0, /*tp_str*/
+  0, /*tp_getattro*/
+  0, /*tp_setattro*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
+  0, /*tp_doc*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_clear*/
+  0, /*tp_richcompare*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_iter*/
+  0, /*tp_iternext*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_methods*/
+  0, /*tp_members*/
+  0, /*tp_getset*/
+  0, /*tp_base*/
+  0, /*tp_dict*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_get*/
+  0, /*tp_descr_set*/
+  0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
+  0, /*tp_init*/
+  0, /*tp_alloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases, /*tp_new*/
+  0, /*tp_free*/
+  0, /*tp_is_gc*/
+  0, /*tp_bases*/
+  0, /*tp_mro*/
+  0, /*tp_cache*/
+  0, /*tp_subclasses*/
+  0, /*tp_weaklist*/
+  0, /*tp_del*/
+  #if PY_VERSION_HEX >= 0x02060000
+  0, /*tp_version_tag*/
+  #endif
+};
+
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ *p;
+  PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
+  if (!o) return 0;
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ *)o);
+  p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
+  return o;
+}
+
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ *)o;
+  Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
+  (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+  int e;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ *)o;
+  if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
+    e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
   p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -65902,11 +78765,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -65964,7 +78827,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -65977,13 +78840,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -66004,12 +78867,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -66019,24 +78882,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -66046,7 +78909,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -66060,32 +78923,32 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *)o);
   p->__pyx_v_self = 0;
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *)o;
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_self);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *)o;
   if (p->__pyx_v_self) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self), a); if (e) return e;
   }
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_self);
   p->__pyx_v_self = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -66093,11 +78956,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -66155,7 +79018,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -66168,13 +79031,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -66195,12 +79058,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_17___str__"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_28___str__"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -66210,24 +79073,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -66237,7 +79100,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -66251,28 +79114,28 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr *p;
+static PyObject *__pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr(PyTypeObject *t, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *a, CYTHON_UNUSED PyObject *k) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *p;
   PyObject *o = (*t->tp_alloc)(t, 0);
   if (!o) return 0;
-  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr *)o);
+  p = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *)o);
   p->__pyx_outer_scope = 0;
   p->__pyx_v_feat = 0;
   p->__pyx_t_0 = 0;
   return o;
 }
 
-static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr *)o;
+static void __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *)o;
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_outer_scope);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_v_feat);
   Py_CLEAR(p->__pyx_t_0);
   (*Py_TYPE(o)->tp_free)(o);
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
+static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr(PyObject *o, visitproc v, void *a) {
   int e;
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr *)o;
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *)o;
   if (p->__pyx_outer_scope) {
     e = (*v)(((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope), a); if (e) return e;
   }
@@ -66285,11 +79148,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr(PyObject *o, vis
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
-  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr *)o;
+static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
+  struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *p = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr *)o;
   PyObject* tmp;
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_outer_scope);
-  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
+  p->__pyx_outer_scope = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ *)Py_None); Py_INCREF(Py_None);
   Py_XDECREF(tmp);
   tmp = ((PyObject*)p->__pyx_v_feat);
   p->__pyx_v_feat = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None);
@@ -66300,11 +79163,11 @@ static int __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr(PyObject *o) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr[] = {
+static PyMethodDef __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr[] = {
   {0, 0, 0, 0}
 };
 
-static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
+static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr = {
   0, /*nb_add*/
   0, /*nb_subtract*/
   0, /*nb_multiply*/
@@ -66362,7 +79225,7 @@ static PyNumberMethods __pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
+static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr = {
   0, /*sq_length*/
   0, /*sq_concat*/
   0, /*sq_repeat*/
@@ -66375,13 +79238,13 @@ static PySequenceMethods __pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
   0, /*sq_inplace_repeat*/
 };
 
-static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
+static PyMappingMethods __pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr = {
   0, /*mp_length*/
   0, /*mp_subscript*/
   0, /*mp_ass_subscript*/
 };
 
-static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
+static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr = {
   #if PY_MAJOR_VERSION < 3
   0, /*bf_getreadbuffer*/
   #endif
@@ -66402,12 +79265,12 @@ static PyBufferProcs __pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
   #endif
 };
 
-static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
+static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr = {
   PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(0, 0)
-  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
-  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
+  __Pyx_NAMESTR("_sa.__pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr"), /*tp_name*/
+  sizeof(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr), /*tp_basicsize*/
   0, /*tp_itemsize*/
-  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
+  __pyx_tp_dealloc_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_dealloc*/
   0, /*tp_print*/
   0, /*tp_getattr*/
   0, /*tp_setattr*/
@@ -66417,24 +79280,24 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
   0, /*reserved*/
   #endif
   0, /*tp_repr*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_number___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_as_number*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_sequence___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_as_sequence*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_mapping___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_as_mapping*/
   0, /*tp_hash*/
   0, /*tp_call*/
   0, /*tp_str*/
   0, /*tp_getattro*/
   0, /*tp_setattro*/
-  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
+  &__pyx_tp_as_buffer___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_as_buffer*/
   Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT|Py_TPFLAGS_CHECKTYPES|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_NEWBUFFER|Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC, /*tp_flags*/
   0, /*tp_doc*/
-  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
-  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
+  __pyx_tp_traverse_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_traverse*/
+  __pyx_tp_clear_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_clear*/
   0, /*tp_richcompare*/
   0, /*tp_weaklistoffset*/
   0, /*tp_iter*/
   0, /*tp_iternext*/
-  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
+  __pyx_methods_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_methods*/
   0, /*tp_members*/
   0, /*tp_getset*/
   0, /*tp_base*/
@@ -66444,7 +79307,7 @@ static PyTypeObject __pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = {
   0, /*tp_dictoffset*/
   0, /*tp_init*/
   0, /*tp_alloc*/
-  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
+  __pyx_tp_new_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr, /*tp_new*/
   0, /*tp_free*/
   0, /*tp_is_gc*/
   0, /*tp_bases*/
@@ -66510,11 +79373,18 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_kp_s_132, __pyx_k_132, sizeof(__pyx_k_132), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_133, __pyx_k_133, sizeof(__pyx_k_133), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_134, __pyx_k_134, sizeof(__pyx_k_134), 0, 0, 1, 0},
-  {&__pyx_kp_s_135, __pyx_k_135, sizeof(__pyx_k_135), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_137, __pyx_k_137, sizeof(__pyx_k_137), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_138, __pyx_k_138, sizeof(__pyx_k_138), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_139, __pyx_k_139, sizeof(__pyx_k_139), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_14, __pyx_k_14, sizeof(__pyx_k_14), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_140, __pyx_k_140, sizeof(__pyx_k_140), 0, 0, 1, 0},
-  {&__pyx_kp_s_144, __pyx_k_144, sizeof(__pyx_k_144), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_142, __pyx_k_142, sizeof(__pyx_k_142), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_146, __pyx_k_146, sizeof(__pyx_k_146), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_n_s_152, __pyx_k_152, sizeof(__pyx_k_152), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_155, __pyx_k_155, sizeof(__pyx_k_155), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_157, __pyx_k_157, sizeof(__pyx_k_157), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_160, __pyx_k_160, sizeof(__pyx_k_160), 0, 0, 1, 0},
+  {&__pyx_kp_s_164, __pyx_k_164, sizeof(__pyx_k_164), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_18, __pyx_k_18, sizeof(__pyx_k_18), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_2, __pyx_k_2, sizeof(__pyx_k_2), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s_21, __pyx_k_21, sizeof(__pyx_k_21), 0, 0, 1, 0},
@@ -66567,9 +79437,12 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_kp_s__0, __pyx_k__0, sizeof(__pyx_k__0), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_kp_s__1, __pyx_k__1, sizeof(__pyx_k__1), 0, 0, 1, 0},
   {&__pyx_n_s__Counter, __pyx_k__Counter, sizeof(__pyx_k__Counter), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__E, __pyx_k__E, sizeof(__pyx_k__E), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__END_OF_FILE, __pyx_k__END_OF_FILE, sizeof(__pyx_k__END_OF_FILE), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__END_OF_LINE, __pyx_k__END_OF_LINE, sizeof(__pyx_k__END_OF_LINE), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__Exception, __pyx_k__Exception, sizeof(__pyx_k__Exception), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__F, __pyx_k__F, sizeof(__pyx_k__F), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__FE, __pyx_k__FE, sizeof(__pyx_k__FE), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__FeatureContext, __pyx_k__FeatureContext, sizeof(__pyx_k__FeatureContext), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__GzipFile, __pyx_k__GzipFile, sizeof(__pyx_k__GzipFile), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__INCREMENT, __pyx_k__INCREMENT, sizeof(__pyx_k__INCREMENT), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -66587,7 +79460,10 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s___columns, __pyx_k___columns, sizeof(__pyx_k___columns), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s___doquicksort, __pyx_k___doquicksort, sizeof(__pyx_k___doquicksort), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s___sa, __pyx_k___sa, sizeof(__pyx_k___sa), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__a, __pyx_k__a, sizeof(__pyx_k__a), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__add, __pyx_k__add, sizeof(__pyx_k__add), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__advance, __pyx_k__advance, sizeof(__pyx_k__advance), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__al, __pyx_k__al, sizeof(__pyx_k__al), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__alignment, __pyx_k__alignment, sizeof(__pyx_k__alignment), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__alignments, __pyx_k__alignments, sizeof(__pyx_k__alignments), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__alphabet_size, __pyx_k__alphabet_size, sizeof(__pyx_k__alphabet_size), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -66595,6 +79471,9 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__arr, __pyx_k__arr, sizeof(__pyx_k__arr), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__arr_high, __pyx_k__arr_high, sizeof(__pyx_k__arr_high), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__arr_low, __pyx_k__arr_low, sizeof(__pyx_k__arr_low), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__bilex_e, __pyx_k__bilex_e, sizeof(__pyx_k__bilex_e), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__bilex_f, __pyx_k__bilex_f, sizeof(__pyx_k__bilex_f), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__bilex_fe, __pyx_k__bilex_fe, sizeof(__pyx_k__bilex_fe), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__by_slack_factor, __pyx_k__by_slack_factor, sizeof(__pyx_k__by_slack_factor), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__category, __pyx_k__category, sizeof(__pyx_k__category), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__chain, __pyx_k__chain, sizeof(__pyx_k__chain), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -66607,22 +79486,38 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__debug, __pyx_k__debug, sizeof(__pyx_k__debug), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__decode_lattice, __pyx_k__decode_lattice, sizeof(__pyx_k__decode_lattice), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__decode_sentence, __pyx_k__decode_sentence, sizeof(__pyx_k__decode_sentence), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__decode_words, __pyx_k__decode_words, sizeof(__pyx_k__decode_words), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__defaultdict, __pyx_k__defaultdict, sizeof(__pyx_k__defaultdict), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__dist, __pyx_k__dist, sizeof(__pyx_k__dist), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__dump_online_rules, __pyx_k__dump_online_rules, sizeof(__pyx_k__dump_online_rules), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__e, __pyx_k__e, sizeof(__pyx_k__e), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__e_i, __pyx_k__e_i, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_i), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__e_j, __pyx_k__e_j, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_j), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__e_span, __pyx_k__e_span, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_span), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__e_text, __pyx_k__e_text, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_text), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__e_words, __pyx_k__e_words, sizeof(__pyx_k__e_words), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__earray, __pyx_k__earray, sizeof(__pyx_k__earray), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__edarray, __pyx_k__edarray, sizeof(__pyx_k__edarray), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__encode_words, __pyx_k__encode_words, sizeof(__pyx_k__encode_words), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__end, __pyx_k__end, sizeof(__pyx_k__end), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__enumerate, __pyx_k__enumerate, sizeof(__pyx_k__enumerate), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__ephrase, __pyx_k__ephrase, sizeof(__pyx_k__ephrase), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__eword, __pyx_k__eword, sizeof(__pyx_k__eword), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__extend, __pyx_k__extend, sizeof(__pyx_k__extend), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__extended, __pyx_k__extended, sizeof(__pyx_k__extended), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__extract, __pyx_k__extract, sizeof(__pyx_k__extract), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__f, __pyx_k__f, sizeof(__pyx_k__f), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__f_i, __pyx_k__f_i, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_i), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__f_j, __pyx_k__f_j, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_j), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__f_span, __pyx_k__f_span, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_span), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__f_text, __pyx_k__f_text, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_text), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__f_words, __pyx_k__f_words, sizeof(__pyx_k__f_words), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__fcount, __pyx_k__fcount, sizeof(__pyx_k__fcount), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__fe, __pyx_k__fe, sizeof(__pyx_k__fe), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__filename, __pyx_k__filename, sizeof(__pyx_k__filename), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__fmt_rule, __pyx_k__fmt_rule, sizeof(__pyx_k__fmt_rule), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__form_rule, __pyx_k__form_rule, sizeof(__pyx_k__form_rule), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__format, __pyx_k__format, sizeof(__pyx_k__format), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__fphrase, __pyx_k__fphrase, sizeof(__pyx_k__fphrase), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__from_binary, __pyx_k__from_binary, sizeof(__pyx_k__from_binary), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__from_data, __pyx_k__from_data, sizeof(__pyx_k__from_data), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -66636,9 +79531,11 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__fwords, __pyx_k__fwords, sizeof(__pyx_k__fwords), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__gc, __pyx_k__gc, sizeof(__pyx_k__gc), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__genexpr, __pyx_k__genexpr, sizeof(__pyx_k__genexpr), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__get, __pyx_k__get, sizeof(__pyx_k__get), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__getLogger, __pyx_k__getLogger, sizeof(__pyx_k__getLogger), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__get_e_id, __pyx_k__get_e_id, sizeof(__pyx_k__get_e_id), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__get_f_id, __pyx_k__get_f_id, sizeof(__pyx_k__get_f_id), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__get_f_phrases, __pyx_k__get_f_phrases, sizeof(__pyx_k__get_f_phrases), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__get_id, __pyx_k__get_id, sizeof(__pyx_k__get_id), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__get_next_states, __pyx_k__get_next_states, sizeof(__pyx_k__get_next_states), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__get_word, __pyx_k__get_word, sizeof(__pyx_k__get_word), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -66658,15 +79555,23 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__input_span, __pyx_k__input_span, sizeof(__pyx_k__input_span), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__insert, __pyx_k__insert, sizeof(__pyx_k__insert), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__isa, __pyx_k__isa, sizeof(__pyx_k__isa), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__isvar, __pyx_k__isvar, sizeof(__pyx_k__isvar), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__iteritems, __pyx_k__iteritems, sizeof(__pyx_k__iteritems), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__itertools, __pyx_k__itertools, sizeof(__pyx_k__itertools), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__itervalues, __pyx_k__itervalues, sizeof(__pyx_k__itervalues), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__ito, __pyx_k__ito, sizeof(__pyx_k__ito), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__j, __pyx_k__j, sizeof(__pyx_k__j), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__join, __pyx_k__join, sizeof(__pyx_k__join), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__k, __pyx_k__k, sizeof(__pyx_k__k), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__key, __pyx_k__key, sizeof(__pyx_k__key), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__lattice, __pyx_k__lattice, sizeof(__pyx_k__lattice), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__lex_i, __pyx_k__lex_i, sizeof(__pyx_k__lex_i), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__lex_j, __pyx_k__lex_j, sizeof(__pyx_k__lex_j), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__lhs, __pyx_k__lhs, sizeof(__pyx_k__lhs), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__link, __pyx_k__link, sizeof(__pyx_k__link), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__link_i, __pyx_k__link_i, sizeof(__pyx_k__link_i), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__link_j, __pyx_k__link_j, sizeof(__pyx_k__link_j), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__links, __pyx_k__links, sizeof(__pyx_k__links), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__logger, __pyx_k__logger, sizeof(__pyx_k__logger), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__logging, __pyx_k__logging, sizeof(__pyx_k__logging), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__lookup, __pyx_k__lookup, sizeof(__pyx_k__lookup), 0, 0, 1, 1},
@@ -66683,14 +79588,27 @@ static __Pyx_StringTabEntry __pyx_string_tab[] = {
   {&__pyx_n_s__max_target_length, __pyx_k__max_target_length, sizeof(__pyx_k__max_target_length), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__merge, __pyx_k__merge, sizeof(__pyx_k__merge), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__meta, __pyx_k__meta, sizeof(__pyx_k__meta), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__min_bound, __pyx_k__min_bound, sizeof(__pyx_k__min_bound), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__min_dist, __pyx_k__min_dist, sizeof(__pyx_k__min_dist), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__min_gap_size, __pyx_k__min_gap_size, sizeof(__pyx_k__min_gap_size), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__monitor_cpu, __pyx_k__monitor_cpu, sizeof(__pyx_k__monitor_cpu), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__name, __pyx_k__name, sizeof(__pyx_k__name), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__namedtuple, __pyx_k__namedtuple, sizeof(__pyx_k__namedtuple), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__new_e_i, __pyx_k__new_e_i, sizeof(__pyx_k__new_e_i), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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   {&__pyx_n_s__next_states, __pyx_k__next_states, sizeof(__pyx_k__next_states), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  {&__pyx_n_s__nt_collision, __pyx_k__nt_collision, sizeof(__pyx_k__nt_collision), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__nt_open, __pyx_k__nt_open, sizeof(__pyx_k__nt_open), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__ntc, __pyx_k__ntc, sizeof(__pyx_k__ntc), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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   {&__pyx_n_s__offset, __pyx_k__offset, sizeof(__pyx_k__offset), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__old_last_nt, __pyx_k__old_last_nt, sizeof(__pyx_k__old_last_nt), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__online, __pyx_k__online, sizeof(__pyx_k__online), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__online_ctx_lookup, __pyx_k__online_ctx_lookup, sizeof(__pyx_k__online_ctx_lookup), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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   {&__pyx_n_s__phrase_location, __pyx_k__phrase_location, sizeof(__pyx_k__phrase_location), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__plus_links, __pyx_k__plus_links, sizeof(__pyx_k__plus_links), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__pop, __pyx_k__pop, sizeof(__pyx_k__pop), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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   {&__pyx_n_s__suffix_link, __pyx_k__suffix_link, sizeof(__pyx_k__suffix_link), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__sym, __pyx_k__sym, sizeof(__pyx_k__sym), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__syms, __pyx_k__syms, sizeof(__pyx_k__syms), 0, 0, 1, 1},
   {&__pyx_n_s__test_sentence, __pyx_k__test_sentence, sizeof(__pyx_k__test_sentence), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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   {&__pyx_n_s__value, __pyx_k__value, sizeof(__pyx_k__value), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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   {&__pyx_n_s__warn, __pyx_k__warn, sizeof(__pyx_k__warn), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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   {&__pyx_n_s__write_text, __pyx_k__write_text, sizeof(__pyx_k__write_text), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__x, __pyx_k__x, sizeof(__pyx_k__x), 0, 0, 1, 1},
+  {&__pyx_n_s__y, __pyx_k__y, sizeof(__pyx_k__y), 0, 0, 1, 1},
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+  __pyx_builtin_sorted = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_b, __pyx_n_s__sorted); if (!__pyx_builtin_sorted) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 971; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_builtin_max = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_b, __pyx_n_s__max); if (!__pyx_builtin_max) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1148; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_98));
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":109
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":119
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":319
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":339
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+  __pyx_k_tuple_107 = PyTuple_New(1); if (unlikely(!__pyx_k_tuple_107)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 339; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1020
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":1064
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+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2126
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+ *         logger.info('FE')             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
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-  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_kp_s_140));
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+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":110
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   __pyx_vtable_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory.extract = (PyObject *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory *, struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Phrase *, struct __pyx_t_3_sa_Matching *, int *, int))__pyx_f_3_sa_23HieroCachingRuleFactory_extract;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 218; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  if (__Pyx_SetVtable(__pyx_type_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory.tp_dict, __pyx_vtabptr_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 218; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  if (__Pyx_SetAttrString(__pyx_m, "HieroCachingRuleFactory", (PyObject *)&__pyx_type_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 218; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 228; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (__Pyx_SetVtable(__pyx_type_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory.tp_dict, __pyx_vtabptr_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 228; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (__Pyx_SetAttrString(__pyx_m, "HieroCachingRuleFactory", (PyObject *)&__pyx_type_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 228; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory = &__pyx_type_3_sa_HieroCachingRuleFactory;
   __pyx_vtabptr_3_sa_Scorer = &__pyx_vtable_3_sa_Scorer;
   __pyx_vtable_3_sa_Scorer.score = (struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_FeatureVector *(*)(struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_Scorer *, PyObject *))__pyx_f_3_sa_6Scorer_score;
@@ -67916,36 +81211,58 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_2_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_2_genexpr;
   if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_3_compute_stats) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[9]; __pyx_lineno = 36; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_3_compute_stats = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_3_compute_stats;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_4_make_lattice) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_4_make_lattice) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 110; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_4_make_lattice = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_4_make_lattice;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_5_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 108; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_5_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 111; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_5_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_5_genexpr;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_6_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 109; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_6_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_6_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_6_genexpr;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_7_decode_lattice) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 111; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_7_decode_lattice) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_7_decode_lattice = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_7_decode_lattice;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_8_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 112; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_8_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_8_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_8_genexpr;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 118; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_9_decode_sentence;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_10_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 116; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_10_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_10_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_10_genexpr;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[7]; __pyx_lineno = 141; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11___iter__;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[7]; __pyx_lineno = 183; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12___str__;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[7]; __pyx_lineno = 187; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_genexpr;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[7]; __pyx_lineno = 190; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_alignments;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 934; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15_input;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___iter__;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 20; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17___str__;
-  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 21; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_genexpr;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 121; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_11_encode_words;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 122; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_12_genexpr;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 124; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_13_decode_words;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 125; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_14_genexpr;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[7]; __pyx_lineno = 141; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_15___iter__;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[7]; __pyx_lineno = 183; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_16___str__;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[7]; __pyx_lineno = 187; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_17_genexpr;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[7]; __pyx_lineno = 190; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_18_alignments;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 973; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_19_input;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1187; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_20_genexpr;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 1884; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_21_add_instance;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2054; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_22_form_rule;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_23_genexpr;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2119; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_24_fmt_rule;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2120; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_25_genexpr;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2166; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_26_get_f_phrases;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_27___iter__;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 20; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__ = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_28___str__;
+  if (PyType_Ready(&__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 21; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_ptype_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr = &__pyx_type_3_sa___pyx_scope_struct_29_genexpr;
   /*--- Type import code ---*/
   /*--- Variable import code ---*/
   /*--- Function import code ---*/
@@ -68020,7 +81337,7 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
   __pyx_t_2 = PyObject_GetAttr(__pyx_t_1, __pyx_n_s__getLogger); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_141), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_k_tuple_161), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_2); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
   if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__logger, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
@@ -68102,36 +81419,72 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
   /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":107
  *     return ALPHABET.fromstring(string, terminal)
  * 
+ * def isvar(sym):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     return sym_isvar(sym)
+ * 
+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_5isvar, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__isvar, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":110
+ *     return sym_isvar(sym)
+ * 
  * def make_lattice(words):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     word_ids = (sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
  *     return tuple(((word, None, 1), ) for word in word_ids)
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_5make_lattice, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_7make_lattice, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 110; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__make_lattice, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 107; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__make_lattice, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 110; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":111
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":114
  *     return tuple(((word, None, 1), ) for word in word_ids)
  * 
  * def decode_lattice(lattice):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     return tuple((sym_tostring(sym), weight, dist) for (sym, weight, dist) in arc
  *             for arc in node for node in lattice)
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_7decode_lattice, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 111; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_9decode_lattice, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__decode_lattice, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 111; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__decode_lattice, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 114; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":115
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":118
  *             for arc in node for node in lattice)
  * 
  * def decode_sentence(lattice):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for ((sym, _, _),) in lattice)
+ * 
+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_11decode_sentence, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 118; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__decode_sentence, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 118; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":121
+ *     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for ((sym, _, _),) in lattice)
+ * 
+ * def encode_words(words):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     return tuple(sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
+ * 
+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_13encode_words, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 121; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__encode_words, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 121; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/sym.pxi":124
+ *     return tuple(sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
+ * 
+ * def decode_words(syms):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for sym in syms)
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_9decode_sentence, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 115; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_15decode_words, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 124; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__decode_words, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[10]; __pyx_lineno = 124; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -68222,7 +81575,7 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
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  *      'paircount',
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(12); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __pyx_t_1 = PyList_New(13); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 15; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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@@ -68260,6 +81613,9 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
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   PyList_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, 11, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__meta));
   __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__meta));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__online));
+  PyList_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_1, 12, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__online));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__online));
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@@ -68275,7 +81631,59 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
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   __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":29
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":30
+ *     ])
+ * 
+ * OnlineFeatureContext = namedtuple('OnlineFeatureContext',             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     ['fcount',
+ *      'fsample_count',
+ */
+  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__namedtuple); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 30; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":31
+ * 
+ * OnlineFeatureContext = namedtuple('OnlineFeatureContext',
+ *     ['fcount',             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *      'fsample_count',
+ *      'paircount',
+ */
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyList_New(6); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 31; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__fcount));
+  PyList_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_3, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__fcount));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__fcount));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__fsample_count));
+  PyList_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_3, 1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__fsample_count));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__fsample_count));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__paircount));
+  PyList_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_3, 2, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__paircount));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__paircount));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_f));
+  PyList_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_3, 3, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_f));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_f));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_e));
+  PyList_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_3, 4, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_e));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_e));
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_fe));
+  PyList_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_3, 5, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_fe));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s__bilex_fe));
+  __pyx_t_2 = PyTuple_New(2); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_2)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 30; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_2);
+  __Pyx_INCREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s_152));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, 0, ((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s_152));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_n_s_152));
+  PyTuple_SET_ITEM(__pyx_t_2, 1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3));
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3));
+  __pyx_t_3 = 0;
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(__pyx_t_1, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 30; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+  __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_2)); __pyx_t_2 = 0;
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s_152, __pyx_t_3) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 30; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
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+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":39
  *     ])
  * 
  * cdef int PRECOMPUTE = 0             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -68284,7 +81692,7 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
  */
   __pyx_v_3_sa_PRECOMPUTE = 0;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":30
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":40
  * 
  * cdef int PRECOMPUTE = 0
  * cdef int MERGE = 1             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -68293,7 +81701,7 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
  */
   __pyx_v_3_sa_MERGE = 1;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":31
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":41
  * cdef int PRECOMPUTE = 0
  * cdef int MERGE = 1
  * cdef int BAEZA_YATES = 2             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
@@ -68302,40 +81710,76 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
  */
   __pyx_v_3_sa_BAEZA_YATES = 2;
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":34
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":44
  * 
  * # NOTE: was encoded as a non-terminal in the previous version
  * cdef int EPSILON = sym_fromstring('*EPS*', True)             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  * cdef class TrieNode:
  */
-  __pyx_v_3_sa_EPSILON = __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_fromstring(__pyx_k_149, 1);
+  __pyx_v_3_sa_EPSILON = __pyx_f_3_sa_sym_fromstring(__pyx_k_175, 1);
 
-  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":57
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":67
  *     cdef public int count
  *     cdef public root
  *     def __cinit__(self, extended=False):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  *         self.count = 0
  *         self.extended = extended
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-  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 57; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  __pyx_k_99 = __pyx_t_1;
-  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+  __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_PyBool_FromLong(0); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 67; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
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+  __pyx_k_99 = __pyx_t_3;
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  __pyx_t_3 = 0;
+
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2205
+ * 
+ * # Spans are _inclusive_ on both ends [i, j]
+ * def span_check(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     k = i
+ *     while k <= j:
+ */
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_17span_check, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2205; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__span_check, __pyx_t_3) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2205; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
+
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2213
+ *     return True
+ * 
+ * def span_inc(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     k = i
+ *     while k <= j:
+ */
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_19span_inc, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2213; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__span_inc, __pyx_t_3) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2213; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
+
+  /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi":2219
+ *         k += 1
+ * 
+ * def span_dec(vec, i, j):             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
+ *     k = i
+ *     while k <= j:
+ */
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyCFunction_NewEx(&__pyx_mdef_3_sa_21span_dec, NULL, __pyx_n_s___sa); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2219; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__span_dec, __pyx_t_3) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[8]; __pyx_lineno = 2219; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
 
   /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":1
  * cdef StringMap FD = StringMap() # Feature name dictionary             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * 
  * INITIAL_CAPACITY = 7 # default number of features
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_StringMap)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyObject_Call(((PyObject *)((PyObject*)__pyx_ptype_3_sa_StringMap)), ((PyObject *)__pyx_empty_tuple), NULL); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
   __Pyx_XGOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_3_sa_FD));
   __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_v_3_sa_FD));
-  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  __pyx_v_3_sa_FD = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_StringMap *)__pyx_t_1);
-  __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+  __Pyx_GIVEREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  __pyx_v_3_sa_FD = ((struct __pyx_obj_3_sa_StringMap *)__pyx_t_3);
+  __pyx_t_3 = 0;
 
   /* "/home/pauldb/workspace/cdec/python/src/sa/features.pxi":3
  * cdef StringMap FD = StringMap() # Feature name dictionary
@@ -68353,20 +81797,20 @@ PyMODINIT_FUNC PyInit__sa(void)
  * 
  * cdef class FeatureVector:
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__INITIAL_CAPACITY); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 4; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_1);
-  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__INCREMENT, __pyx_t_1) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 4; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_1); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+  __pyx_t_3 = __Pyx_GetName(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__INITIAL_CAPACITY); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 4; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(__pyx_t_3);
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s__INCREMENT, __pyx_t_3) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[13]; __pyx_lineno = 4; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(__pyx_t_3); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
 
   /* "_sa.pyx":1
  * import logging             # <<<<<<<<<<<<<<
  * import resource
  * import gzip
  */
-  __pyx_t_1 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_1)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1));
-  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s____test__, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
-  __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_1)); __pyx_t_1 = 0;
+  __pyx_t_3 = PyDict_New(); if (unlikely(!__pyx_t_3)) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_GOTREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3));
+  if (PyObject_SetAttr(__pyx_m, __pyx_n_s____test__, ((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3)) < 0) {__pyx_filename = __pyx_f[0]; __pyx_lineno = 1; __pyx_clineno = __LINE__; goto __pyx_L1_error;}
+  __Pyx_DECREF(((PyObject *)__pyx_t_3)); __pyx_t_3 = 0;
   goto __pyx_L0;
   __pyx_L1_error:;
   __Pyx_XDECREF(__pyx_t_1);
diff --git a/python/src/sa/default_scorer.pxi b/python/src/sa/default_scorer.pxi
deleted file mode 100644
index 483f4743..00000000
--- a/python/src/sa/default_scorer.pxi
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,74 +0,0 @@
-from libc.stdlib cimport malloc, realloc, free
-from libc.math cimport log10
-
-MAXSCORE = -99
-EgivenFCoherent = 0
-SampleCountF = 1
-CountEF = 2
-MaxLexFgivenE = 3
-MaxLexEgivenF = 4
-IsSingletonF = 5
-IsSingletonFE = 6
-NFEATURES = 7
-
-cdef class DefaultScorer(Scorer):
-    cdef BiLex ttable
-    cdef int* fid
-
-    def __dealloc__(self):
-        free(self.fid)
-
-    def __init__(self, BiLex ttable):
-        self.ttable = ttable
-        self.fid = <int*> malloc(NFEATURES*sizeof(int))
-        cdef unsigned i
-        for i, fnames in enumerate(('EgivenFCoherent', 'SampleCountF', 'CountEF',
-                'MaxLexFgivenE', 'MaxLexEgivenF', 'IsSingletonF', 'IsSingletonFE')):
-            self.fid[i] = FD.index(fnames)
-
-    cdef FeatureVector score(self, Phrase fphrase, Phrase ephrase,
-            unsigned paircount, unsigned fcount, unsigned fsample_count):
-        cdef FeatureVector scores = FeatureVector()
-
-        #  EgivenFCoherent
-        cdef float efc = <float>paircount/fsample_count
-        scores.set(self.fid[EgivenFCoherent], -log10(efc) if efc > 0 else MAXSCORE)
-
-        # SampleCountF
-        scores.set(self.fid[SampleCountF], log10(1 + fsample_count))
-
-        # CountEF
-        scores.set(self.fid[CountEF], log10(1 + paircount))
-
-        # MaxLexFgivenE TODO typify
-        ewords = ephrase.words
-        ewords.append('NULL')
-        cdef float mlfe = 0, max_score = -1
-        for f in fphrase.words:
-            for e in ewords:
-                score = self.ttable.get_score(f, e, 1)
-                if score > max_score:
-                    max_score = score
-            mlfe += -log10(max_score) if max_score > 0 else MAXSCORE
-        scores.set(self.fid[MaxLexFgivenE], mlfe)
-
-        # MaxLexEgivenF TODO same
-        fwords = fphrase.words
-        fwords.append('NULL')
-        cdef float mlef = 0
-        max_score = -1
-        for e in ephrase.words:
-            for f in fwords:
-                score = self.ttable.get_score(f, e, 0)
-                if score > max_score:
-                    max_score = score
-            mlef += -log10(max_score) if max_score > 0 else MAXSCORE
-        scores.set(self.fid[MaxLexEgivenF], mlef)
-
-        # IsSingletonF
-        scores.set(self.fid[IsSingletonF], (fcount == 1))
-
-        # IsSingletonFE
-        scores.set(self.fid[IsSingletonFE], (paircount == 1))
-
-        return scores
diff --git a/python/src/sa/int_list.pxi b/python/src/sa/int_list.pxi
index 55f5d174..79d67ad9 100644
--- a/python/src/sa/int_list.pxi
+++ b/python/src/sa/int_list.pxi
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ cdef class IntList:
             ret += str(self.arr[idx])
         ret += "]"
         ret += "len="
-        ret += self.len
+        ret += str(self.len)
         return ret
 
     def index(self, val):
diff --git a/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi b/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi
index 2d996581..d7fca750 100644
--- a/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi
+++ b/python/src/sa/rulefactory.pxi
@@ -23,7 +23,17 @@ FeatureContext = namedtuple('FeatureContext',
      'test_sentence',
      'f_text',
      'e_text',
-     'meta'
+     'meta',
+     'online'
+    ])
+
+OnlineFeatureContext = namedtuple('OnlineFeatureContext',
+    ['fcount',
+     'fsample_count',
+     'paircount',
+     'bilex_f',
+     'bilex_e',
+     'bilex_fe'
     ])
 
 cdef int PRECOMPUTE = 0
@@ -265,6 +275,16 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
     cdef IntList findexes
     cdef IntList findexes1
 
+    cdef bint online
+    cdef samples_f
+    cdef phrases_f
+    cdef phrases_e
+    cdef phrases_fe
+    cdef phrases_al
+    cdef bilex_f
+    cdef bilex_e
+    cdef bilex_fe
+
     def __cinit__(self,
             # compiled alignment object (REQUIRED)
             Alignment alignment,
@@ -371,6 +391,25 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
 
         self.findexes = IntList(initial_len=10)
         self.findexes1 = IntList(initial_len=10)
+        
+        # Online stats 
+        
+        # True after data is added
+        self.online = False
+        
+        # Keep track of everything that can be sampled:
+        self.samples_f = defaultdict(int)
+        
+        # Phrase counts
+        self.phrases_f = defaultdict(int)
+        self.phrases_e = defaultdict(int)
+        self.phrases_fe = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(int))
+        self.phrases_al = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(tuple))
+
+        # Bilexical counts
+        self.bilex_f = defaultdict(int)
+        self.bilex_e = defaultdict(int)
+        self.bilex_fe = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(int))
 
     def configure(self, SuffixArray fsarray, DataArray edarray,
             Sampler sampler, Scorer scorer):
@@ -950,6 +989,11 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
         hit = 0
         reachable_buffer = {}
 
+        # Phrase pairs processed by suffix array extractor.  Do not re-extract
+        # during online extraction.  This is probably the hackiest part of
+        # online grammar extraction.
+        seen_phrases = set()
+        
         # Do not cache between sentences
         self.rules.root = ExtendedTrieNode(phrase_location=PhraseLocation())
 
@@ -1108,7 +1152,12 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
                                                f, e, count, fcount[f], num_samples,
                                                (k,i+spanlen), locs, input_match, 
                                                fwords, self.fda, self.eda,
-                                               meta))
+                                               meta,
+                                               # Include online stats.  None if none.
+                                               self.online_ctx_lookup(f, e)))
+                                    # Phrase pair processed
+                                    if self.online:
+                                        seen_phrases.add((f, e))
                                     yield Rule(self.category, f, e, scores, alignment)
 
                 if len(phrase) < self.max_length and i+spanlen < len(fwords) and pathlen+1 <= self.max_initial_size:
@@ -1132,7 +1181,29 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
                         for (i, alt, pathlen) in frontier_nodes:
                             new_frontier.append((k, i, input_match + (i,), alt, pathlen, xnode, phrase +(xcat,), is_shadow_path))
             frontier = new_frontier
-                
+        
+        # Online rule extraction and scoring
+        if self.online:
+            f_syms = tuple(word[0][0] for word in fwords)
+            for (f, lex_i, lex_j) in self.get_f_phrases(f_syms):
+                spanlen = (lex_j - lex_i) + 1
+                if not sym_isvar(f[0]):
+                    spanlen += 1
+                if not sym_isvar(f[1]):
+                    spanlen += 1
+                for e in self.phrases_fe.get(f, ()):
+                    if (f, e) not in seen_phrases:
+                        # Don't add multiple instances of the same phrase here
+                        seen_phrases.add((f, e))
+                        scores = self.scorer.score(FeatureContext(
+                                f, e, 0, 0, 0,
+                                spanlen, None, None, 
+                                fwords, self.fda, self.eda,
+                                meta,
+                                self.online_ctx_lookup(f, e)))
+                        alignment = self.phrases_al[f][e]
+                        yield Rule(self.category, f, e, scores, alignment)
+             
         stop_time = monitor_cpu()
         logger.info("Total time for rule lookup, extraction, and scoring = %f seconds", (stop_time - start_time))
         gc.collect()
@@ -1803,3 +1874,350 @@ cdef class HieroCachingRuleFactory:
         free(e_gap_high)
 
         return extracts
+
+    #
+    # Online grammar extraction handling
+    #
+    
+    # Aggregate stats from a training instance
+    # (Extract rules, update counts)
+    def add_instance(self, f_words, e_words, alignment):
+
+        self.online = True
+        
+        # Rules extracted from this instance
+        # Track span of lexical items (terminals) to make
+        # sure we don't extract the same rule for the same
+        # span more than once.
+        # (f, e, al, lex_f_i, lex_f_j)
+        rules = set()
+
+        f_len = len(f_words)
+        e_len = len(e_words)
+
+        # Pre-compute alignment info
+        al = [[] for i in range(f_len)]
+        fe_span = [[e_len + 1, -1] for i in range(f_len)]
+        ef_span = [[f_len + 1, -1] for i in range(e_len)]
+        for (f, e) in alignment:
+            al[f].append(e)
+            fe_span[f][0] = min(fe_span[f][0], e)
+            fe_span[f][1] = max(fe_span[f][1], e)
+            ef_span[e][0] = min(ef_span[e][0], f)
+            ef_span[e][1] = max(ef_span[e][1], f)
+
+        # Target side word coverage
+        cover = [0] * e_len
+        # Non-terminal coverage
+        f_nt_cover = [0] * f_len
+        e_nt_cover = [0] * e_len
+        
+        # Extract all possible hierarchical phrases starting at a source index
+        # f_ i and j are current, e_ i and j are previous
+        # We care _considering_ f_j, so it is not yet in counts
+        def extract(f_i, f_j, e_i, e_j, min_bound, wc, links, nt, nt_open):
+            # Phrase extraction limits
+            if f_j > (f_len - 1) or (f_j - f_i) + 1 > self.max_initial_size:
+                return
+            # Unaligned word
+            if not al[f_j]:
+                # Adjacent to non-terminal: extend (non-terminal now open)
+                if nt and nt[-1][2] == f_j - 1:
+                    nt[-1][2] += 1
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, e_i, e_j, min_bound, wc, links, nt, True)
+                    nt[-1][2] -= 1
+                # Unless non-terminal already open, always extend with word
+                # Make sure adding a word doesn't exceed length
+                if not nt_open and wc < self.max_length:
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, e_i, e_j, min_bound, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
+                return
+            # Aligned word
+            link_i = fe_span[f_j][0]
+            link_j = fe_span[f_j][1]
+            new_e_i = min(link_i, e_i)
+            new_e_j = max(link_j, e_j)
+            # Check reverse links of newly covered words to see if they violate left
+            # bound (return) or extend minimum right bound for chunk
+            new_min_bound = min_bound
+            # First aligned word creates span
+            if e_j == -1: 
+                for i from new_e_i <= i <= new_e_j:
+                    if ef_span[i][0] < f_i:
+                        return
+                    new_min_bound = max(new_min_bound, ef_span[i][1])
+            # Other aligned words extend span
+            else:
+                for i from new_e_i <= i < e_i:
+                    if ef_span[i][0] < f_i:
+                        return
+                    new_min_bound = max(new_min_bound, ef_span[i][1])
+                for i from e_j < i <= new_e_j:
+                    if ef_span[i][0] < f_i:
+                        return
+                    new_min_bound = max(new_min_bound, ef_span[i][1])
+            # Extract, extend with word (unless non-terminal open)
+            if not nt_open:
+                nt_collision = False
+                for link in al[f_j]:
+                    if e_nt_cover[link]:
+                        nt_collision = True
+                # Non-terminal collisions block word extraction and extension, but
+                # may be okay for continuing non-terminals
+                if not nt_collision and wc < self.max_length:
+                    plus_links = []
+                    for link in al[f_j]:
+                        plus_links.append((f_j, link))
+                        cover[link] += 1
+                    links.append(plus_links)
+                    if links and f_j >= new_min_bound:
+                        rules.add(self.form_rule(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links))
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, new_min_bound, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
+                    links.pop()
+                    for link in al[f_j]:
+                        cover[link] -= 1
+            # Try to add a word to current non-terminal (if any), extract, extend
+            if nt and nt[-1][2] == f_j - 1:
+                # Add to non-terminal, checking for collisions
+                old_last_nt = nt[-1][:]
+                nt[-1][2] = f_j
+                if link_i < nt[-1][3]:
+                    if not span_check(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1):
+                        nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                        return
+                    span_inc(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                    span_inc(e_nt_cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                    nt[-1][3] = link_i
+                if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
+                    if not span_check(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j):
+                        nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                        return
+                    span_inc(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    span_inc(e_nt_cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    nt[-1][4] = link_j
+                if links and f_j >= new_min_bound:
+                    rules.add(self.form_rule(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links))
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, new_min_bound, wc, links, nt, False)
+                nt[-1] = old_last_nt
+                if link_i < nt[-1][3]:
+                    span_dec(cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                    span_dec(e_nt_cover, link_i, nt[-1][3] - 1)
+                if link_j > nt[-1][4]:
+                    span_dec(cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+                    span_dec(e_nt_cover, nt[-1][4] + 1, link_j)
+            # Try to start a new non-terminal, extract, extend
+            if (not nt or f_j - nt[-1][2] > 1) and wc < self.max_length and len(nt) < self.max_nonterminals:
+                # Check for collisions
+                if not span_check(cover, link_i, link_j):
+                    return
+                span_inc(cover, link_i, link_j)
+                span_inc(e_nt_cover, link_i, link_j)
+                nt.append([(nt[-1][0] + 1) if nt else 1, f_j, f_j, link_i, link_j])
+                # Require at least one word in phrase
+                if links and f_j >= new_min_bound:
+                    rules.add(self.form_rule(f_i, new_e_i, f_words[f_i:f_j + 1], e_words[new_e_i:new_e_j + 1], nt, links))
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_e_i, new_e_j, new_min_bound, wc + 1, links, nt, False)
+                nt.pop()
+                span_dec(cover, link_i, link_j)
+                span_dec(e_nt_cover, link_i, link_j)
+
+        # Try to extract phrases from every f index
+        for f_i from 0 <= f_i < f_len:
+            # Skip if phrases won't be tight on left side
+            if not al[f_i]:
+                continue
+            extract(f_i, f_i, f_len + 1, -1, f_i, 0, [], [], False)
+        
+        # Update possible phrases (samples)
+        # This could be more efficiently integrated with extraction
+        # at the cost of readability
+        for (f, lex_i, lex_j) in self.get_f_phrases(f_words):
+            self.samples_f[f] += 1
+            
+        # Update phrase counts
+        for rule in rules:
+            (f_ph, e_ph, al) = rule[:3]
+            self.phrases_f[f_ph] += 1
+            self.phrases_e[e_ph] += 1
+            self.phrases_fe[f_ph][e_ph] += 1
+            if not self.phrases_al[f_ph][e_ph]:
+                self.phrases_al[f_ph][e_ph] = al
+            
+        # Update Bilexical counts
+        for e_w in e_words:
+            self.bilex_e[e_w] += 1
+        for f_w in f_words:
+            self.bilex_f[f_w] += 1
+            for e_w in e_words:
+                self.bilex_fe[f_w][e_w] += 1
+
+    # Create a rule from source, target, non-terminals, and alignments
+    def form_rule(self, f_i, e_i, f_span, e_span, nt, al):
+    
+        # Substitute in non-terminals
+        nt_inv = sorted(nt, cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(x[3], y[3]))
+        f_sym = list(f_span[:])
+        off = f_i
+        for next_nt in nt:
+            nt_len = (next_nt[2] - next_nt[1]) + 1
+            i = 0
+            while i < nt_len:
+                f_sym.pop(next_nt[1] - off)
+                i += 1
+            f_sym.insert(next_nt[1] - off, sym_setindex(self.category, next_nt[0]))
+            off += (nt_len - 1)
+        e_sym = list(e_span[:])
+        off = e_i
+        for next_nt in nt_inv:
+            nt_len = (next_nt[4] - next_nt[3]) + 1
+            i = 0
+            while i < nt_len:
+                e_sym.pop(next_nt[3] - off)
+                i += 1
+            e_sym.insert(next_nt[3] - off, sym_setindex(self.category, next_nt[0]))
+            off += (nt_len - 1)
+    
+        # Adjusting alignment links takes some doing
+        links = [list(link) for sub in al for link in sub]
+        links_inv = sorted(links, cmp=lambda x, y: cmp(x[1], y[1]))
+        links_len = len(links)
+        nt_len = len(nt)
+        nt_i = 0
+        off = f_i
+        i = 0
+        while i < links_len:
+            while nt_i < nt_len and links[i][0] > nt[nt_i][1]:
+                off += (nt[nt_i][2] - nt[nt_i][1])
+                nt_i += 1
+            links[i][0] -= off
+            i += 1
+        nt_i = 0
+        off = e_i
+        i = 0
+        while i < links_len:
+            while nt_i < nt_len and links_inv[i][1] > nt_inv[nt_i][3]:
+                off += (nt_inv[nt_i][4] - nt_inv[nt_i][3])
+                nt_i += 1
+            links_inv[i][1] -= off
+            i += 1
+        
+        # Find lexical span
+        lex_f_i = f_i
+        lex_f_j = f_i + (len(f_span) - 1)
+        if nt:
+            if nt[0][1] == lex_f_i:
+                lex_f_i += (nt[0][2] - nt[0][1]) + 1
+            if nt[-1][2] == lex_f_j:
+                lex_f_j -= (nt[-1][2] - nt[-1][1]) + 1
+
+        # Create rule (f_phrase, e_phrase, links, f_link_min, f_link_max)
+        f = Phrase(f_sym)
+        e = Phrase(e_sym)
+        a = tuple(self.alignment.link(i, j) for (i, j) in links)
+        return (f, e, a, lex_f_i, lex_f_j)
+
+    # Rule string from rule
+    def fmt_rule(self, f, e, a):
+        a_str = ' '.join('{0}-{1}'.format(*self.alignment.unlink(packed)) for packed in a)
+        return '[X] ||| {0} ||| {1} ||| {2}'.format(f, e, a_str)
+    
+    # Debugging
+    def dump_online_stats(self):
+        logger.info('------------------------------')
+        logger.info('         Online Stats         ')
+        logger.info('------------------------------')
+        logger.info('f')
+        for w in self.bilex_f:
+            logger.info(sym_tostring(w) + ' : ' + str(self.bilex_f[w]))
+        logger.info('e')
+        for w in self.bilex_e:
+            logger.info(sym_tostring(w) + ' : ' + str(self.bilex_e[w]))
+        logger.info('fe')
+        for w in self.bilex_fe:
+            for w2 in self.bilex_fe[w]:
+                logger.info(sym_tostring(w) + ' : ' + sym_tostring(w2) + ' : ' + str(self.bilex_fe[w][w2]))
+        logger.info('F')
+        for ph in self.phrases_f:
+            logger.info(str(ph) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_f[ph]))
+        logger.info('E')
+        for ph in self.phrases_e:
+            logger.info(str(ph) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_e[ph]))
+        logger.info('FE')
+        self.dump_online_rules()
+
+    def dump_online_rules(self):
+        for ph in self.phrases_fe:
+            for ph2 in self.phrases_fe[ph]:
+                logger.info(self.fmt_rule(str(ph), str(ph2), self.phrases_al[ph][ph2]) + ' ||| ' + str(self.phrases_fe[ph][ph2]))
+                    
+    # Lookup online stats for phrase pair (f, e).  Return None if no match.
+    # IMPORTANT: use get() to avoid adding items to defaultdict
+    def online_ctx_lookup(self, f, e):
+        if self.online:
+            fcount = self.phrases_f.get(f, 0)
+            fsample_count = self.samples_f.get(f, 0)
+            d = self.phrases_fe.get(f, None)
+            paircount = d.get(e, 0) if d else 0
+            return OnlineFeatureContext(fcount, fsample_count, paircount, self.bilex_f, self.bilex_e, self.bilex_fe)
+        return None
+    
+    # Find all phrases that we might try to extract
+    # (Used for EGivenFCoherent)
+    # Return set of (fphrase, lex_i, lex_j)
+    def get_f_phrases(self, f_words):
+
+        f_len = len(f_words)
+        phrases = set() # (fphrase, lex_i, lex_j)
+        
+        def extract(f_i, f_j, lex_i, lex_j, wc, ntc, syms):
+            # Phrase extraction limits
+            if f_j > (f_len - 1) or (f_j - f_i) + 1 > self.max_initial_size:
+                return
+            # Extend with word
+            if wc + ntc < self.max_length:
+                syms.append(f_words[f_j])
+                f = Phrase(syms)
+                new_lex_i = min(lex_i, f_j)
+                new_lex_j = max(lex_j, f_j)
+                phrases.add((f, new_lex_i, new_lex_j))
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, new_lex_i, new_lex_j, wc + 1, ntc, syms)
+                syms.pop()
+            # Extend with existing non-terminal
+            if syms and sym_isvar(syms[-1]):
+                # Don't re-extract the same phrase
+                extract(f_i, f_j + 1, lex_i, lex_j, wc, ntc, syms)
+            # Extend with new non-terminal
+            if wc + ntc < self.max_length:
+                if not syms or (ntc < self.max_nonterminals and not sym_isvar(syms[-1])):
+                    syms.append(sym_setindex(self.category, ntc + 1))
+                    f = Phrase(syms)
+                    if wc > 0:
+                        phrases.add((f, lex_i, lex_j))
+                    extract(f_i, f_j + 1, lex_i, lex_j, wc, ntc + 1, syms)
+                    syms.pop()
+            
+        # Try to extract phrases from every f index
+        for f_i from 0 <= f_i < f_len:
+            extract(f_i, f_i, f_len, -1, 0, 0, [])
+
+        return phrases
+    
+# Spans are _inclusive_ on both ends [i, j]
+def span_check(vec, i, j):
+    k = i
+    while k <= j:
+        if vec[k]:
+            return False
+        k += 1
+    return True
+
+def span_inc(vec, i, j):
+    k = i
+    while k <= j:
+        vec[k] += 1
+        k += 1
+
+def span_dec(vec, i, j):
+    k = i
+    while k <= j:
+        vec[k] -= 1
+        k += 1
diff --git a/python/src/sa/sym.pxi b/python/src/sa/sym.pxi
index f47599cf..f253aec0 100644
--- a/python/src/sa/sym.pxi
+++ b/python/src/sa/sym.pxi
@@ -104,6 +104,9 @@ cdef int sym_setindex(int sym, int id):
 cdef int sym_fromstring(char* string, bint terminal):
     return ALPHABET.fromstring(string, terminal)
 
+def isvar(sym):
+    return sym_isvar(sym)
+
 def make_lattice(words):
     word_ids = (sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
     return tuple(((word, None, 1), ) for word in word_ids)
@@ -114,3 +117,9 @@ def decode_lattice(lattice):
 
 def decode_sentence(lattice):
     return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for ((sym, _, _),) in lattice)
+
+def encode_words(words):
+    return tuple(sym_fromstring(word, True) for word in words)
+
+def decode_words(syms):
+    return tuple(sym_tostring(sym) for sym in syms)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/python/tests/extractor/corpus.al.gz b/python/tests/extractor/corpus.al.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..88a3a8ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/extractor/corpus.al.gz
diff --git a/python/tests/extractor/corpus.fr-en.gz b/python/tests/extractor/corpus.fr-en.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0b04215
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/extractor/corpus.fr-en.gz
diff --git a/python/tests/extractor/gold-rules.sort b/python/tests/extractor/gold-rules.sort
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6f22c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/extractor/gold-rules.sort
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+[X] ||| A B C D [X,1] ||| B C D [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-1
+[X] ||| A B C D ||| B C ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-1
+[X] ||| A B C [X,1] K ||| B [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 4-3 4-4
+[X] ||| A B C [X,1] ||| B [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| A ||| B ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| AA BB CC DD ||| AA BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 1-2 2-1 3-0
+[X] ||| AA BB CC [X,1] ||| [X,1] BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 1-2 2-1
+[X] ||| AA BB CC ||| BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-1 2-0
+[X] ||| AA BB [X,1] DD ||| AA [X,1] CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 1-2 3-0
+[X] ||| AA BB [X,1] ||| [X,1] CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-1
+[X] ||| AA BB ||| CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] CC DD ||| AA BB [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 2-1 3-0
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] CC [X,2] ||| [X,2] BB [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 2-1
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] CC ||| BB [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 2-0
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] DD ||| AA [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 2-0
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] ||| [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1
+[X] ||| AA ||| DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| BB CC DD ||| AA BB CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-1 2-0
+[X] ||| BB CC [X,1] ||| [X,1] BB CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-1
+[X] ||| BB CC ||| BB CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| BB [X,1] DD ||| AA [X,1] CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 2-0
+[X] ||| BB [X,1] ||| [X,1] CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1
+[X] ||| BB ||| CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| CC DD ||| AA BB ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| CC [X,1] ||| [X,1] BB ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1
+[X] ||| CC ||| BB ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| D E F G H ||| C D E F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 2-2 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| D E F [X,1] K ||| C D E F G [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 2-2 4-7 4-8
+[X] ||| D E F [X,1] ||| C D E F G [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 2-2
+[X] ||| D E F ||| C D E F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 2-2
+[X] ||| D E [X,1] G H ||| C D [X,1] F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| D E [X,1] ||| C D [X,1] F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3
+[X] ||| D [X,1] F G H ||| C D E [X,1] G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| D [X,1] F [X,2] K ||| C D E [X,1] G [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2 4-7 4-8
+[X] ||| D [X,1] F [X,2] ||| C D E [X,1] G [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2
+[X] ||| D [X,1] F ||| C D E [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2
+[X] ||| D [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| C D [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-4 3-4
+[X] ||| D [X,1] G H ||| C D [X,1] G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-4 3-4
+[X] ||| D [X,1] I J K ||| C D [X,1] I J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-3 3-3 4-5 4-6
+[X] ||| D [X,1] I J [X,2] ||| C D [X,1] I J [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| D [X,1] I J ||| C D [X,1] I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| D [X,1] K ||| C D [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-4 2-5
+[X] ||| D [X,1] L M N ||| C D [X,1] M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 4-3 4-4
+[X] ||| D [X,1] L M [X,2] ||| C D [X,1] [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| D [X,1] ||| C D [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| D ||| C ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| DD ||| AA ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| E F G H [X,1] ||| E F G H [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| E F G H ||| E F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| E F [X,1] I J ||| E F G [X,1] I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0 3-4 4-4
+[X] ||| E F [X,1] K ||| E F G [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0 3-5 3-6
+[X] ||| E F [X,1] ||| E F G [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| E F ||| E F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| E [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| [X,1] F G H [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| E [X,1] G H ||| [X,1] F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| E [X,1] ||| [X,1] F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1
+[X] ||| E ||| F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| F ||| E ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| G H I J K ||| H I J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 2-1 3-1 4-3 4-4
+[X] ||| G H I J [X,1] ||| H I J [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 2-1 3-1
+[X] ||| G H I J ||| H I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 2-1 3-1
+[X] ||| G H [X,1] K ||| H [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 3-3 3-4
+[X] ||| G H [X,1] ||| H [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0
+[X] ||| G H ||| H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0
+[X] ||| I J K ||| I J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 2-2 2-3
+[X] ||| I J [X,1] ||| I J [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0
+[X] ||| I J ||| I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0
+[X] ||| K L M N [X,1] ||| K L M N [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1 3-2 3-3
+[X] ||| K L M N ||| K L M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1 3-2 3-3
+[X] ||| K L M [X,1] ||| K L [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1
+[X] ||| K ||| K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1
+[X] ||| N O P Q R ||| M N O P ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1 1-2 2-3 4-2
+[X] ||| N O [X,1] Q R ||| M N O [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1 1-2 4-2
+[X] ||| N [X,1] ||| M N [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1
+[X] ||| N ||| M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1
+[X] ||| O P Q R [X,1] ||| O P Q R S [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-1 3-0
+[X] ||| O P Q R ||| O P ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-1 3-0
+[X] ||| O [X,1] Q R [X,2] ||| O [X,1] Q R S [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-0
+[X] ||| O [X,1] Q R ||| O [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-0
+[X] ||| P ||| P ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| S T U V [X,1] ||| T U V [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-0 3-2
+[X] ||| S T U V ||| T U V ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-0 3-2
+[X] ||| S [X,1] U V [X,2] ||| [X,1] U V [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 3-2
+[X] ||| S [X,1] U V ||| [X,1] U V ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 3-2
+[X] ||| T ||| T ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| W X Y Z [X,1] ||| W X Y Z [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2 3-0
+[X] ||| W X Y Z ||| W X Y ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2 3-0
+[X] ||| W X [X,1] Z [X,2] ||| W X [X,1] Z [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-0
+[X] ||| W X [X,1] Z ||| W X [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-0
+[X] ||| Y ||| Y ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA BB CC DD ||| [X,1] Z AA BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-5 2-4 3-3 4-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA BB CC [X,2] ||| [X,1] Z [X,2] BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-5 2-4 3-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA BB [X,2] DD ||| [X,1] Z AA [X,2] CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-5 2-4 4-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA BB [X,2] ||| [X,1] Z [X,2] CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-4 2-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA [X,2] CC DD ||| [X,1] Z AA BB [X,2] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-5 3-3 4-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA [X,2] DD ||| [X,1] Z AA [X,2] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-4 3-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA [X,2] ||| [X,1] Z [X,2] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] B C D [X,2] ||| [X,1] C D [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 3-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] B C D ||| [X,1] C ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 3-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] B C [X,2] K ||| [X,1] [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 4-3 4-4
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB CC DD ||| AA BB CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-1 3-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB CC [X,2] ||| [X,2] BB CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB CC ||| BB CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB [X,2] DD ||| AA [X,2] CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 3-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB [X,2] ||| [X,2] CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB ||| CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] CC DD ||| AA BB [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] CC [X,2] ||| [X,2] BB [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] CC ||| BB [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] DD ||| AA [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] E F G H ||| [X,1] D E F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 2-2 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| [X,1] E F [X,2] K ||| [X,1] D E F G [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 2-2 4-7 4-8
+[X] ||| [X,1] E F [X,2] ||| [X,1] D E F G [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 2-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] E F ||| [X,1] D E F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 2-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] E [X,2] G H ||| [X,1] D [X,2] F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| [X,1] E [X,2] ||| [X,1] D [X,2] F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] F G H [X,2] ||| E [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] F G H ||| E [X,1] G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] F [X,2] I J ||| E [X,1] G [X,2] I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0 3-4 4-4
+[X] ||| [X,1] F [X,2] K ||| E [X,1] G [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0 3-5 3-6
+[X] ||| [X,1] F [X,2] ||| E [X,1] G [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] F ||| E [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] G H I J ||| [X,1] G H I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-2 3-3 4-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] G H [X,2] K ||| [X,1] G H [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-2 4-5 4-6
+[X] ||| [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] G H ||| [X,1] G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] I J K ||| [X,1] I J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-1 3-3 3-4
+[X] ||| [X,1] I J [X,2] ||| [X,1] I J [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] I J ||| [X,1] I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] K L M N ||| [X,1] J K L M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 1-3 4-4 4-5
+[X] ||| [X,1] K L M [X,2] ||| [X,1] J K L [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 1-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] K ||| [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 1-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] L M N [X,2] ||| [X,1] M N [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 3-1 3-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] L M N ||| [X,1] M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 3-1 3-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] O P Q R ||| [X,1] O P ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-2 4-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] O [X,2] Q R ||| [X,1] O [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 4-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] S T U V ||| [X,1] Q R S T U V ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-6 2-4 4-6
+[X] ||| [X,1] S [X,2] U V ||| [X,1] Q R S [X,2] U V ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-6 4-6
+[X] ||| [X,1] W X Y Z ||| [X,1] W X Y ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 3-3 4-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] W X [X,2] Z ||| [X,1] W X [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 4-1
diff --git a/python/tests/extractor/refmt.py b/python/tests/extractor/refmt.py
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..437d5b7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/extractor/refmt.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+
+import collections, sys
+
+lines = []
+f = collections.defaultdict(int)
+fe = collections.defaultdict(lambda: collections.defaultdict(int))
+
+for line in sys.stdin:
+    tok = [x.strip() for x in line.split('|||')]
+    count = int(tok[4])
+    f[tok[1]] += count
+    fe[tok[1]][tok[2]] += count
+    lines.append(tok)
+
+for tok in lines:
+    feat = 'IsSingletonF={0}.0 IsSingletonFE={1}.0'.format(
+        0 if f[tok[1]] > 1 else 1,
+        0 if fe[tok[1]][tok[2]] > 1 else 1)
+    print ' ||| '.join((tok[0], tok[1], tok[2], feat, tok[3]))
diff --git a/python/tests/extractor/rules.sort b/python/tests/extractor/rules.sort
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c6f22c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/extractor/rules.sort
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+[X] ||| A B C D [X,1] ||| B C D [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-1
+[X] ||| A B C D ||| B C ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-1
+[X] ||| A B C [X,1] K ||| B [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 4-3 4-4
+[X] ||| A B C [X,1] ||| B [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| A ||| B ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| AA BB CC DD ||| AA BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 1-2 2-1 3-0
+[X] ||| AA BB CC [X,1] ||| [X,1] BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 1-2 2-1
+[X] ||| AA BB CC ||| BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-1 2-0
+[X] ||| AA BB [X,1] DD ||| AA [X,1] CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 1-2 3-0
+[X] ||| AA BB [X,1] ||| [X,1] CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-1
+[X] ||| AA BB ||| CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] CC DD ||| AA BB [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 2-1 3-0
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] CC [X,2] ||| [X,2] BB [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-3 2-1
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] CC ||| BB [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 2-0
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] DD ||| AA [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 2-0
+[X] ||| AA [X,1] ||| [X,1] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1
+[X] ||| AA ||| DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| BB CC DD ||| AA BB CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-1 2-0
+[X] ||| BB CC [X,1] ||| [X,1] BB CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-1
+[X] ||| BB CC ||| BB CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| BB [X,1] DD ||| AA [X,1] CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 2-0
+[X] ||| BB [X,1] ||| [X,1] CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1
+[X] ||| BB ||| CC ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| CC DD ||| AA BB ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| CC [X,1] ||| [X,1] BB ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1
+[X] ||| CC ||| BB ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| D E F G H ||| C D E F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 2-2 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| D E F [X,1] K ||| C D E F G [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 2-2 4-7 4-8
+[X] ||| D E F [X,1] ||| C D E F G [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 2-2
+[X] ||| D E F ||| C D E F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 2-2
+[X] ||| D E [X,1] G H ||| C D [X,1] F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| D E [X,1] ||| C D [X,1] F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-3
+[X] ||| D [X,1] F G H ||| C D E [X,1] G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| D [X,1] F [X,2] K ||| C D E [X,1] G [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2 4-7 4-8
+[X] ||| D [X,1] F [X,2] ||| C D E [X,1] G [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2
+[X] ||| D [X,1] F ||| C D E [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2
+[X] ||| D [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| C D [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-4 3-4
+[X] ||| D [X,1] G H ||| C D [X,1] G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-4 3-4
+[X] ||| D [X,1] I J K ||| C D [X,1] I J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-3 3-3 4-5 4-6
+[X] ||| D [X,1] I J [X,2] ||| C D [X,1] I J [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| D [X,1] I J ||| C D [X,1] I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| D [X,1] K ||| C D [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-4 2-5
+[X] ||| D [X,1] L M N ||| C D [X,1] M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 4-3 4-4
+[X] ||| D [X,1] L M [X,2] ||| C D [X,1] [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| D [X,1] ||| C D [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| D ||| C ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| DD ||| AA ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| E F G H [X,1] ||| E F G H [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| E F G H ||| E F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| E F [X,1] I J ||| E F G [X,1] I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0 3-4 4-4
+[X] ||| E F [X,1] K ||| E F G [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0 3-5 3-6
+[X] ||| E F [X,1] ||| E F G [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| E F ||| E F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 1-0
+[X] ||| E [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| [X,1] F G H [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| E [X,1] G H ||| [X,1] F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| E [X,1] ||| [X,1] F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-1
+[X] ||| E ||| F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| F ||| E ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| G H I J K ||| H I J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 2-1 3-1 4-3 4-4
+[X] ||| G H I J [X,1] ||| H I J [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 2-1 3-1
+[X] ||| G H I J ||| H I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 2-1 3-1
+[X] ||| G H [X,1] K ||| H [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 3-3 3-4
+[X] ||| G H [X,1] ||| H [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0
+[X] ||| G H ||| H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0
+[X] ||| I J K ||| I J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0 2-2 2-3
+[X] ||| I J [X,1] ||| I J [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0
+[X] ||| I J ||| I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-0
+[X] ||| K L M N [X,1] ||| K L M N [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1 3-2 3-3
+[X] ||| K L M N ||| K L M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1 3-2 3-3
+[X] ||| K L M [X,1] ||| K L [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1
+[X] ||| K ||| K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1
+[X] ||| N O P Q R ||| M N O P ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1 1-2 2-3 4-2
+[X] ||| N O [X,1] Q R ||| M N O [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1 1-2 4-2
+[X] ||| N [X,1] ||| M N [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1
+[X] ||| N ||| M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 0-1
+[X] ||| O P Q R [X,1] ||| O P Q R S [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-1 3-0
+[X] ||| O P Q R ||| O P ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 1-1 3-0
+[X] ||| O [X,1] Q R [X,2] ||| O [X,1] Q R S [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-0
+[X] ||| O [X,1] Q R ||| O [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-0
+[X] ||| P ||| P ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| S T U V [X,1] ||| T U V [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-0 3-2
+[X] ||| S T U V ||| T U V ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 1-0 3-2
+[X] ||| S [X,1] U V [X,2] ||| [X,1] U V [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 3-2
+[X] ||| S [X,1] U V ||| [X,1] U V ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-2 3-2
+[X] ||| T ||| T ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| W X Y Z [X,1] ||| W X Y Z [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2 3-0
+[X] ||| W X Y Z ||| W X Y ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 2-2 3-0
+[X] ||| W X [X,1] Z [X,2] ||| W X [X,1] Z [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-0
+[X] ||| W X [X,1] Z ||| W X [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0 3-0
+[X] ||| Y ||| Y ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 0-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA BB CC DD ||| [X,1] Z AA BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-5 2-4 3-3 4-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA BB CC [X,2] ||| [X,1] Z [X,2] BB CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-5 2-4 3-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA BB [X,2] DD ||| [X,1] Z AA [X,2] CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-5 2-4 4-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA BB [X,2] ||| [X,1] Z [X,2] CC DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-4 2-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA [X,2] CC DD ||| [X,1] Z AA BB [X,2] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-5 3-3 4-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA [X,2] DD ||| [X,1] Z AA [X,2] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-4 3-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] AA [X,2] ||| [X,1] Z [X,2] DD ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] B C D [X,2] ||| [X,1] C D [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 3-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] B C D ||| [X,1] C ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 3-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] B C [X,2] K ||| [X,1] [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 4-3 4-4
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB CC DD ||| AA BB CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-1 3-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB CC [X,2] ||| [X,2] BB CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB CC ||| BB CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB [X,2] DD ||| AA [X,2] CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 3-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB [X,2] ||| [X,2] CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] BB ||| CC [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] CC DD ||| AA BB [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] CC [X,2] ||| [X,2] BB [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] CC ||| BB [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] DD ||| AA [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] E F G H ||| [X,1] D E F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 2-2 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| [X,1] E F [X,2] K ||| [X,1] D E F G [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 2-2 4-7 4-8
+[X] ||| [X,1] E F [X,2] ||| [X,1] D E F G [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 2-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] E F ||| [X,1] D E F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 2-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] E [X,2] G H ||| [X,1] D [X,2] F G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3 3-5 4-5
+[X] ||| [X,1] E [X,2] ||| [X,1] D [X,2] F ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] F G H [X,2] ||| E [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] F G H ||| E [X,1] G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0 2-3 3-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] F [X,2] I J ||| E [X,1] G [X,2] I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0 3-4 4-4
+[X] ||| [X,1] F [X,2] K ||| E [X,1] G [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0 3-5 3-6
+[X] ||| [X,1] F [X,2] ||| E [X,1] G [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] F ||| E [X,1] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-0
+[X] ||| [X,1] G H I J ||| [X,1] G H I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-2 3-3 4-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] G H [X,2] K ||| [X,1] G H [X,2] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-2 4-5 4-6
+[X] ||| [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| [X,1] G H [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] G H ||| [X,1] G H ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 2-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] I J K ||| [X,1] I J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-1 3-3 3-4
+[X] ||| [X,1] I J [X,2] ||| [X,1] I J [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] I J ||| [X,1] I ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] K L M N ||| [X,1] J K L M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 1-3 4-4 4-5
+[X] ||| [X,1] K L M [X,2] ||| [X,1] J K L [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 1-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] K ||| [X,1] J K L ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-2 1-3
+[X] ||| [X,1] L M N [X,2] ||| [X,1] M N [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 3-1 3-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] L M N ||| [X,1] M N ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 3-1 3-2
+[X] ||| [X,1] O P Q R ||| [X,1] O P ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 2-2 4-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] O [X,2] Q R ||| [X,1] O [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 4-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] S T U V ||| [X,1] Q R S T U V ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-6 2-4 4-6
+[X] ||| [X,1] S [X,2] U V ||| [X,1] Q R S [X,2] U V ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-6 4-6
+[X] ||| [X,1] W X Y Z ||| [X,1] W X Y ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 3-3 4-1
+[X] ||| [X,1] W X [X,2] Z ||| [X,1] W X [X,2] ||| IsSingletonF=1.0 IsSingletonFE=1.0 ||| 1-1 4-1
diff --git a/python/tests/extractor/run.sh b/python/tests/extractor/run.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..f44da9f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/extractor/run.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+
+# Make sure that the sa and online extractors are producing the same (correct) output
+
+set -x verbose
+
+python -m cdec.sa.compile -a corpus.al.gz -b corpus.fr-en.gz -o extract >| extract.ini
+
+cat test.in | python -m cdec.sa.extract -c extract.ini -g gold -o 2>&1 | egrep '\[X\].+\|\|\|.+\|\|\|.+\|\|\|.+\|\|\|'|sed -re 's/INFO.+://g' | ./refmt.py | LC_ALL=C sort >| rules.sort
+
+cd gold && cat grammar.0|sed -re 's/Egiv.+(IsSingletonF=)/\1/g'|LC_ALL=C sort >| rules.sort && cd ..
+
+diff gold/rules.sort gold-rules.sort
+diff rules.sort gold-rules.sort
diff --git a/python/tests/extractor/test.in b/python/tests/extractor/test.in
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..42f1a9dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/extractor/test.in
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA BB CC DD ||| A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA BB CC DD ||| 0-1 3-2 4-5 5-4 6-7 7-7 8-8 9-8 10-10 10-11 13-12 13-13 14-14 15-15 17-14 18-21 19-19 21-21 22-22 24-24 25-22 26-29 27-28 28-27 29-26
diff --git a/python/tests/extractor/test.vis b/python/tests/extractor/test.vis
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2d30a9f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/extractor/test.vis
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+ 012345678901234567890123456789
+0.*............................0
+1..............................1
+2..............................2
+3..*...........................3
+4.....*........................4
+5....*.........................5
+6.......*......................6
+7.......*......................7
+8........*.....................8
+9........*.....................9
+0..........**..................0
+1..............................1
+2..............................2
+3............**................3
+4..............*...............4
+5...............*..............5
+6..............................6
+7..............*...............7
+8.....................*........8
+9...................*..........9
+0..............................0
+1.....................*........1
+2......................*.......2
+3..............................3
+4........................*.....4
+5......................*.......5
+6.............................*6
+7............................*.7
+8...........................*..8
+9..........................*...9
+ 012345678901234567890123456789
+
+0-1 3-2 4-5 5-4 6-7 7-7 8-8 9-8 10-10 10-11 13-12 13-13 14-14 15-15 17-14 18-21 19-19 21-21 22-22 24-24 25-22 26-29 27-28 28-27 29-26
diff --git a/training/crf/Makefile.am b/training/crf/Makefile.am
index d203df25..4a8c30fd 100644
--- a/training/crf/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/crf/Makefile.am
@@ -4,24 +4,28 @@ bin_PROGRAMS = \
   mpi_extract_features \
   mpi_extract_reachable \
   mpi_flex_optimize \
-  mpi_online_optimize
+  mpi_online_optimize \
+  mpi_baum_welch
+
+mpi_baum_welch_SOURCES = mpi_baum_welch.cc
+mpi_baum_welch_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
 
 mpi_online_optimize_SOURCES = mpi_online_optimize.cc
-mpi_online_optimize_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/training/utils/libtraining_utils.a $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/search/libksearch.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/lm/libklm.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/util/libklm_util.a -lz
+mpi_online_optimize_LDADD = ../../training/utils/libtraining_utils.a ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
 
 mpi_flex_optimize_SOURCES = mpi_flex_optimize.cc
-mpi_flex_optimize_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/training/utils/libtraining_utils.a $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/search/libksearch.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/lm/libklm.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/util/libklm_util.a -lz
+mpi_flex_optimize_LDADD = ../../training/utils/libtraining_utils.a ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
 
 mpi_extract_reachable_SOURCES = mpi_extract_reachable.cc
-mpi_extract_reachable_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/search/libksearch.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/lm/libklm.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/util/libklm_util.a -lz
+mpi_extract_reachable_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
 
 mpi_extract_features_SOURCES = mpi_extract_features.cc
-mpi_extract_features_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/search/libksearch.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/lm/libklm.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/util/libklm_util.a -lz
+mpi_extract_features_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
 
-mpi_batch_optimize_SOURCES = mpi_batch_optimize.cc cllh_observer.cc
-mpi_batch_optimize_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/training/utils/libtraining_utils.a $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/search/libksearch.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/lm/libklm.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/util/libklm_util.a -lz
+mpi_batch_optimize_SOURCES = mpi_batch_optimize.cc cllh_observer.cc cllh_observer.h
+mpi_batch_optimize_LDADD = ../../training/utils/libtraining_utils.a ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
 
-mpi_compute_cllh_SOURCES = mpi_compute_cllh.cc cllh_observer.cc
-mpi_compute_cllh_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/search/libksearch.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/lm/libklm.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/util/libklm_util.a -lz
+mpi_compute_cllh_SOURCES = mpi_compute_cllh.cc cllh_observer.cc cllh_observer.h
+mpi_compute_cllh_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a -lz
 
 AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir)/training -I$(top_srcdir)/training/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval
diff --git a/training/crf/baum_welch_example/README.md b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97525da5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Here's how to do Baum-Welch training with `cdec`.
+
+## Set the tags you want.
+
+First, set the number of tags you want in tagset.txt (these
+can be any symbols, listed one after another, separated
+by whitespace), e.g.:
+
+    C1 C2 C3 C4
+
+## Extract the parameter feature names
+
+    ../mpi_extract_features -c cdec.ini -t train.txt
+
+If you have compiled with MPI, you can use `mpirun`:
+
+    mpirun -np 8 ../mpi_extract_features -c cdec.ini -t train.txt
+
+## Randomly initialize the weights file
+
+    sort -u features.* | ./random_init.pl > weights.init
+
+## Run training
+
+    ../mpi_baum_welch -c cdec.ini -t train.txt -w weights.init -n 50
+
+Again, if you have compiled with MPI, you can use `mpirun`:
+
+    mpirun -np 8 ../mpi_baum_welch -c cdec.ini -t train.txt -w weights.init -n 50
+
+The `-n` flag indicates how many iterations to run for.
+
diff --git a/training/crf/baum_welch_example/cdec.ini b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/cdec.ini
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61203da7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/cdec.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+feature_function=Tagger_BigramIndicator
+feature_function=LexicalPairIndicator
+formalism=tagger
+tagger_tagset=tagset.txt
+intersection_strategy=full
diff --git a/training/crf/baum_welch_example/random_init.pl b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/random_init.pl
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..98467ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/random_init.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#!/usr/bin/perl -w
+while(<>) {
+  chomp;
+  my ($a,$b,@d) =split /\s+/;
+  die "Bad input" if scalar @d > 0;
+  $r = -rand() * rand() - 0.5;
+  $r = 0 if $a =~ /^Uni:/;
+  print "$a $r\n";
+}
diff --git a/training/crf/baum_welch_example/tagset.txt b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/tagset.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..93a48451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/tagset.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+1 2 3 4
diff --git a/training/crf/baum_welch_example/train.txt b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/train.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e9c3455e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/crf/baum_welch_example/train.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,2000 @@
+t h e
+t o
+o f
+i n
+a n d
+a
+s a i d
+f o r
+o n
+t h a t
+w i t h
+w a s
+i s
+b y
+a t
+h e
+a s
+f r o m
+i t
+h a s
+b e
+h i s
+h a v e
+w i l l
+a n
+a r e
+w e r e
+b u t
+n o t
+w h o
+a f t e r
+h a d
+y e a r
+i t s
+t w o
+t h i s
+w h i c h
+t h e y
+t h e i r
+g o v e r n m e n t
+b e e n
+w e
+p e r c e n t
+w o u l d
+n e w
+i
+a l s o
+u p
+m o r e
+o n e
+p e o p l e
+f i r s t
+l a s t
+a b o u t
+c h i n a
+p r e s i d e n t
+o v e r
+m i l l i o n
+o r
+o u t
+w o r l d
+w h e n
+a l l
+o t h e r
+m i n i s t e r
+t h r e e
+t h a n
+u n i t e d
+t h e r e
+a g a i n s t
+i n t o
+c o u n t r y
+s o m e
+p o l i c e
+n o
+t i m e
+y e a r s
+s t a t e
+w e d n e s d a y
+t u e s d a y
+t h u r s d a y
+s t a t e s
+m o n d a y
+u s
+c o u l d
+i f
+f r i d a y
+s i n c e
+b i l l i o n
+s h e
+f o r e i g n
+o f f i c i a l s
+d a y
+i n t e r n a t i o n a l
+h e r
+b e t w e e n
+o n l y
+b e f o r e
+s o u t h
+w h i l e
+d u r i n g
+n a t i o n a l
+t o l d
+s e c o n d
+g r o u p
+f o u r
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+c i t y
+p a r t y
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+s e c u r i t y
+d o
+m a d e
+d o l l a r s
+p o i n t s
+u n d e r
+m i l i t a r y
+b e c a u s e
+w e e k
+c o u n t r i e s
+c a n
+c h i n e s e
+o f f
+s u n d a y
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+t a k e
+e x p e c t e d
+p o l i t i c a l
+s i x
+s u c h
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+l o c a l
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+r u s s i a
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+g e n e r a l
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+c u t
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+c h a r g e s
+s m a l l
+l o w e r
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+s e n t
+c o n g r e s s
+h o s p i t a l
+h o l d
+m i g h t
+u n
+e v e r y
+g i v e n
+d e p u t y
+i n t e r e s t
+i s l a n d
+s c h o o l
+d r u g
+k i l l i n g
+r u l i n g
+t o u r
+o p e n i n g
+t e r m
+f u l l
+c l r
+l i t t l e
+m a r k e t s
+c o a c h
+j a n u a r y
+s c h e d u l e d
+k e e p
+t u r k e y
+p r e v i o u s
+e x e c u t i v e
+g a s
+m e t
+j o i n t
+t r i a l
+b o a r d
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+m a r t i n
+p e r s o n a l
+s e r b i a
+a n y t h i n g
+b l a m e d
+i n t e r e s t s
+n e i g h b o r i n g
+d o c t o r s
+f l i g h t s
+s h i p
+r e g i m e
+b l a i r
+u n i t
+a g e n c i e s
+a f p
+s u g g e s t e d
+l a c k
+s e l l i n g
+a n n a n
+y u g o s l a v i a
+l a
+c o n s u m e r
+s u s p e n d e d
+s t o p p e d
+c o m m e n t s
+c o m p u t e r
+c o n s i d e r
+a i r l i n e s
+l e b a n e s e
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+d i a l o g u e
+e x p e c t
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+e
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+t o u r i s t s
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+p r i s o n e r s
+p o w e r f u l
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+f o r u m
+r e s e r v e
+m i l a n
+b l a s t
+a n n i v e r s a r y
+a t t e n d e d
+e n d i n g
+d e v e l o p e d
+c e r t a i n
+b e l o w
+f e l t
+p r o v i n c i a l
+c y p r u s
+c r i t i c i z e d
+o p p o r t u n i t y
+s m i t h
+p o l i t i c s
+s e l f
+h u m a n i t a r i a n
+r e a s o n
+l a w y e r s
+r e v e n u e
+d o c u m e n t s
+w r o t e
+q u e s t i o n s
+n o r w a y
+d o w
+p a n e l
+f e a r
+s e n t e n c e d
+b a n n e d
+c i v i l i a n
+c u l t u r a l
+p e r s o n n e l
+b e l g i u m
+a b u
+c a p a c i t y
+a m o u n t
+s e c u r i t i e s
+b l o o d
+s i g n i f i c a n t
+e x p e r i e n c e
+a s e a n
+h o u s i n g
+j o h n s o n
+p h o t o s
+r o y a l
+i m p o r t s
+a d d i t i o n a l
+y e l t s i n
+c d y
+h e a r d
+t h o m a s
+b a n k i n g
+l e a d s
+v i s i t e d
+f e a r s
+u g a n d a
+d r i v e r
+c o n t r o l l e d
+d e m a n d s
+i n s t i t u t i o n s
+a l i
+c h r i s t i a n
+s t o r m
+f o r e c a s t
+g r a f
+f i g h t e r s
+s t r e e t s
+r e s p e c t
+s p o t
+w e b
+m i s s e d
+s c i e n c e
+h e a d s
+h i t s
+m a s s i v e
+c u l t u r e
+c o u p l e
+v e n e z u e l a
+r e p o r t e d l y
+i n s u r a n c e
+s p r e a d
+s o l u t i o n
+p l a c e d
+s e r v e d
+f a c i l i t i e s
+s t r a t e g y
+t e c h n i c a l
+s t e p s
+d e e p
+h o p e d
+d e c i d e
+s a l e
+j a i l
+d i s c u s s e d
+s a v e
+n e p a l
+a r a b i a
+e n v o y
+a t t a c k e d
+w a y s
+r e c e i v e
+h a p p y
+h a l l
+g u i l t y
+p r a c t i c e
+l o v e
+e u r o s
+o p e r a t i n g
+c h a n g e d
+b o s t o n
+d e c a d e
+d e f i c i t
+p r o d u c t
+l i n e s
+p a t i e n t s
+f r i e n d s
+s y d n e y
+a c c o r d
+t i e d
+s p e e d
+w o r d s
+t i e
+s c o r e
+c o n d u c t e d
+c r i t i c i s m
+m u s l i m s
+b r o t h e r
+c l a s s
+r o m a n i a
+h e l p i n g
+f a s t
+h a p p e n e d
+d e f e n d i n g
+n a v y
+w i t n e s s e s
+f u l l y
+s u s p e c t
+i s l a n d s
+m a i n t a i n
+p r e s e n c e
+j a k a r t a
+p a c k a g e
+y a r d s
+g a i n
+a c c o u n t
+s q u a d
+s h a r o n
+w i n g
+a c t i o n s
+a t h e n s
+s t r a t e g i c
+s t r e n g t h e n
+f r i e n d l y
+d e s t r o y e d
+a p p a r e n t l y
+c o n s e r v a t i v e
+g a i n s
+f a i l u r e
+f u t u r e s
+s h o t s
+r e l a t i o n s h i p
+c o m m i s s i o n e r
+m a l a y s i a n
+r e q u i r e d
+a t l a n t a
+a g r e e
+d e f e a t
+s t r i k e r
+a d v a n c e d
+b r a z i l i a n
+a s s e t s
+h o u s e s
+s u p p l i e s
+s a f e
+m i l l i o n s
+s o u g h t
+f r e s h
+v i d e o
+p r o s e c u t o r
+p u l l e d
+v e h i c l e
+t o l l
+p a r e n t s
+c e a s e
+a c t i v i s t s
+o r g a n i z e d
+e n t e r e d
+s h i i t e
+l a n g u a g e
+a b b a s
+b i n
+p r e v i o u s l y
+c l o s i n g
+w o r k s
+t e r r o r i s t s
+t o n y
+c o v e r
+f o l l o w
+l e g i s l a t i v e
+r i c h
+c l a s h e s
+i m p o s e d
+r a n
+m c c a i n
+s u c c e s s f u l
+s e v e n t h
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+c a u g h t
+a p p o i n t e d
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+x
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+y e s t e r d a y
+p l a n e s
+n i n t h
+o n l i n e
+h e l i c o p t e r
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+p a r t n e r s
+i n f r a s t r u c t u r e
+b o a t
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+n o r m a l
+s t a k e
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+m a c a o
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+s u n
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+s o u t h w e s t
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+c h a n c e s
+m i a m i
+e l
+e n t i r e
diff --git a/training/crf/mpi_baum_welch.cc b/training/crf/mpi_baum_welch.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d69b1769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/training/crf/mpi_baum_welch.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,316 @@
+#include <sstream>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+
+#include "config.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_MPI
+#include <boost/mpi/timer.hpp>
+#include <boost/mpi.hpp>
+namespace mpi = boost::mpi;
+#endif
+
+#include <boost/unordered_map.hpp>
+#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
+#include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
+#include <boost/program_options/variables_map.hpp>
+
+#include "sentence_metadata.h"
+#include "verbose.h"
+#include "hg.h"
+#include "prob.h"
+#include "inside_outside.h"
+#include "ff_register.h"
+#include "decoder.h"
+#include "filelib.h"
+#include "stringlib.h"
+#include "fdict.h"
+#include "weights.h"
+#include "sparse_vector.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+namespace po = boost::program_options;
+
+bool InitCommandLine(int argc, char** argv, po::variables_map* conf) {
+  po::options_description opts("Configuration options");
+  opts.add_options()
+        ("input_weights,w",po::value<string>(),"Input feature weights file")
+        ("iterations,n",po::value<unsigned>()->default_value(50), "Number of training iterations")
+        ("training_data,t",po::value<string>(),"Training data")
+        ("decoder_config,c",po::value<string>(),"Decoder configuration file");
+  po::options_description clo("Command line options");
+  clo.add_options()
+        ("config", po::value<string>(), "Configuration file")
+        ("help,h", "Print this help message and exit");
+  po::options_description dconfig_options, dcmdline_options;
+  dconfig_options.add(opts);
+  dcmdline_options.add(opts).add(clo);
+  
+  po::store(parse_command_line(argc, argv, dcmdline_options), *conf);
+  if (conf->count("config")) {
+    ifstream config((*conf)["config"].as<string>().c_str());
+    po::store(po::parse_config_file(config, dconfig_options), *conf);
+  }
+  po::notify(*conf);
+
+  if (conf->count("help") || !conf->count("input_weights") || !(conf->count("training_data")) || !conf->count("decoder_config")) {
+    cerr << dcmdline_options << endl;
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+void ReadTrainingCorpus(const string& fname, int rank, int size, vector<string>* c) {
+  ReadFile rf(fname);
+  istream& in = *rf.stream();
+  string line;
+  int lc = 0;
+  while(in) {
+    getline(in, line);
+    if (!in) break;
+    if (lc % size == rank) c->push_back(line);
+    ++lc;
+  }
+}
+
+static const double kMINUS_EPSILON = -1e-6;
+
+struct TrainingObserver : public DecoderObserver {
+  void Reset() {
+    acc_grad.clear();
+    acc_obj = 0;
+    total_complete = 0;
+    trg_words = 0;
+  } 
+
+  void SetLocalGradientAndObjective(vector<double>* g, double* o) const {
+    *o = acc_obj;
+    for (SparseVector<double>::const_iterator it = acc_grad.begin(); it != acc_grad.end(); ++it)
+      (*g)[it->first] = it->second;
+  }
+
+  virtual void NotifyDecodingStart(const SentenceMetadata& smeta) {
+    state = 1;
+  }
+
+  // compute model expectations, denominator of objective
+  virtual void NotifyTranslationForest(const SentenceMetadata& smeta, Hypergraph* hg) {
+    assert(state == 1);
+    trg_words += smeta.GetSourceLength();
+    state = 2;
+    SparseVector<prob_t> exps;
+    const prob_t z = InsideOutside<prob_t,
+                                   EdgeProb,
+                                   SparseVector<prob_t>,
+                                   EdgeFeaturesAndProbWeightFunction>(*hg, &exps);
+    exps /= z;
+    for (SparseVector<prob_t>::iterator it = exps.begin(); it != exps.end(); ++it)
+      acc_grad.add_value(it->first, it->second.as_float());
+
+    acc_obj += log(z);
+  }
+
+  // compute "empirical" expectations, numerator of objective
+  virtual void NotifyAlignmentForest(const SentenceMetadata& smeta, Hypergraph* hg) {
+    cerr << "Shouldn't get an alignment forest!\n";
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  virtual void NotifyDecodingComplete(const SentenceMetadata& smeta) {
+    ++total_complete;
+  }
+
+  int total_complete;
+  SparseVector<double> acc_grad;
+  double acc_obj;
+  unsigned trg_words;
+  int state;
+};
+
+void ReadConfig(const string& ini, vector<string>* out) {
+  ReadFile rf(ini);
+  istream& in = *rf.stream();
+  while(in) {
+    string line;
+    getline(in, line);
+    if (!in) continue;
+    out->push_back(line);
+  }
+}
+
+void StoreConfig(const vector<string>& cfg, istringstream* o) {
+  ostringstream os;
+  for (int i = 0; i < cfg.size(); ++i) { os << cfg[i] << endl; }
+  o->str(os.str());
+}
+
+#if 0
+template <typename T>
+struct VectorPlus : public binary_function<vector<T>, vector<T>, vector<T> >  {
+  vector<T> operator()(const vector<int>& a, const vector<int>& b) const {
+    assert(a.size() == b.size());
+    vector<T> v(a.size());
+    transform(a.begin(), a.end(), b.begin(), v.begin(), plus<T>()); 
+    return v;
+  } 
+}; 
+#endif
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+#ifdef HAVE_MPI
+  mpi::environment env(argc, argv);
+  mpi::communicator world;
+  const int size = world.size(); 
+  const int rank = world.rank();
+#else
+  const int size = 1;
+  const int rank = 0;
+#endif
+  SetSilent(true);  // turn off verbose decoder output
+  register_feature_functions();
+
+  po::variables_map conf;
+  if (!InitCommandLine(argc, argv, &conf)) return 1;
+  const unsigned iterations = conf["iterations"].as<unsigned>();
+
+  // load cdec.ini and set up decoder
+  vector<string> cdec_ini;
+  ReadConfig(conf["decoder_config"].as<string>(), &cdec_ini);
+  istringstream ini;
+  StoreConfig(cdec_ini, &ini);
+  Decoder* decoder = new Decoder(&ini);
+  if (decoder->GetConf()["input"].as<string>() != "-") {
+    cerr << "cdec.ini must not set an input file\n";
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  // load initial weights
+  if (rank == 0) { cerr << "Loading weights...\n"; }
+  vector<weight_t>& lambdas = decoder->CurrentWeightVector();
+  Weights::InitFromFile(conf["input_weights"].as<string>(), &lambdas);
+  if (rank == 0) { cerr << "Done loading weights.\n"; }
+
+  // freeze feature set (should be optional?)
+  const bool freeze_feature_set = true;
+  if (freeze_feature_set) FD::Freeze();
+
+  const int num_feats = FD::NumFeats();
+  if (rank == 0) cerr << "Number of features: " << num_feats << endl;
+  lambdas.resize(num_feats);
+
+  vector<double> gradient(num_feats, 0.0);
+  vector<double> rcv_grad;
+  rcv_grad.clear();
+  bool converged = false;
+
+  vector<string> corpus, test_corpus;
+  ReadTrainingCorpus(conf["training_data"].as<string>(), rank, size, &corpus);
+  assert(corpus.size() > 0);
+  if (conf.count("test_data"))
+    ReadTrainingCorpus(conf["test_data"].as<string>(), rank, size, &test_corpus);
+
+  // build map from feature id to the accumulator that should normalize
+  boost::unordered_map<std::string, boost::unordered_map<int, double>, boost::hash<std::string> > ccs;
+  vector<boost::unordered_map<int, double>* > cpd_to_acc;
+  if (rank == 0) {
+    cpd_to_acc.resize(num_feats);
+    for (unsigned f = 1; f < num_feats; ++f) {
+      string normalizer;
+      //0 ||| 7 9 ||| Bi:BOS_7=1 Bi:7_9=1 Bi:9_EOS=1 Id:a:7=1 Uni:7=1 Id:b:9=1 Uni:9=1 ||| 0
+      const string& fstr = FD::Convert(f);
+      if (fstr.find("Bi:") == 0) {
+        size_t pos = fstr.rfind('_');
+        if (pos < fstr.size())
+          normalizer = fstr.substr(0, pos);
+      } else if (fstr.find("Id:") == 0) {
+        size_t pos = fstr.rfind(':');
+        if (pos < fstr.size()) {
+          normalizer = "Emit:";
+          normalizer += fstr.substr(pos);
+        }
+      }
+      if (normalizer.size() > 0) {
+        boost::unordered_map<int, double>& acc = ccs[normalizer];
+        cpd_to_acc[f] = &acc;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  TrainingObserver observer;
+  int iteration = 0;
+  while (!converged) {
+    ++iteration;
+    observer.Reset();
+#ifdef HAVE_MPI
+    mpi::timer timer;
+    world.barrier();
+#endif
+    if (rank == 0) {
+      cerr << "Starting decoding... (~" << corpus.size() << " sentences / proc)\n";
+      cerr << "  Testset size: " << test_corpus.size() << " sentences / proc)\n";
+      for(boost::unordered_map<string, boost::unordered_map<int,double>, boost::hash<string> >::iterator it = ccs.begin(); it != ccs.end(); ++it)
+        it->second.clear();
+    }
+    for (int i = 0; i < corpus.size(); ++i)
+      decoder->Decode(corpus[i], &observer);
+    cerr << "  process " << rank << '/' << size << " done\n";
+    fill(gradient.begin(), gradient.end(), 0);
+    double objective = 0;
+    observer.SetLocalGradientAndObjective(&gradient, &objective);
+
+    unsigned total_words = 0;
+#ifdef HAVE_MPI
+    double to = 0;
+    rcv_grad.resize(num_feats, 0.0);
+    mpi::reduce(world, &gradient[0], gradient.size(), &rcv_grad[0], plus<double>(), 0);
+    swap(gradient, rcv_grad);
+    rcv_grad.clear();
+
+    reduce(world, observer.trg_words, total_words, std::plus<unsigned>(), 0);
+    mpi::reduce(world, objective, to, plus<double>(), 0);
+    objective = to;
+#else
+    total_words = observer.trg_words;
+#endif
+    if (rank == 0) {  // run optimizer only on rank=0 node
+      cerr << "TRAINING CORPUS: ln p(x)=" << objective << "\t log_2 p(x) = " << (objective/log(2)) << "\t cross entropy = " << (objective/log(2) / total_words) << "\t ppl = " << pow(2, (-objective/log(2) / total_words)) << endl;
+      for (unsigned f = 1; f < num_feats; ++f) {
+        boost::unordered_map<int, double>* m = cpd_to_acc[f];
+        if (m && gradient[f]) {
+          (*m)[f] += gradient[f];
+        }
+        for(boost::unordered_map<string, boost::unordered_map<int,double>, boost::hash<string> >::iterator it = ccs.begin(); it != ccs.end(); ++it) {
+          const boost::unordered_map<int,double>& ccs = it->second;
+          double z = 0;
+          for (boost::unordered_map<int,double>::const_iterator ci = ccs.begin(); ci != ccs.end(); ++ci)
+            z += ci->second + 1e-09;
+          double lz = log(z);
+          for (boost::unordered_map<int,double>::const_iterator ci = ccs.begin(); ci != ccs.end(); ++ci)
+            lambdas[ci->first] = log(ci->second + 1e-09) - lz;
+        }
+      }
+      Weights::SanityCheck(lambdas);
+      Weights::ShowLargestFeatures(lambdas);
+
+      converged = (iteration == iterations);
+
+      string fname = "weights.cur.gz";
+      if (converged) { fname = "weights.final.gz"; }
+      ostringstream vv;
+      vv << "Objective = " << objective << "  (eval count=" << iteration << ")";
+      const string svv = vv.str();
+      Weights::WriteToFile(fname, lambdas, true, &svv);
+    }  // rank == 0
+    int cint = converged;
+#ifdef HAVE_MPI
+    mpi::broadcast(world, &lambdas[0], lambdas.size(), 0);
+    mpi::broadcast(world, cint, 0);
+    if (rank == 0) { cerr << "  ELAPSED TIME THIS ITERATION=" << timer.elapsed() << endl; }
+#endif
+    converged = cint;
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/training/dpmert/Makefile.am b/training/dpmert/Makefile.am
index 3dbdfa69..b85bb275 100644
--- a/training/dpmert/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/dpmert/Makefile.am
@@ -8,18 +8,20 @@ noinst_PROGRAMS = \
 TESTS = lo_test
 
 mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input_SOURCES = mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input.cc line_optimizer.cc
-mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+mr_dpmert_generate_mapper_input_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a
 
 # nbest2hg_SOURCES = nbest2hg.cc
 # nbest2hg_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a -lfst
 
-mr_dpmert_map_SOURCES = mert_geometry.cc ces.cc error_surface.cc mr_dpmert_map.cc line_optimizer.cc
-mr_dpmert_map_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+mr_dpmert_map_SOURCES = mert_geometry.cc ces.cc error_surface.cc mr_dpmert_map.cc line_optimizer.cc ces.h error_surface.h line_optimizer.h mert_geometry.h
+mr_dpmert_map_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a
 
-mr_dpmert_reduce_SOURCES = error_surface.cc ces.cc mr_dpmert_reduce.cc line_optimizer.cc mert_geometry.cc
-mr_dpmert_reduce_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+mr_dpmert_reduce_SOURCES = error_surface.cc ces.cc mr_dpmert_reduce.cc line_optimizer.cc mert_geometry.cc ces.h error_surface.h line_optimizer.h mert_geometry.h
+mr_dpmert_reduce_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a
 
-lo_test_SOURCES = lo_test.cc ces.cc mert_geometry.cc error_surface.cc line_optimizer.cc
-lo_test_LDADD = $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LDFLAGS) $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LIBS) $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+lo_test_SOURCES = lo_test.cc ces.cc mert_geometry.cc error_surface.cc line_optimizer.cc ces.h error_surface.h line_optimizer.h mert_geometry.h
+lo_test_LDADD = $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LDFLAGS) $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LIBS) ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval
+EXTRA_DIST = test_data dpmert.pl
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -DTEST_DATA=\"$(top_srcdir)/training/dpmert/test_data\" -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval
diff --git a/training/dpmert/lo_test.cc b/training/dpmert/lo_test.cc
index 95a08d3d..d89bcd99 100644
--- a/training/dpmert/lo_test.cc
+++ b/training/dpmert/lo_test.cc
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE( TestS1) {
   to_optimize.push_back(fPhraseModel_1);
   to_optimize.push_back(fPhraseModel_2);
 
-  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : "test_data");
+  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
 
   Hypergraph hg;
   ReadFile rf(path + "/0.json.gz");
diff --git a/training/dtrain/Makefile.am b/training/dtrain/Makefile.am
index 4f51b0c8..844c790d 100644
--- a/training/dtrain/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/dtrain/Makefile.am
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 bin_PROGRAMS = dtrain
 
-dtrain_SOURCES = dtrain.cc score.cc
-dtrain_LDADD   = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/search/libksearch.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/lm/libklm.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/util/libklm_util.a
+dtrain_SOURCES = dtrain.cc score.cc dtrain.h kbestget.h ksampler.h pairsampling.h score.h
+dtrain_LDADD   = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a
 
 AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval
 
diff --git a/training/liblbfgs/Makefile.am b/training/liblbfgs/Makefile.am
index 64a3794d..272d6f56 100644
--- a/training/liblbfgs/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/liblbfgs/Makefile.am
@@ -6,10 +6,17 @@ ll_test_LDADD = liblbfgs.a -lz
 
 noinst_LIBRARIES = liblbfgs.a
 
-liblbfgs_a_SOURCES = lbfgs.c
+liblbfgs_a_SOURCES = \
+  lbfgs.c \
+  arithmetic_ansi.h \
+  arithmetic_sse_double.h \
+  arithmetic_sse_float.h \
+  lbfgs++.h \
+  lbfgs.h
 
 ################################################################
 # do NOT NOT NOT add any other -I includes NO NO NO NO NO ######
 AM_LDFLAGS = liblbfgs.a -lz
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -I. -I..
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -I$(top_srcdir)/training -I$(top_srcdir)/training/liblbfgs
 ################################################################
+
diff --git a/training/minrisk/Makefile.am b/training/minrisk/Makefile.am
index 821730c2..ebf6fa91 100644
--- a/training/minrisk/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/minrisk/Makefile.am
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 bin_PROGRAMS = minrisk_optimize
 
 minrisk_optimize_SOURCES = minrisk_optimize.cc
-minrisk_optimize_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/training/utils/libtraining_utils.a $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/training/liblbfgs/liblbfgs.a
+minrisk_optimize_LDADD = ../../training/utils/libtraining_utils.a ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../training/liblbfgs/liblbfgs.a
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval -I$(top_srcdir)/training -I$(top_srcdir)/training/utils
+EXTRA_DIST = minrisk.pl minrisk_generate_input.pl
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval -I$(top_srcdir)/training -I$(top_srcdir)/training/utils
diff --git a/training/mira/Makefile.am b/training/mira/Makefile.am
index c8f404fb..fa4fb22d 100644
--- a/training/mira/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/mira/Makefile.am
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 bin_PROGRAMS = kbest_mira
 
 kbest_mira_SOURCES = kbest_mira.cc
-kbest_mira_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/search/libksearch.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/lm/libklm.a $(top_srcdir)/klm/util/libklm_util.a
+kbest_mira_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../klm/search/libksearch.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a ../../klm/lm/libklm.a ../../klm/util/libklm_util.a ../../klm/util/double-conversion/libklm_util_double.a
 
 AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval
diff --git a/training/pro/Makefile.am b/training/pro/Makefile.am
index e0a45a33..09364804 100644
--- a/training/pro/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/pro/Makefile.am
@@ -3,9 +3,11 @@ bin_PROGRAMS = \
   mr_pro_reduce
 
 mr_pro_map_SOURCES = mr_pro_map.cc
-mr_pro_map_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/training/utils/libtraining_utils.a $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+mr_pro_map_LDADD = ../../training/utils/libtraining_utils.a ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a
 
 mr_pro_reduce_SOURCES = mr_pro_reduce.cc
-mr_pro_reduce_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/training/liblbfgs/liblbfgs.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+mr_pro_reduce_LDADD = ../../training/liblbfgs/liblbfgs.a ../../utils/libutils.a
+
+EXTRA_DIST = mr_pro_generate_mapper_input.pl pro.pl
 
 AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval -I$(top_srcdir)/training/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/training
diff --git a/training/rampion/Makefile.am b/training/rampion/Makefile.am
index ef0ca147..c72283cd 100644
--- a/training/rampion/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/rampion/Makefile.am
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 bin_PROGRAMS = rampion_cccp
 
 rampion_cccp_SOURCES = rampion_cccp.cc
-rampion_cccp_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/training/utils/libtraining_utils.a $(top_srcdir)/decoder/libcdec.a $(top_srcdir)/mteval/libmteval.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+rampion_cccp_LDADD = ../../training/utils/libtraining_utils.a ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a
+
+EXTRA_DIST = rampion.pl rampion_generate_input.pl
 
 AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval -I$(top_srcdir)/training/utils
diff --git a/training/utils/Makefile.am b/training/utils/Makefile.am
index c9405d4e..27c6e344 100644
--- a/training/utils/Makefile.am
+++ b/training/utils/Makefile.am
@@ -2,21 +2,31 @@ noinst_LIBRARIES = libtraining_utils.a
 
 bin_PROGRAMS = \
   sentserver \
-  sentclient
+  sentclient \
+  grammar_convert
 
 noinst_PROGRAMS = \
   lbfgs_test \
   optimize_test
 
-sentserver_SOURCES = sentserver.c
+EXTRA_DIST = decode-and-evaluate.pl libcall.pl parallelize.pl
+
+sentserver_SOURCES = sentserver.cc
 sentserver_LDFLAGS = -pthread
 
-sentclient_SOURCES = sentclient.c
+sentclient_SOURCES = sentclient.cc
 sentclient_LDFLAGS = -pthread
 
 TESTS = lbfgs_test optimize_test
 
 libtraining_utils_a_SOURCES = \
+  candidate_set.h \
+  entropy.h \
+  lbfgs.h \
+  online_optimizer.h \
+  optimize.h \
+  risk.h \
+  sentserver.h \
   candidate_set.cc \
   entropy.cc \
   optimize.cc \
@@ -24,10 +34,13 @@ libtraining_utils_a_SOURCES = \
   risk.cc
 
 optimize_test_SOURCES = optimize_test.cc
-optimize_test_LDADD = libtraining_utils.a $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+optimize_test_LDADD = libtraining_utils.a ../../utils/libutils.a
+
+grammar_convert_SOURCES = grammar_convert.cc
+grammar_convert_LDADD = ../../decoder/libcdec.a ../../mteval/libmteval.a ../../utils/libutils.a
 
 lbfgs_test_SOURCES = lbfgs_test.cc
-lbfgs_test_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+lbfgs_test_LDADD = ../../utils/libutils.a
 
 AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -Wno-sign-compare -I$(top_srcdir)/decoder -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/mteval -I$(top_srcdir)/klm
 
diff --git a/training/utils/sentclient.c b/training/utils/sentclient.cc
index 91d994ab..91d994ab 100644
--- a/training/utils/sentclient.c
+++ b/training/utils/sentclient.cc
diff --git a/training/utils/sentserver.c b/training/utils/sentserver.cc
index c20b4fa6..b425955f 100644
--- a/training/utils/sentserver.c
+++ b/training/utils/sentserver.cc
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ struct line * queue_get(int fid) {
 		if (log_mutex) fprintf(stderr, "Unlocking input mutex (%d)\n", fid);
 		pthread_mutex_unlock(&input_mutex);
 
-		cur = malloc(sizeof (struct line));
+		cur = (line*)malloc(sizeof (struct line));
 		cur->id = n_sent;
 		cur->s = s;
 		cur->next = NULL;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ struct line * queue_get(int fid) {
 			fprintf(stderr, "Received ===SYNCH=== signal (fid %d)\n", fid);
 			// Note: queue_finish calls free(cur->s).
 			// Therefore we need to create a new string here.
-			synch = malloc((strlen("===SYNCH===\n")+2) * sizeof (char));
+			synch = (char*)malloc((strlen("===SYNCH===\n")+2) * sizeof (char));
 			synch = strcpy(synch, s);
 
 			if (log_mutex) fprintf(stderr, "Unlocking queue mutex (%d)\n", fid);
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ void queue_finish(struct line *node, char *s, int fid) {
 char * read_line(int fd, int multiline) {
   int size = 80;
   char errorbuf[100];
-  char *s = malloc(size+2);
+  char *s = (char*)malloc(size+2);
   int result, errors=0;
   int i = 0;
 
@@ -257,7 +257,7 @@ char * read_line(int fd, int multiline) {
     if (result < 0) {
       perror("read()");
       sprintf(errorbuf, "Error code: %d\n", errno);
-      fprintf(stderr, errorbuf);
+      fputs(errorbuf, stderr);
       errors++;
       if (errors > 5) {
 	free(s);
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ char * read_line(int fd, int multiline) {
 
       if (i == size) {
 	size = size*2;
-	s = realloc(s, size+2);
+	s = (char*)realloc(s, size+2);
       }
     }
 
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ void * new_client(void *arg) {
       if (result < strlen(cur->s)){
         perror("write()");
         sprintf(errorbuf, "Error code: %d\n", errno);
-        fprintf(stderr, errorbuf);
+        fputs(errorbuf, stderr);
 
         pthread_mutex_lock(&clients_mutex);
         n_clients--;
@@ -474,7 +474,7 @@ int main (int argc, char *argv[]) {
       sleep(1);
       continue;
     }
-    client = malloc(sizeof(struct clientinfo));
+    client = (clientinfo*)malloc(sizeof(struct clientinfo));
     client->s = g;
     bcopy(&from, &client->sin, len);
 
diff --git a/utils/Makefile.am b/utils/Makefile.am
index 639c30b8..c5fedb78 100644
--- a/utils/Makefile.am
+++ b/utils/Makefile.am
@@ -13,7 +13,57 @@ TESTS = ts small_vector_test logval_test weights_test dict_test m_test
 
 noinst_LIBRARIES = libutils.a
 
+# EXTRA_DIST = test_data
+
 libutils_a_SOURCES = \
+  test_data \
+  alias_sampler.h \
+  alignment_io.h \
+  array2d.h \
+  b64tools.h \
+  batched_append.h \
+  city.h \
+  citycrc.h \
+  corpus_tools.h \
+  dict.h \
+  fast_sparse_vector.h \
+  fdict.h \
+  feature_vector.h \
+  filelib.h \
+  gzstream.h \
+  hash.h \
+  have_64_bits.h \
+  indices_after.h \
+  kernel_string_subseq.h \
+  logval.h \
+  m.h \
+  murmur_hash.h \
+  named_enum.h \
+  null_deleter.h \
+  null_traits.h \
+  perfect_hash.h \
+  prob.h \
+  sampler.h \
+  semiring.h \
+  show.h \
+  small_vector.h \
+  sparse_vector.h \
+  static_utoa.h \
+  stringlib.h \
+  swap_pod.h \
+  tdict.h \
+  timing_stats.h \
+  utoa.h \
+  value_array.h \
+  verbose.h \
+  warning_compiler.h \
+  warning_pop.h \
+  warning_push.h \
+  weights.h \
+  wordid.h \
+  writer.h \
+  fast_lexical_cast.hpp \
+  intrusive_refcount.hpp \
   alignment_io.cc \
   b64tools.cc \
   corpus_tools.cc \
@@ -54,5 +104,6 @@ small_vector_test_LDADD = libutils.a $(BOOST_UNIT_TEST_FRAMEWORK_LDFLAGS) $(BOOS
 
 ################################################################
 # do NOT NOT NOT add any other -I includes NO NO NO NO NO ######
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -I.
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -DBOOST_TEST_DYN_LINK -W -Wall -I. -I$(top_srcdir) -DTEST_DATA=\"$(top_srcdir)/utils/test_data\"
 ################################################################
+
diff --git a/utils/weights_test.cc b/utils/weights_test.cc
index 4be4c40f..0d5d8512 100644
--- a/utils/weights_test.cc
+++ b/utils/weights_test.cc
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ using namespace std;
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Load) {
   vector<weight_t> v;
-  Weights::InitFromFile("test_data/weights", &v);
+  Weights::InitFromFile(TEST_DATA "/weights", &v);
   Weights::WriteToFile("-", v);
 }
diff --git a/word-aligner/Makefile.am b/word-aligner/Makefile.am
index 2dcb688e..1f7f78ae 100644
--- a/word-aligner/Makefile.am
+++ b/word-aligner/Makefile.am
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 bin_PROGRAMS = fast_align
 
-fast_align_SOURCES = fast_align.cc ttables.cc
-fast_align_LDADD = $(top_srcdir)/utils/libutils.a
+fast_align_SOURCES = fast_align.cc ttables.cc da.h ttables.h
+fast_align_LDADD = ../utils/libutils.a
 
-AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall $(GTEST_CPPFLAGS) -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/training
+EXTRA_DIST = aligner.pl ortho-norm support makefiles stemmers
+
+AM_CPPFLAGS = -W -Wall -I$(top_srcdir) -I$(top_srcdir)/utils -I$(top_srcdir)/training
diff --git a/word-aligner/fast_align.cc b/word-aligner/fast_align.cc
index 9d698074..9eb1dbc6 100644
--- a/word-aligner/fast_align.cc
+++ b/word-aligner/fast_align.cc
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ int main(int argc, char** argv) {
       if (favor_diagonal && optimize_tension && iter > 0) {
         for (int ii = 0; ii < 8; ++ii) {
           double mod_feat = 0;
-          unordered_map<pair<short,short>,unsigned>::iterator it = size_counts.begin();
+          unordered_map<pair<short,short>,unsigned,boost::hash<pair<short, short> > >::iterator it = size_counts.begin();
           for(; it != size_counts.end(); ++it) {
             const pair<short,short>& p = it->first;
             for (short j = 1; j <= p.first; ++j)