Merge branch 'const_reorder_2' into softsyn_2

98 files changed, 1163 insertions, 1952 deletions

diff --git a/decoder/JSON_parser.c b/decoder/JSON_parser.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 5e392bc6..00000000
--- a/decoder/JSON_parser.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,1012 +0,0 @@
-/* JSON_parser.c */
-
-/* 2007-08-24 */
-
-/*
-Copyright (c) 2005 JSON.org
-
-Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
-of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
-in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
-to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
-copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
-furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
-
-The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
-copies or substantial portions of the Software.
-
-The Software shall be used for Good, not Evil.
-
-THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
-IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
-FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
-LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
-OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
-SOFTWARE.
-*/
-
-/*
-    Callbacks, comments, Unicode handling by Jean Gressmann (jean@0x42.de), 2007-2009.
-
-    For the added features the license above applies also.
-
-    Changelog:
-        2009-05-17
-            Incorporated benrudiak@googlemail.com fix for UTF16 decoding.
-
-        2009-05-14
-            Fixed float parsing bug related to a locale being set that didn't
-            use '.' as decimal point character (charles@transmissionbt.com).
-
-        2008-10-14
-            Renamed states.IN to states.IT to avoid name clash which IN macro
-            defined in windef.h (alexey.pelykh@gmail.com)
-
-        2008-07-19
-            Removed some duplicate code & debugging variable (charles@transmissionbt.com)
-
-        2008-05-28
-            Made JSON_value structure ansi C compliant. This bug was report by
-            trisk@acm.jhu.edu
-
-        2008-05-20
-            Fixed bug reported by charles@transmissionbt.com where the switching
-            from static to dynamic parse buffer did not copy the static parse
-            buffer's content.
-*/
-
-
-
-#include <assert.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
-#include <float.h>
-#include <stddef.h>
-#include <stdio.h>
-#include <stdlib.h>
-#include <string.h>
-#include <locale.h>
-
-#include "JSON_parser.h"
-
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-#   if _MSC_VER >= 1400 /* Visual Studio 2005 and up */
-#      pragma warning(disable:4996) // unsecure sscanf
-#   endif
-#endif
-
-
-#define true  1
-#define false 0
-#define __   -1     /* the universal error code */
-
-/* values chosen so that the object size is approx equal to one page (4K) */
-#ifndef JSON_PARSER_STACK_SIZE
-#   define JSON_PARSER_STACK_SIZE 128
-#endif
-
-#ifndef JSON_PARSER_PARSE_BUFFER_SIZE
-#   define JSON_PARSER_PARSE_BUFFER_SIZE 3500
-#endif
-
-typedef unsigned short UTF16;
-
-struct JSON_parser_struct {
-    JSON_parser_callback callback;
-    void* ctx;
-    signed char state, before_comment_state, type, escaped, comment, allow_comments, handle_floats_manually;
-    UTF16 utf16_high_surrogate;
-    long depth;
-    long top;
-    signed char* stack;
-    long stack_capacity;
-    char decimal_point;
-    char* parse_buffer;
-    size_t parse_buffer_capacity;
-    size_t parse_buffer_count;
-    size_t comment_begin_offset;
-    signed char static_stack[JSON_PARSER_STACK_SIZE];
-    char static_parse_buffer[JSON_PARSER_PARSE_BUFFER_SIZE];
-};
-
-#define COUNTOF(x) (sizeof(x)/sizeof(x[0]))
-
-/*
-    Characters are mapped into these character classes. This allows for
-    a significant reduction in the size of the state transition table.
-*/
-
-
-
-enum classes {
-    C_SPACE,  /* space */
-    C_WHITE,  /* other whitespace */
-    C_LCURB,  /* {  */
-    C_RCURB,  /* } */
-    C_LSQRB,  /* [ */
-    C_RSQRB,  /* ] */
-    C_COLON,  /* : */
-    C_COMMA,  /* , */
-    C_QUOTE,  /* " */
-    C_BACKS,  /* \ */
-    C_SLASH,  /* / */
-    C_PLUS,   /* + */
-    C_MINUS,  /* - */
-    C_POINT,  /* . */
-    C_ZERO ,  /* 0 */
-    C_DIGIT,  /* 123456789 */
-    C_LOW_A,  /* a */
-    C_LOW_B,  /* b */
-    C_LOW_C,  /* c */
-    C_LOW_D,  /* d */
-    C_LOW_E,  /* e */
-    C_LOW_F,  /* f */
-    C_LOW_L,  /* l */
-    C_LOW_N,  /* n */
-    C_LOW_R,  /* r */
-    C_LOW_S,  /* s */
-    C_LOW_T,  /* t */
-    C_LOW_U,  /* u */
-    C_ABCDF,  /* ABCDF */
-    C_E,      /* E */
-    C_ETC,    /* everything else */
-    C_STAR,   /* * */
-    NR_CLASSES
-};
-
-static int ascii_class[128] = {
-/*
-    This array maps the 128 ASCII characters into character classes.
-    The remaining Unicode characters should be mapped to C_ETC.
-    Non-whitespace control characters are errors.
-*/
-    __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,
-    __,      C_WHITE, C_WHITE, __,      __,      C_WHITE, __,      __,
-    __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,
-    __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,      __,
-
-    C_SPACE, C_ETC,   C_QUOTE, C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,
-    C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_STAR,   C_PLUS,  C_COMMA, C_MINUS, C_POINT, C_SLASH,
-    C_ZERO,  C_DIGIT, C_DIGIT, C_DIGIT, C_DIGIT, C_DIGIT, C_DIGIT, C_DIGIT,
-    C_DIGIT, C_DIGIT, C_COLON, C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,
-
-    C_ETC,   C_ABCDF, C_ABCDF, C_ABCDF, C_ABCDF, C_E,     C_ABCDF, C_ETC,
-    C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,
-    C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,
-    C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_LSQRB, C_BACKS, C_RSQRB, C_ETC,   C_ETC,
-
-    C_ETC,   C_LOW_A, C_LOW_B, C_LOW_C, C_LOW_D, C_LOW_E, C_LOW_F, C_ETC,
-    C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_LOW_L, C_ETC,   C_LOW_N, C_ETC,
-    C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_LOW_R, C_LOW_S, C_LOW_T, C_LOW_U, C_ETC,   C_ETC,
-    C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_ETC,   C_LCURB, C_ETC,   C_RCURB, C_ETC,   C_ETC
-};
-
-
-/*
-    The state codes.
-*/
-enum states {
-    GO,  /* start    */
-    OK,  /* ok       */
-    OB,  /* object   */
-    KE,  /* key      */
-    CO,  /* colon    */
-    VA,  /* value    */
-    AR,  /* array    */
-    ST,  /* string   */
-    ES,  /* escape   */
-    U1,  /* u1       */
-    U2,  /* u2       */
-    U3,  /* u3       */
-    U4,  /* u4       */
-    MI,  /* minus    */
-    ZE,  /* zero     */
-    IT,  /* integer  */
-    FR,  /* fraction */
-    E1,  /* e        */
-    E2,  /* ex       */
-    E3,  /* exp      */
-    T1,  /* tr       */
-    T2,  /* tru      */
-    T3,  /* true     */
-    F1,  /* fa       */
-    F2,  /* fal      */
-    F3,  /* fals     */
-    F4,  /* false    */
-    N1,  /* nu       */
-    N2,  /* nul      */
-    N3,  /* null     */
-    C1,  /* /        */
-    C2,  /* / *     */
-    C3,  /* *        */
-    FX,  /* *.* *eE* */
-    D1,  /* second UTF-16 character decoding started by \ */
-    D2,  /* second UTF-16 character proceeded by u */
-    NR_STATES
-};
-
-enum actions
-{
-    CB = -10, /* comment begin */
-    CE = -11, /* comment end */
-    FA = -12, /* false */
-    TR = -13, /* false */
-    NU = -14, /* null */
-    DE = -15, /* double detected by exponent e E */
-    DF = -16, /* double detected by fraction . */
-    SB = -17, /* string begin */
-    MX = -18, /* integer detected by minus */
-    ZX = -19, /* integer detected by zero */
-    IX = -20, /* integer detected by 1-9 */
-    EX = -21, /* next char is escaped */
-    UC = -22  /* Unicode character read */
-};
-
-
-static int state_transition_table[NR_STATES][NR_CLASSES] = {
-/*
-    The state transition table takes the current state and the current symbol,
-    and returns either a new state or an action. An action is represented as a
-    negative number. A JSON text is accepted if at the end of the text the
-    state is OK and if the mode is MODE_DONE.
-
-                 white                                      1-9                                   ABCDF  etc
-             space |  {  }  [  ]  :  ,  "  \  /  +  -  .  0  |  a  b  c  d  e  f  l  n  r  s  t  u  |  E  |  * */
-/*start  GO*/ {GO,GO,-6,__,-5,__,__,__,__,__,CB,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*ok     OK*/ {OK,OK,__,-8,__,-7,__,-3,__,__,CB,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*object OB*/ {OB,OB,__,-9,__,__,__,__,SB,__,CB,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*key    KE*/ {KE,KE,__,__,__,__,__,__,SB,__,CB,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*colon  CO*/ {CO,CO,__,__,__,__,-2,__,__,__,CB,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*value  VA*/ {VA,VA,-6,__,-5,__,__,__,SB,__,CB,__,MX,__,ZX,IX,__,__,__,__,__,FA,__,NU,__,__,TR,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*array  AR*/ {AR,AR,-6,__,-5,-7,__,__,SB,__,CB,__,MX,__,ZX,IX,__,__,__,__,__,FA,__,NU,__,__,TR,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*string ST*/ {ST,__,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,-4,EX,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST,ST},
-/*escape ES*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,ST,ST,ST,__,__,__,__,__,__,ST,__,__,__,ST,__,ST,ST,__,ST,U1,__,__,__,__},
-/*u1     U1*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,U2,U2,U2,U2,U2,U2,U2,U2,__,__,__,__,__,__,U2,U2,__,__},
-/*u2     U2*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,U3,U3,U3,U3,U3,U3,U3,U3,__,__,__,__,__,__,U3,U3,__,__},
-/*u3     U3*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,U4,U4,U4,U4,U4,U4,U4,U4,__,__,__,__,__,__,U4,U4,__,__},
-/*u4     U4*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,UC,UC,UC,UC,UC,UC,UC,UC,__,__,__,__,__,__,UC,UC,__,__},
-/*minus  MI*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,ZE,IT,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*zero   ZE*/ {OK,OK,__,-8,__,-7,__,-3,__,__,CB,__,__,DF,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*int    IT*/ {OK,OK,__,-8,__,-7,__,-3,__,__,CB,__,__,DF,IT,IT,__,__,__,__,DE,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,DE,__,__},
-/*frac   FR*/ {OK,OK,__,-8,__,-7,__,-3,__,__,CB,__,__,__,FR,FR,__,__,__,__,E1,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,E1,__,__},
-/*e      E1*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,E2,E2,__,E3,E3,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*ex     E2*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,E3,E3,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*exp    E3*/ {OK,OK,__,-8,__,-7,__,-3,__,__,__,__,__,__,E3,E3,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*tr     T1*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,T2,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*tru    T2*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,T3,__,__,__,__},
-/*true   T3*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,CB,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,OK,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*fa     F1*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,F2,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*fal    F2*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,F3,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*fals   F3*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,F4,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*false  F4*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,CB,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,OK,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*nu     N1*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,N2,__,__,__,__},
-/*nul    N2*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,N3,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*null   N3*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,CB,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,OK,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*/      C1*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,C2},
-/*/*     C2*/ {C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C3},
-/**      C3*/ {C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,CE,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C2,C3},
-/*_.     FX*/ {OK,OK,__,-8,__,-7,__,-3,__,__,__,__,__,__,FR,FR,__,__,__,__,E1,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,E1,__,__},
-/*\      D1*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,D2,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__},
-/*\      D2*/ {__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,__,U1,__,__,__,__},
-};
-
-
-/*
-    These modes can be pushed on the stack.
-*/
-enum modes {
-    MODE_ARRAY = 1,
-    MODE_DONE = 2,
-    MODE_KEY = 3,
-    MODE_OBJECT = 4
-};
-
-static int
-push(JSON_parser jc, int mode)
-{
-/*
-    Push a mode onto the stack. Return false if there is overflow.
-*/
-    jc->top += 1;
-    if (jc->depth < 0) {
-        if (jc->top >= jc->stack_capacity) {
-            size_t bytes_to_allocate;
-            jc->stack_capacity *= 2;
-            bytes_to_allocate = jc->stack_capacity * sizeof(jc->static_stack[0]);
-            if (jc->stack == &jc->static_stack[0]) {
-                jc->stack = (signed char*)malloc(bytes_to_allocate);
-                memcpy(jc->stack, jc->static_stack, sizeof(jc->static_stack));
-            } else {
-                jc->stack = (signed char*)realloc(jc->stack, bytes_to_allocate);
-            }
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (jc->top >= jc->depth) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    jc->stack[jc->top] = mode;
-    return true;
-}
-
-
-static int
-pop(JSON_parser jc, int mode)
-{
-/*
-    Pop the stack, assuring that the current mode matches the expectation.
-    Return false if there is underflow or if the modes mismatch.
-*/
-    if (jc->top < 0 || jc->stack[jc->top] != mode) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    jc->top -= 1;
-    return true;
-}
-
-
-#define parse_buffer_clear(jc) \
-    do {\
-        jc->parse_buffer_count = 0;\
-        jc->parse_buffer[0] = 0;\
-    } while (0)
-
-#define parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc)\
-    do {\
-        assert(jc->parse_buffer_count >= 1);\
-        --jc->parse_buffer_count;\
-        jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count] = 0;\
-    } while (0)
-
-void delete_JSON_parser(JSON_parser jc)
-{
-    if (jc) {
-        if (jc->stack != &jc->static_stack[0]) {
-            free((void*)jc->stack);
-        }
-        if (jc->parse_buffer != &jc->static_parse_buffer[0]) {
-            free((void*)jc->parse_buffer);
-        }
-        free((void*)jc);
-     }
-}
-
-
-JSON_parser
-new_JSON_parser(JSON_config* config)
-{
-/*
-    new_JSON_parser starts the checking process by constructing a JSON_parser
-    object. It takes a depth parameter that restricts the level of maximum
-    nesting.
-
-    To continue the process, call JSON_parser_char for each character in the
-    JSON text, and then call JSON_parser_done to obtain the final result.
-    These functions are fully reentrant.
-*/
-
-    int depth = 0;
-    JSON_config default_config;
-
-    JSON_parser jc = (JSON_parser)malloc(sizeof(struct JSON_parser_struct));
-
-    memset(jc, 0, sizeof(*jc));
-
-
-    /* initialize configuration */
-    init_JSON_config(&default_config);
-
-    /* set to default configuration if none was provided */
-    if (config == NULL) {
-        config = &default_config;
-    }
-
-    depth = config->depth;
-
-    /* We need to be able to push at least one object */
-    if (depth == 0) {
-        depth = 1;
-    }
-
-    jc->state = GO;
-    jc->top = -1;
-
-    /* Do we want non-bound stack? */
-    if (depth > 0) {
-        jc->stack_capacity = depth;
-        jc->depth = depth;
-        if (depth <= (int)COUNTOF(jc->static_stack)) {
-            jc->stack = &jc->static_stack[0];
-        } else {
-            jc->stack = (signed char*)malloc(jc->stack_capacity * sizeof(jc->static_stack[0]));
-        }
-    } else {
-        jc->stack_capacity = COUNTOF(jc->static_stack);
-        jc->depth = -1;
-        jc->stack = &jc->static_stack[0];
-    }
-
-    /* set parser to start */
-    push(jc, MODE_DONE);
-
-    /* set up the parse buffer */
-    jc->parse_buffer = &jc->static_parse_buffer[0];
-    jc->parse_buffer_capacity = COUNTOF(jc->static_parse_buffer);
-    parse_buffer_clear(jc);
-
-    /* set up callback, comment & float handling */
-    jc->callback = config->callback;
-    jc->ctx = config->callback_ctx;
-    jc->allow_comments = config->allow_comments != 0;
-    jc->handle_floats_manually = config->handle_floats_manually != 0;
-
-    /* set up decimal point */
-    jc->decimal_point = *localeconv()->decimal_point;
-
-    return jc;
-}
-
-static void grow_parse_buffer(JSON_parser jc)
-{
-    size_t bytes_to_allocate;
-    jc->parse_buffer_capacity *= 2;
-    bytes_to_allocate = jc->parse_buffer_capacity * sizeof(jc->parse_buffer[0]);
-    if (jc->parse_buffer == &jc->static_parse_buffer[0]) {
-        jc->parse_buffer = (char*)malloc(bytes_to_allocate);
-        memcpy(jc->parse_buffer, jc->static_parse_buffer, jc->parse_buffer_count);
-    } else {
-        jc->parse_buffer = (char*)realloc(jc->parse_buffer, bytes_to_allocate);
-    }
-}
-
-#define parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, c)\
-    do {\
-        if (jc->parse_buffer_count + 1 >= jc->parse_buffer_capacity) grow_parse_buffer(jc);\
-        jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count++] = c;\
-        jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count]   = 0;\
-    } while (0)
-
-#define assert_is_non_container_type(jc) \
-    assert( \
-        jc->type == JSON_T_NULL || \
-        jc->type == JSON_T_FALSE || \
-        jc->type == JSON_T_TRUE || \
-        jc->type == JSON_T_FLOAT || \
-        jc->type == JSON_T_INTEGER || \
-        jc->type == JSON_T_STRING)
-
-
-static int parse_parse_buffer(JSON_parser jc)
-{
-    if (jc->callback) {
-        JSON_value value, *arg = NULL;
-
-        if (jc->type != JSON_T_NONE) {
-            assert_is_non_container_type(jc);
-
-            switch(jc->type) {
-                case JSON_T_FLOAT:
-                    arg = &value;
-                    if (jc->handle_floats_manually) {
-                        value.vu.str.value = jc->parse_buffer;
-                        value.vu.str.length = jc->parse_buffer_count;
-                    } else {
-                        /*sscanf(jc->parse_buffer, "%Lf", &value.vu.float_value);*/
-
-                        /* not checking with end pointer b/c there may be trailing ws */
-                        value.vu.float_value = strtod(jc->parse_buffer, NULL);
-                    }
-                    break;
-                case JSON_T_INTEGER:
-                    arg = &value;
-                    sscanf(jc->parse_buffer, JSON_PARSER_INTEGER_SSCANF_TOKEN, &value.vu.integer_value);
-                    break;
-                case JSON_T_STRING:
-                    arg = &value;
-                    value.vu.str.value = jc->parse_buffer;
-                    value.vu.str.length = jc->parse_buffer_count;
-                    break;
-            }
-
-            if (!(*jc->callback)(jc->ctx, jc->type, arg)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    parse_buffer_clear(jc);
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-#define IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(uc) (((uc) & 0xFC00) == 0xD800)
-#define IS_LOW_SURROGATE(uc)  (((uc) & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
-#define DECODE_SURROGATE_PAIR(hi,lo) ((((hi) & 0x3FF) << 10) + ((lo) & 0x3FF) + 0x10000)
-static unsigned char utf8_lead_bits[4] = { 0x00, 0xC0, 0xE0, 0xF0 };
-
-static int decode_unicode_char(JSON_parser jc)
-{
-    int i;
-    unsigned uc = 0;
-    char* p;
-    int trail_bytes;
-
-    assert(jc->parse_buffer_count >= 6);
-
-    p = &jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count - 4];
-
-    for (i = 12; i >= 0; i -= 4, ++p) {
-        unsigned x = *p;
-
-        if (x >= 'a') {
-            x -= ('a' - 10);
-        } else if (x >= 'A') {
-            x -= ('A' - 10);
-        } else {
-            x &= ~0x30u;
-        }
-
-        assert(x < 16);
-
-        uc |= x << i;
-    }
-
-    /* clear UTF-16 char from buffer */
-    jc->parse_buffer_count -= 6;
-    jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count] = 0;
-
-    /* attempt decoding ... */
-    if (jc->utf16_high_surrogate) {
-        if (IS_LOW_SURROGATE(uc)) {
-            uc = DECODE_SURROGATE_PAIR(jc->utf16_high_surrogate, uc);
-            trail_bytes = 3;
-            jc->utf16_high_surrogate = 0;
-        } else {
-            /* high surrogate without a following low surrogate */
-            return false;
-        }
-    } else {
-        if (uc < 0x80) {
-            trail_bytes = 0;
-        } else if (uc < 0x800) {
-            trail_bytes = 1;
-        } else if (IS_HIGH_SURROGATE(uc)) {
-            /* save the high surrogate and wait for the low surrogate */
-            jc->utf16_high_surrogate = uc;
-            return true;
-        } else if (IS_LOW_SURROGATE(uc)) {
-            /* low surrogate without a preceding high surrogate */
-            return false;
-        } else {
-            trail_bytes = 2;
-        }
-    }
-
-    jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count++] = (char) ((uc >> (trail_bytes * 6)) | utf8_lead_bits[trail_bytes]);
-
-    for (i = trail_bytes * 6 - 6; i >= 0; i -= 6) {
-        jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count++] = (char) (((uc >> i) & 0x3F) | 0x80);
-    }
-
-    jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count] = 0;
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-static int add_escaped_char_to_parse_buffer(JSON_parser jc, int next_char)
-{
-    jc->escaped = 0;
-    /* remove the backslash */
-    parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-    switch(next_char) {
-        case 'b':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '\b');
-            break;
-        case 'f':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '\f');
-            break;
-        case 'n':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '\n');
-            break;
-        case 'r':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '\r');
-            break;
-        case 't':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '\t');
-            break;
-        case '"':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '"');
-            break;
-        case '\\':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '\\');
-            break;
-        case '/':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '/');
-            break;
-        case 'u':
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, '\\');
-            parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, 'u');
-            break;
-        default:
-            return false;
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-#define add_char_to_parse_buffer(jc, next_char, next_class) \
-    do { \
-        if (jc->escaped) { \
-            if (!add_escaped_char_to_parse_buffer(jc, next_char)) \
-                return false; \
-        } else if (!jc->comment) { \
-            if ((jc->type != JSON_T_NONE) | !((next_class == C_SPACE) | (next_class == C_WHITE)) /* non-white-space */) { \
-                parse_buffer_push_back_char(jc, (char)next_char); \
-            } \
-        } \
-    } while (0)
-
-
-#define assert_type_isnt_string_null_or_bool(jc) \
-    assert(jc->type != JSON_T_FALSE); \
-    assert(jc->type != JSON_T_TRUE); \
-    assert(jc->type != JSON_T_NULL); \
-    assert(jc->type != JSON_T_STRING)
-
-
-int
-JSON_parser_char(JSON_parser jc, int next_char)
-{
-/*
-    After calling new_JSON_parser, call this function for each character (or
-    partial character) in your JSON text. It can accept UTF-8, UTF-16, or
-    UTF-32. It returns true if things are looking ok so far. If it rejects the
-    text, it returns false.
-*/
-    int next_class, next_state;
-
-/*
-    Determine the character's class.
-*/
-    if (next_char < 0) {
-        return false;
-    }
-    if (next_char >= 128) {
-        next_class = C_ETC;
-    } else {
-        next_class = ascii_class[next_char];
-        if (next_class <= __) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    add_char_to_parse_buffer(jc, next_char, next_class);
-
-/*
-    Get the next state from the state transition table.
-*/
-    next_state = state_transition_table[jc->state][next_class];
-    if (next_state >= 0) {
-/*
-    Change the state.
-*/
-        jc->state = next_state;
-    } else {
-/*
-    Or perform one of the actions.
-*/
-        switch (next_state) {
-/* Unicode character */
-        case UC:
-            if(!decode_unicode_char(jc)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            /* check if we need to read a second UTF-16 char */
-            if (jc->utf16_high_surrogate) {
-                jc->state = D1;
-            } else {
-                jc->state = ST;
-            }
-            break;
-/* escaped char */
-        case EX:
-            jc->escaped = 1;
-            jc->state = ES;
-            break;
-/* integer detected by minus */
-        case MX:
-            jc->type = JSON_T_INTEGER;
-            jc->state = MI;
-            break;
-/* integer detected by zero */
-        case ZX:
-            jc->type = JSON_T_INTEGER;
-            jc->state = ZE;
-            break;
-/* integer detected by 1-9 */
-        case IX:
-            jc->type = JSON_T_INTEGER;
-            jc->state = IT;
-            break;
-
-/* floating point number detected by exponent*/
-        case DE:
-            assert_type_isnt_string_null_or_bool(jc);
-            jc->type = JSON_T_FLOAT;
-            jc->state = E1;
-            break;
-
-/* floating point number detected by fraction */
-        case DF:
-            assert_type_isnt_string_null_or_bool(jc);
-            if (!jc->handle_floats_manually) {
-/*
-    Some versions of strtod (which underlies sscanf) don't support converting
-    C-locale formated floating point values.
-*/
-                assert(jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count-1] == '.');
-                jc->parse_buffer[jc->parse_buffer_count-1] = jc->decimal_point;
-            }
-            jc->type = JSON_T_FLOAT;
-            jc->state = FX;
-            break;
-/* string begin " */
-        case SB:
-            parse_buffer_clear(jc);
-            assert(jc->type == JSON_T_NONE);
-            jc->type = JSON_T_STRING;
-            jc->state = ST;
-            break;
-
-/* n */
-        case NU:
-            assert(jc->type == JSON_T_NONE);
-            jc->type = JSON_T_NULL;
-            jc->state = N1;
-            break;
-/* f */
-        case FA:
-            assert(jc->type == JSON_T_NONE);
-            jc->type = JSON_T_FALSE;
-            jc->state = F1;
-            break;
-/* t */
-        case TR:
-            assert(jc->type == JSON_T_NONE);
-            jc->type = JSON_T_TRUE;
-            jc->state = T1;
-            break;
-
-/* closing comment */
-        case CE:
-            jc->comment = 0;
-            assert(jc->parse_buffer_count == 0);
-            assert(jc->type == JSON_T_NONE);
-            jc->state = jc->before_comment_state;
-            break;
-
-/* opening comment  */
-        case CB:
-            if (!jc->allow_comments) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-            if (!parse_parse_buffer(jc)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            assert(jc->parse_buffer_count == 0);
-            assert(jc->type != JSON_T_STRING);
-            switch (jc->stack[jc->top]) {
-            case MODE_ARRAY:
-            case MODE_OBJECT:
-                switch(jc->state) {
-                case VA:
-                case AR:
-                    jc->before_comment_state = jc->state;
-                    break;
-                default:
-                    jc->before_comment_state = OK;
-                    break;
-                }
-                break;
-            default:
-                jc->before_comment_state = jc->state;
-                break;
-            }
-            jc->type = JSON_T_NONE;
-            jc->state = C1;
-            jc->comment = 1;
-            break;
-/* empty } */
-        case -9:
-            parse_buffer_clear(jc);
-            if (jc->callback && !(*jc->callback)(jc->ctx, JSON_T_OBJECT_END, NULL)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (!pop(jc, MODE_KEY)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            jc->state = OK;
-            break;
-
-/* } */ case -8:
-            parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-            if (!parse_parse_buffer(jc)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (jc->callback && !(*jc->callback)(jc->ctx, JSON_T_OBJECT_END, NULL)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (!pop(jc, MODE_OBJECT)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            jc->type = JSON_T_NONE;
-            jc->state = OK;
-            break;
-
-/* ] */ case -7:
-            parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-            if (!parse_parse_buffer(jc)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (jc->callback && !(*jc->callback)(jc->ctx, JSON_T_ARRAY_END, NULL)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (!pop(jc, MODE_ARRAY)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-
-            jc->type = JSON_T_NONE;
-            jc->state = OK;
-            break;
-
-/* { */ case -6:
-            parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-            if (jc->callback && !(*jc->callback)(jc->ctx, JSON_T_OBJECT_BEGIN, NULL)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (!push(jc, MODE_KEY)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            assert(jc->type == JSON_T_NONE);
-            jc->state = OB;
-            break;
-
-/* [ */ case -5:
-            parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-            if (jc->callback && !(*jc->callback)(jc->ctx, JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN, NULL)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            if (!push(jc, MODE_ARRAY)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            assert(jc->type == JSON_T_NONE);
-            jc->state = AR;
-            break;
-
-/* string end " */ case -4:
-            parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-            switch (jc->stack[jc->top]) {
-            case MODE_KEY:
-                assert(jc->type == JSON_T_STRING);
-                jc->type = JSON_T_NONE;
-                jc->state = CO;
-
-                if (jc->callback) {
-                    JSON_value value;
-                    value.vu.str.value = jc->parse_buffer;
-                    value.vu.str.length = jc->parse_buffer_count;
-                    if (!(*jc->callback)(jc->ctx, JSON_T_KEY, &value)) {
-                        return false;
-                    }
-                }
-                parse_buffer_clear(jc);
-                break;
-            case MODE_ARRAY:
-            case MODE_OBJECT:
-                assert(jc->type == JSON_T_STRING);
-                if (!parse_parse_buffer(jc)) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                jc->type = JSON_T_NONE;
-                jc->state = OK;
-                break;
-            default:
-                return false;
-            }
-            break;
-
-/* , */ case -3:
-            parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-            if (!parse_parse_buffer(jc)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            switch (jc->stack[jc->top]) {
-            case MODE_OBJECT:
-/*
-    A comma causes a flip from object mode to key mode.
-*/
-                if (!pop(jc, MODE_OBJECT) || !push(jc, MODE_KEY)) {
-                    return false;
-                }
-                assert(jc->type != JSON_T_STRING);
-                jc->type = JSON_T_NONE;
-                jc->state = KE;
-                break;
-            case MODE_ARRAY:
-                assert(jc->type != JSON_T_STRING);
-                jc->type = JSON_T_NONE;
-                jc->state = VA;
-                break;
-            default:
-                return false;
-            }
-            break;
-
-/* : */ case -2:
-/*
-    A colon causes a flip from key mode to object mode.
-*/
-            parse_buffer_pop_back_char(jc);
-            if (!pop(jc, MODE_KEY) || !push(jc, MODE_OBJECT)) {
-                return false;
-            }
-            assert(jc->type == JSON_T_NONE);
-            jc->state = VA;
-            break;
-/*
-    Bad action.
-*/
-        default:
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-    return true;
-}
-
-
-int
-JSON_parser_done(JSON_parser jc)
-{
-    const int result = jc->state == OK && pop(jc, MODE_DONE);
-
-    return result;
-}
-
-
-int JSON_parser_is_legal_white_space_string(const char* s)
-{
-    int c, char_class;
-
-    if (s == NULL) {
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    for (; *s; ++s) {
-        c = *s;
-
-        if (c < 0 || c >= 128) {
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        char_class = ascii_class[c];
-
-        if (char_class != C_SPACE && char_class != C_WHITE) {
-            return false;
-        }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-}
-
-
-
-void init_JSON_config(JSON_config* config)
-{
-    if (config) {
-        memset(config, 0, sizeof(*config));
-
-        config->depth = JSON_PARSER_STACK_SIZE - 1;
-    }
-}
diff --git a/decoder/JSON_parser.h b/decoder/JSON_parser.h
deleted file mode 100644
index de980072..00000000
--- a/decoder/JSON_parser.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,152 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef JSON_PARSER_H
-#define JSON_PARSER_H
-
-/* JSON_parser.h */
-
-
-#include <stddef.h>
-
-/* Windows DLL stuff */
-#ifdef _WIN32
-#	ifdef JSON_PARSER_DLL_EXPORTS
-#		define JSON_PARSER_DLL_API __declspec(dllexport)
-#	else
-#		define JSON_PARSER_DLL_API __declspec(dllimport)
-#   endif
-#else
-#	define JSON_PARSER_DLL_API
-#endif
-
-/* Determine the integer type use to parse non-floating point numbers */
-#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L || HAVE_LONG_LONG == 1
-typedef long long JSON_int_t;
-#define JSON_PARSER_INTEGER_SSCANF_TOKEN "%lld"
-#define JSON_PARSER_INTEGER_SPRINTF_TOKEN "%lld"
-#else
-typedef long JSON_int_t;
-#define JSON_PARSER_INTEGER_SSCANF_TOKEN "%ld"
-#define JSON_PARSER_INTEGER_SPRINTF_TOKEN "%ld"
-#endif
-
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-extern "C" {
-#endif
-
-typedef enum
-{
-    JSON_T_NONE = 0,
-    JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN,  // 1
-    JSON_T_ARRAY_END,    // 2
-    JSON_T_OBJECT_BEGIN, // 3
-    JSON_T_OBJECT_END,   // 4
-    JSON_T_INTEGER,      // 5
-    JSON_T_FLOAT,        // 6
-    JSON_T_NULL,         // 7
-    JSON_T_TRUE,         // 8
-    JSON_T_FALSE,        // 9
-    JSON_T_STRING,       // 10
-    JSON_T_KEY,          // 11
-    JSON_T_MAX           // 12
-} JSON_type;
-
-typedef struct JSON_value_struct {
-    union {
-        JSON_int_t integer_value;
-
-        double float_value;
-
-        struct {
-            const char* value;
-            size_t length;
-        } str;
-    } vu;
-} JSON_value;
-
-typedef struct JSON_parser_struct* JSON_parser;
-
-/*! \brief JSON parser callback
-
-    \param ctx The pointer passed to new_JSON_parser.
-    \param type An element of JSON_type but not JSON_T_NONE.
-    \param value A representation of the parsed value. This parameter is NULL for
-        JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN, JSON_T_ARRAY_END, JSON_T_OBJECT_BEGIN, JSON_T_OBJECT_END,
-        JSON_T_NULL, JSON_T_TRUE, and SON_T_FALSE. String values are always returned
-        as zero-terminated C strings.
-
-    \return Non-zero if parsing should continue, else zero.
-*/
-typedef int (*JSON_parser_callback)(void* ctx, int type, const struct JSON_value_struct* value);
-
-
-/*! \brief The structure used to configure a JSON parser object
-
-    \param depth If negative, the parser can parse arbitrary levels of JSON, otherwise
-        the depth is the limit
-    \param Pointer to a callback. This parameter may be NULL. In this case the input is merely checked for validity.
-    \param Callback context. This parameter may be NULL.
-    \param depth. Specifies the levels of nested JSON to allow. Negative numbers yield unlimited nesting.
-    \param allowComments. To allow C style comments in JSON, set to non-zero.
-    \param handleFloatsManually. To decode floating point numbers manually set this parameter to non-zero.
-
-    \return The parser object.
-*/
-typedef struct {
-    JSON_parser_callback     callback;
-    void*                    callback_ctx;
-    int                      depth;
-    int                      allow_comments;
-    int                      handle_floats_manually;
-} JSON_config;
-
-
-/*! \brief Initializes the JSON parser configuration structure to default values.
-
-    The default configuration is
-    - 127 levels of nested JSON (depends on JSON_PARSER_STACK_SIZE, see json_parser.c)
-    - no parsing, just checking for JSON syntax
-    - no comments
-
-    \param config. Used to configure the parser.
-*/
-JSON_PARSER_DLL_API void init_JSON_config(JSON_config* config);
-
-/*! \brief Create a JSON parser object
-
-    \param config. Used to configure the parser. Set to NULL to use the default configuration.
-        See init_JSON_config
-
-    \return The parser object.
-*/
-JSON_PARSER_DLL_API extern JSON_parser new_JSON_parser(JSON_config* config);
-
-/*! \brief Destroy a previously created JSON parser object. */
-JSON_PARSER_DLL_API extern void delete_JSON_parser(JSON_parser jc);
-
-/*! \brief Parse a character.
-
-    \return Non-zero, if all characters passed to this function are part of are valid JSON.
-*/
-JSON_PARSER_DLL_API extern int JSON_parser_char(JSON_parser jc, int next_char);
-
-/*! \brief Finalize parsing.
-
-    Call this method once after all input characters have been consumed.
-
-    \return Non-zero, if all parsed characters are valid JSON, zero otherwise.
-*/
-JSON_PARSER_DLL_API extern int JSON_parser_done(JSON_parser jc);
-
-/*! \brief Determine if a given string is valid JSON white space
-
-    \return Non-zero if the string is valid, zero otherwise.
-*/
-JSON_PARSER_DLL_API extern int JSON_parser_is_legal_white_space_string(const char* s);
-
-
-#ifdef __cplusplus
-}
-#endif
-
-
-#endif /* JSON_PARSER_H */
diff --git a/decoder/Makefile.am b/decoder/Makefile.am
index 727e5af5..dbec532e 100644
--- a/decoder/Makefile.am
+++ b/decoder/Makefile.am
@@ -33,10 +33,10 @@ noinst_LIBRARIES = libcdec.a
 EXTRA_DIST = test_data rule_lexer.ll
 
 libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
-  JSON_parser.h \
   aligner.h \
   apply_models.h \
   bottom_up_parser.h \
+  bottom_up_parser-rs.h \
   csplit.h \
   decoder.h \
   earley_composer.h \
@@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   ff_basic.h \
   ff_bleu.h \
   ff_charset.h \
+  ff_conll.h \
   ff_const_reorder_common.h \
   ff_const_reorder.h \
   ff_context.h \
@@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   ff_external.h \
   ff_factory.h \
   ff_klm.h \
-	ff_lexical.h \
+  ff_lexical.h \
   ff_lm.h \
   ff_ngrams.h \
   ff_parse_match.h \
@@ -83,7 +84,6 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   hg_union.h \
   incremental.h \
   inside_outside.h \
-  json_parse.h \
   kbest.h \
   lattice.h \
   lexalign.h \
@@ -103,6 +103,7 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   aligner.cc \
   apply_models.cc \
   bottom_up_parser.cc \
+  bottom_up_parser-rs.cc \
   cdec.cc \
   cdec_ff.cc \
   csplit.cc \
@@ -113,6 +114,7 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   ff_basic.cc \
   ff_bleu.cc \
   ff_charset.cc \
+  ff_conll.cc \
   ff_context.cc \
   ff_const_reorder.cc \
   ff_csplit.cc \
@@ -146,7 +148,6 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   hg_sampler.cc \
   hg_union.cc \
   incremental.cc \
-  json_parse.cc \
   lattice.cc \
   lexalign.cc \
   lextrans.cc \
@@ -162,5 +163,4 @@ libcdec_a_SOURCES = \
   tagger.cc \
   translator.cc \
   trule.cc \
-  viterbi.cc \
-  JSON_parser.c
+  viterbi.cc
diff --git a/decoder/aligner.cc b/decoder/aligner.cc
index 232e022a..fd648370 100644
--- a/decoder/aligner.cc
+++ b/decoder/aligner.cc
@@ -198,13 +198,13 @@ void AlignerTools::WriteAlignment(const Lattice& src_lattice,
   }
   const Hypergraph* g = &in_g;
   HypergraphP new_hg;
-  if (!src_lattice.IsSentence() ||
-      !trg_lattice.IsSentence()) {
+  if (!IsSentence(src_lattice) ||
+      !IsSentence(trg_lattice)) {
     if (map_instead_of_viterbi) {
       cerr << "  Lattice alignment: using Viterbi instead of MAP alignment\n";
     }
     map_instead_of_viterbi = false;
-    fix_up_src_spans = !src_lattice.IsSentence();
+    fix_up_src_spans = !IsSentence(src_lattice);
   }
 
   KBest::KBestDerivations<vector<Hypergraph::Edge const*>, ViterbiPathTraversal> kbest(in_g, k_best);
diff --git a/decoder/aligner.h b/decoder/aligner.h
index a34795c9..d68ceefc 100644
--- a/decoder/aligner.h
+++ b/decoder/aligner.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#ifndef _ALIGNER_H_
+#ifndef ALIGNER_H
 
 #include <string>
 #include <iostream>
diff --git a/decoder/apply_models.h b/decoder/apply_models.h
index 19a4c7be..f03c973a 100644
--- a/decoder/apply_models.h
+++ b/decoder/apply_models.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _APPLY_MODELS_H_
-#define _APPLY_MODELS_H_
+#ifndef APPLY_MODELS_H_
+#define APPLY_MODELS_H_
 
 #include <iostream>
 
diff --git a/decoder/bottom_up_parser-rs.cc b/decoder/bottom_up_parser-rs.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..fbde7e24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/bottom_up_parser-rs.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,341 @@
+#include "bottom_up_parser-rs.h"
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <map>
+
+#include "node_state_hash.h"
+#include "nt_span.h"
+#include "hg.h"
+#include "array2d.h"
+#include "tdict.h"
+#include "verbose.h"
+
+using namespace std;
+
+static WordID kEPS = 0;
+
+struct RSActiveItem;
+class RSChart {
+ public:
+  RSChart(const string& goal,
+               const vector<GrammarPtr>& grammars,
+               const Lattice& input,
+               Hypergraph* forest);
+  ~RSChart();
+
+  void AddToChart(const RSActiveItem& x, int i, int j);
+  void ConsumeTerminal(const RSActiveItem& x, int i, int j, int k);
+  void ConsumeNonTerminal(const RSActiveItem& x, int i, int j, int k);
+  bool Parse();
+  inline bool GoalFound() const { return goal_idx_ >= 0; }
+  inline int GetGoalIndex() const { return goal_idx_; }
+
+ private:
+  void ApplyRules(const int i,
+                  const int j,
+                  const RuleBin* rules,
+                  const Hypergraph::TailNodeVector& tail,
+                  const float lattice_cost);
+
+  // returns true if a new node was added to the chart
+  // false otherwise
+  bool ApplyRule(const int i,
+                 const int j,
+                 const TRulePtr& r,
+                 const Hypergraph::TailNodeVector& ant_nodes,
+                 const float lattice_cost);
+
+  void ApplyUnaryRules(const int i, const int j, const WordID& cat, unsigned nodeidx);
+  void TopoSortUnaries();
+
+  const vector<GrammarPtr>& grammars_;
+  const Lattice& input_;
+  Hypergraph* forest_;
+  Array2D<vector<int>> chart_;   // chart_(i,j) is the list of nodes (represented
+                                 // by their index in forest_->nodes_) derived spanning i,j
+  typedef map<int, int> Cat2NodeMap;
+  Array2D<Cat2NodeMap> nodemap_;
+  const WordID goal_cat_;    // category that is being searched for at [0,n]
+  TRulePtr goal_rule_;
+  int goal_idx_;             // index of goal node, if found
+  const int lc_fid_;
+  vector<TRulePtr> unaries_; // topologically sorted list of unary rules from all grammars
+
+  static WordID kGOAL;       // [Goal]
+};
+
+WordID RSChart::kGOAL = 0;
+
+// "a type-2 is identified by a trie node, an array of back-pointers to antecedent cells, and a span"
+struct RSActiveItem {
+  explicit RSActiveItem(const GrammarIter* g, int i) :
+    gptr_(g), ant_nodes_(), lattice_cost(0.0), i_(i) {}
+  void ExtendTerminal(int symbol, float src_cost) {
+    lattice_cost += src_cost;
+    if (symbol != kEPS)
+      gptr_ = gptr_->Extend(symbol);
+  }
+  void ExtendNonTerminal(const Hypergraph* hg, int node_index) {
+    gptr_ = gptr_->Extend(hg->nodes_[node_index].cat_);
+    ant_nodes_.push_back(node_index);
+  }
+  // returns false if the extension has failed
+  explicit operator bool() const {
+    return gptr_;
+  }
+  const GrammarIter* gptr_;
+  Hypergraph::TailNodeVector ant_nodes_;
+  float lattice_cost;  // TODO: use SparseVector<double> to encode input features
+  short i_;
+};
+
+// some notes on the implementation
+// "X" in Rico's Algorithm 2 roughly looks like it is just a pointer into a grammar
+// trie, but it is actually a full "dotted item" since it needs to contain the information
+// to build the hypergraph (i.e., it must remember the antecedent nodes and where they are,
+// also any information about the path costs).
+
+RSChart::RSChart(const string& goal,
+                           const vector<GrammarPtr>& grammars,
+                           const Lattice& input,
+                           Hypergraph* forest) :
+    grammars_(grammars),
+    input_(input),
+    forest_(forest),
+    chart_(input.size()+1, input.size()+1),
+    nodemap_(input.size()+1, input.size()+1),
+    goal_cat_(TD::Convert(goal) * -1),
+    goal_rule_(new TRule("[Goal] ||| [" + goal + "] ||| [1]")),
+    goal_idx_(-1),
+    lc_fid_(FD::Convert("LatticeCost")),
+    unaries_() {
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < grammars_.size(); ++i) {
+    const vector<TRulePtr>& u = grammars_[i]->GetAllUnaryRules();
+    for (unsigned j = 0; j < u.size(); ++j)
+      unaries_.push_back(u[j]);
+  }
+  TopoSortUnaries();
+  if (!kGOAL) kGOAL = TD::Convert("Goal") * -1;
+  if (!SILENT) cerr << "  Goal category: [" << goal << ']' << endl;
+}
+
+static bool TopoSortVisit(int node, vector<TRulePtr>& u, const map<int, vector<TRulePtr> >& g, map<int, int>& mark) {
+  if (mark[node] == 1) {
+    cerr << "[ERROR] Unary rule cycle detected involving [" << TD::Convert(-node) << "]\n";
+    return false; // cycle detected
+  } else if (mark[node] == 2) {
+    return true; // already been 
+  }
+  mark[node] = 1;
+  const map<int, vector<TRulePtr> >::const_iterator nit = g.find(node);
+  if (nit != g.end()) {
+    const vector<TRulePtr>& edges = nit->second;
+    vector<bool> okay(edges.size(), true);
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < edges.size(); ++i) {
+      okay[i] = TopoSortVisit(edges[i]->lhs_, u, g, mark);
+      if (!okay[i]) {
+        cerr << "[ERROR] Unary rule cycle detected, removing: " << edges[i]->AsString() << endl;
+      }
+   }
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < edges.size(); ++i) {
+      if (okay[i]) u.push_back(edges[i]);
+      //if (okay[i]) cerr << "UNARY: " << edges[i]->AsString() << endl;
+    }
+  }
+  mark[node] = 2;
+  return true;
+}
+
+void RSChart::TopoSortUnaries() {
+  vector<TRulePtr> u(unaries_.size()); u.clear();
+  map<int, vector<TRulePtr> > g;
+  map<int, int> mark;
+  //cerr << "GOAL=" << TD::Convert(-goal_cat_) << endl;
+  mark[goal_cat_] = 2;
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < unaries_.size(); ++i) {
+    //cerr << "Adding: " << unaries_[i]->AsString() << endl;
+    g[unaries_[i]->f()[0]].push_back(unaries_[i]);
+  }
+    //m[unaries_[i]->lhs_].push_back(unaries_[i]);
+  for (map<int, vector<TRulePtr> >::iterator it = g.begin(); it != g.end(); ++it) {
+    //cerr << "PROC: " << TD::Convert(-it->first) << endl;
+    if (mark[it->first] > 0) {
+      //cerr << "Already saw [" << TD::Convert(-it->first) << "]\n";
+    } else {
+      TopoSortVisit(it->first, u, g, mark);
+    }
+  }
+  unaries_.clear();
+  for (int i = u.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i)
+    unaries_.push_back(u[i]);
+}
+
+bool RSChart::ApplyRule(const int i,
+                        const int j,
+                        const TRulePtr& r,
+                        const Hypergraph::TailNodeVector& ant_nodes,
+                        const float lattice_cost) {
+  Hypergraph::Edge* new_edge = forest_->AddEdge(r, ant_nodes);
+  //cerr << i << " " << j << ": APPLYING RULE: " << r->AsString() << endl;
+  new_edge->prev_i_ = r->prev_i;
+  new_edge->prev_j_ = r->prev_j;
+  new_edge->i_ = i;
+  new_edge->j_ = j;
+  new_edge->feature_values_ = r->GetFeatureValues();
+  if (lattice_cost && lc_fid_)
+    new_edge->feature_values_.set_value(lc_fid_, lattice_cost);
+  Cat2NodeMap& c2n = nodemap_(i,j);
+  const bool is_goal = (r->GetLHS() == kGOAL);
+  const Cat2NodeMap::iterator ni = c2n.find(r->GetLHS());
+  Hypergraph::Node* node = NULL;
+  bool added_node = false;
+  if (ni == c2n.end()) {
+    //cerr << "(" << i << "," << j << ") => " << TD::Convert(-r->GetLHS()) << endl;
+    added_node = true;
+    node = forest_->AddNode(r->GetLHS());
+    c2n[r->GetLHS()] = node->id_;
+    if (is_goal) {
+      assert(goal_idx_ == -1);
+      goal_idx_ = node->id_;
+    } else {
+      chart_(i,j).push_back(node->id_);
+    }
+  } else {
+    node = &forest_->nodes_[ni->second];
+  }
+  forest_->ConnectEdgeToHeadNode(new_edge, node);
+  return added_node;
+}
+
+void RSChart::ApplyRules(const int i,
+                         const int j,
+                         const RuleBin* rules,
+                         const Hypergraph::TailNodeVector& tail,
+                         const float lattice_cost) {
+  const int n = rules->GetNumRules();
+  //cerr << i << " " << j << ": NUM RULES: " << n << endl;
+  for (int k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
+    //cerr << i << " " << j << ": R=" << rules->GetIthRule(k)->AsString() << endl;
+    TRulePtr rule = rules->GetIthRule(k);
+    // apply rule, and if we create a new node, apply any necessary
+    // unary rules
+    if (ApplyRule(i, j, rule, tail, lattice_cost)) {
+      unsigned nodeidx = nodemap_(i,j)[rule->lhs_];
+      ApplyUnaryRules(i, j, rule->lhs_, nodeidx);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void RSChart::ApplyUnaryRules(const int i, const int j, const WordID& cat, unsigned nodeidx) {
+  for (unsigned ri = 0; ri < unaries_.size(); ++ri) {
+    //cerr << "At (" << i << "," << j << "): applying " << unaries_[ri]->AsString() << endl;
+    if (unaries_[ri]->f()[0] == cat) {
+      //cerr << "  --MATCH\n";
+      WordID new_lhs = unaries_[ri]->GetLHS();
+      const Hypergraph::TailNodeVector ant(1, nodeidx);
+      if (ApplyRule(i, j, unaries_[ri], ant, 0)) {
+        //cerr << "(" << i << "," << j << ") " << TD::Convert(-cat) << " ---> " << TD::Convert(-new_lhs) << endl;
+        unsigned nodeidx = nodemap_(i,j)[new_lhs];
+        ApplyUnaryRules(i, j, new_lhs, nodeidx);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void RSChart::AddToChart(const RSActiveItem& x, int i, int j) {
+  // deal with completed rules
+  const RuleBin* rb = x.gptr_->GetRules();
+  if (rb) ApplyRules(i, j, rb, x.ant_nodes_, x.lattice_cost);
+
+  //cerr << "Rules applied ... looking for extensions to consume for span (" << i << "," << j << ")\n";
+  // continue looking for extensions of the rule to the right
+  for (unsigned k = j+1; k <= input_.size(); ++k) {
+    ConsumeTerminal(x, i, j, k);
+    ConsumeNonTerminal(x, i, j, k);
+  }
+}
+
+void RSChart::ConsumeTerminal(const RSActiveItem& x, int i, int j, int k) {
+  //cerr << "ConsumeT(" << i << "," << j << "," << k << "):\n";
+  
+  const unsigned check_edge_len = k - j;
+  // long-term TODO preindex this search so i->len->words is constant time rather than fan out
+  for (auto& in_edge : input_[j]) {
+    if (in_edge.dist2next == check_edge_len) {
+      //cerr << "  Found word spanning (" << j << "," << k << ") in input, symbol=" << TD::Convert(in_edge.label) << endl;
+      RSActiveItem copy = x;
+      copy.ExtendTerminal(in_edge.label, in_edge.cost);
+      if (copy) AddToChart(copy, i, k);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void RSChart::ConsumeNonTerminal(const RSActiveItem& x, int i, int j, int k) {
+  //cerr << "ConsumeNT(" << i << "," << j << "," << k << "):\n";
+  for (auto& nodeidx : chart_(j,k)) {
+    //cerr << "  Found completed NT in (" << j << "," << k << ") of type " << TD::Convert(-forest_->nodes_[nodeidx].cat_) << endl;
+    RSActiveItem copy = x;
+    copy.ExtendNonTerminal(forest_, nodeidx);
+    if (copy) AddToChart(copy, i, k);
+  }
+}
+
+bool RSChart::Parse() {
+  size_t in_size_2 = input_.size() * input_.size();
+  forest_->nodes_.reserve(in_size_2 * 2);
+  size_t res = min(static_cast<size_t>(2000000), static_cast<size_t>(in_size_2 * 1000));
+  forest_->edges_.reserve(res);
+  goal_idx_ = -1;
+  const int N = input_.size();
+  for (int i = N - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+    for (int j = i + 1; j <= N; ++j) {
+      for (unsigned gi = 0; gi < grammars_.size(); ++gi) {
+        RSActiveItem item(grammars_[gi]->GetRoot(), i);
+        ConsumeTerminal(item, i, i, j);
+      }
+      for (unsigned gi = 0; gi < grammars_.size(); ++gi) {
+        RSActiveItem item(grammars_[gi]->GetRoot(), i);
+        ConsumeNonTerminal(item, i, i, j);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // look for goal
+  const vector<int>& dh = chart_(0, input_.size());
+  for (unsigned di = 0; di < dh.size(); ++di) {
+    const Hypergraph::Node& node = forest_->nodes_[dh[di]];
+    if (node.cat_ == goal_cat_) {
+      Hypergraph::TailNodeVector ant(1, node.id_);
+      ApplyRule(0, input_.size(), goal_rule_, ant, 0);
+    }
+  }
+  if (!SILENT) cerr << endl;
+
+  if (GoalFound())
+    forest_->PruneUnreachable(forest_->nodes_.size() - 1);
+  return GoalFound();
+}
+
+RSChart::~RSChart() {}
+
+RSExhaustiveBottomUpParser::RSExhaustiveBottomUpParser(
+    const string& goal_sym,
+    const vector<GrammarPtr>& grammars) :
+  goal_sym_(goal_sym),
+  grammars_(grammars) {}
+
+bool RSExhaustiveBottomUpParser::Parse(const Lattice& input,
+                                     Hypergraph* forest) const {
+  kEPS = TD::Convert("*EPS*");
+  RSChart chart(goal_sym_, grammars_, input, forest);
+  const bool result = chart.Parse();
+
+  if (result) {
+    for (auto& node : forest->nodes_) {
+      Span prev;
+      const Span s = forest->NodeSpan(node.id_, &prev);
+      node.node_hash = cdec::HashNode(node.cat_, s.l, s.r, prev.l, prev.r);
+    }
+  }
+  return result;
+}
diff --git a/decoder/bottom_up_parser-rs.h b/decoder/bottom_up_parser-rs.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2e271e99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/bottom_up_parser-rs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+#ifndef RSBOTTOM_UP_PARSER_H_
+#define RSBOTTOM_UP_PARSER_H_
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "lattice.h"
+#include "grammar.h"
+
+class Hypergraph;
+
+// implementation of Sennrich (2014) parser
+// http://aclweb.org/anthology/W/W14/W14-4011.pdf
+class RSExhaustiveBottomUpParser {
+ public:
+  RSExhaustiveBottomUpParser(const std::string& goal_sym,
+                             const std::vector<GrammarPtr>& grammars);
+
+  // returns true if goal reached spanning the full input
+  // forest contains the full (i.e., unpruned) parse forest
+  bool Parse(const Lattice& input,
+             Hypergraph* forest) const;
+
+ private:
+  const std::string goal_sym_;
+  const std::vector<GrammarPtr> grammars_;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/decoder/bottom_up_parser.h b/decoder/bottom_up_parser.h
index 546bfb54..628bb96d 100644
--- a/decoder/bottom_up_parser.h
+++ b/decoder/bottom_up_parser.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _BOTTOM_UP_PARSER_H_
-#define _BOTTOM_UP_PARSER_H_
+#ifndef BOTTOM_UP_PARSER_H_
+#define BOTTOM_UP_PARSER_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/decoder/csplit.cc b/decoder/csplit.cc
index 4a723822..7ee4092e 100644
--- a/decoder/csplit.cc
+++ b/decoder/csplit.cc
@@ -151,6 +151,7 @@ bool CompoundSplit::TranslateImpl(const string& input,
   smeta->SetSourceLength(in.size());  // TODO do utf8 or somethign
   for (int i = 0; i < in.size(); ++i)
     smeta->src_lattice_.push_back(vector<LatticeArc>(1, LatticeArc(TD::Convert(in[i]), 0.0, 1)));
+  smeta->ComputeInputLatticeType();
   pimpl_->BuildTrellis(in, forest);
   forest->Reweight(weights);
   return true;
diff --git a/decoder/csplit.h b/decoder/csplit.h
index 82ed23fc..83d457b8 100644
--- a/decoder/csplit.h
+++ b/decoder/csplit.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _CSPLIT_H_
-#define _CSPLIT_H_
+#ifndef CSPLIT_H_
+#define CSPLIT_H_
 
 #include "translator.h"
 #include "lattice.h"
diff --git a/decoder/decoder.cc b/decoder/decoder.cc
index c384c33f..1e6c3194 100644
--- a/decoder/decoder.cc
+++ b/decoder/decoder.cc
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ namespace std { using std::tr1::unordered_map; }
 #include "fdict.h"
 #include "timing_stats.h"
 #include "verbose.h"
+#include "b64featvector.h"
 
 #include "translator.h"
 #include "phrasebased_translator.h"
@@ -86,7 +87,7 @@ struct ELengthWeightFunction {
   }
 };
 inline void ShowBanner() {
-  cerr << "cdec (c) 2009--2014 by Chris Dyer\n";
+  cerr << "cdec (c) 2009--2014 by Chris Dyer" << endl;
 }
 
 inline string str(char const* name,po::variables_map const& conf) {
@@ -195,7 +196,7 @@ struct DecoderImpl {
       }
       forest.PruneInsideOutside(beam_prune,density_prune,pm,false,1);
       if (!forestname.empty()) forestname=" "+forestname;
-      if (!SILENT) { 
+      if (!SILENT) {
         forest_stats(forest,"  Pruned "+forestname+" forest",false,false);
         cerr << "  Pruned "<<forestname<<" forest portion of edges kept: "<<forest.edges_.size()/presize<<endl;
       }
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ struct DecoderImpl {
       assert(ref);
       LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(sref, ref);
     }
-  } 
+  }
 
   // used to construct the suffix string to get the name of arguments for multiple passes
   // e.g., the "2" in --weights2
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ struct DecoderImpl {
   boost::shared_ptr<RandomNumberGenerator<boost::mt19937> > rng;
   int sample_max_trans;
   bool aligner_mode;
-  bool graphviz; 
+  bool graphviz;
   bool joshua_viz;
   bool encode_b64;
   bool kbest;
@@ -301,6 +302,7 @@ struct DecoderImpl {
   bool feature_expectations; // TODO Observer
   bool output_training_vector; // TODO Observer
   bool remove_intersected_rule_annotations;
+  bool mr_mira_compat;  // Mr.MIRA compatibility mode.
   boost::scoped_ptr<IncrementalBase> incremental;
 
 
@@ -404,6 +406,7 @@ DecoderImpl::DecoderImpl(po::variables_map& conf, int argc, char** argv, istream
         ("csplit_preserve_full_word", "(Compound splitter) Always include the unsegmented form in the output lattice")
         ("extract_rules", po::value<string>(), "Extract the rules used in translation (not de-duped!) to a file in this directory")
         ("show_derivations", po::value<string>(), "Directory to print the derivation structures to")
+        ("show_derivations_mask", po::value<int>()->default_value(Hypergraph::SPAN|Hypergraph::RULE), "Bit-mask for what to print in derivation structures")
         ("graphviz","Show (constrained) translation forest in GraphViz format")
         ("max_translation_beam,x", po::value<int>(), "Beam approximation to get max translation from the chart")
         ("max_translation_sample,X", po::value<int>(), "Sample the max translation from the chart")
@@ -414,7 +417,8 @@ DecoderImpl::DecoderImpl(po::variables_map& conf, int argc, char** argv, istream
         ("vector_format",po::value<string>()->default_value("b64"), "Sparse vector serialization format for feature expectations or gradients, includes (text or b64)")
         ("combine_size,C",po::value<int>()->default_value(1), "When option -G is used, process this many sentence pairs before writing the gradient (1=emit after every sentence pair)")
         ("forest_output,O",po::value<string>(),"Directory to write forests to")
-        ("remove_intersected_rule_annotations", "After forced decoding is completed, remove nonterminal annotations (i.e., the source side spans)");
+        ("remove_intersected_rule_annotations", "After forced decoding is completed, remove nonterminal annotations (i.e., the source side spans)")
+        ("mr_mira_compat", "Mr.MIRA compatibility mode (applies weight delta if available; outputs number of lines before k-best)");
 
   // ob.AddOptions(&opts);
   po::options_description clo("Command line options");
@@ -665,7 +669,9 @@ DecoderImpl::DecoderImpl(po::variables_map& conf, int argc, char** argv, istream
   unique_kbest = conf.count("unique_k_best");
   get_oracle_forest = conf.count("get_oracle_forest");
   oracle.show_derivation=conf.count("show_derivations");
+  oracle.show_derivation_mask=conf["show_derivations_mask"].as<int>();
   remove_intersected_rule_annotations = conf.count("remove_intersected_rule_annotations");
+  mr_mira_compat = conf.count("mr_mira_compat");
 
   combine_size = conf["combine_size"].as<int>();
   if (combine_size < 1) combine_size = 1;
@@ -699,6 +705,24 @@ void Decoder::AddSupplementalGrammarFromString(const std::string& grammar_string
   static_cast<SCFGTranslator&>(*pimpl_->translator).AddSupplementalGrammarFromString(grammar_string);
 }
 
+static inline void ApplyWeightDelta(const string &delta_b64, vector<weight_t> *weights) {
+  SparseVector<weight_t> delta;
+  DecodeFeatureVector(delta_b64, &delta);
+  if (delta.empty()) return;
+  // Apply updates
+  for (SparseVector<weight_t>::iterator dit = delta.begin();
+       dit != delta.end(); ++dit) {
+    int feat_id = dit->first;
+    union { weight_t weight; unsigned long long repr; } feat_delta;
+    feat_delta.weight = dit->second;
+    if (!SILENT)
+      cerr << "[decoder weight update] " << FD::Convert(feat_id) << " " << feat_delta.weight
+           << " = " << hex << feat_delta.repr << endl;
+    if (weights->size() <= feat_id) weights->resize(feat_id + 1);
+    (*weights)[feat_id] += feat_delta.weight;
+  }
+}
+
 bool DecoderImpl::Decode(const string& input, DecoderObserver* o) {
   string buf = input;
   NgramCache::Clear();   // clear ngram cache for remote LM (if used)
@@ -709,6 +733,10 @@ bool DecoderImpl::Decode(const string& input, DecoderObserver* o) {
   if (sgml.find("id") != sgml.end())
     sent_id = atoi(sgml["id"].c_str());
 
+  // Add delta from input to weights before decoding
+  if (mr_mira_compat)
+    ApplyWeightDelta(sgml["delta"], init_weights.get());
+
   if (!SILENT) {
     cerr << "\nINPUT: ";
     if (buf.size() < 100)
@@ -928,14 +956,14 @@ bool DecoderImpl::Decode(const string& input, DecoderObserver* o) {
       Hypergraph new_hg;
       {
         ReadFile rf(writer.fname_);
-        bool succeeded = HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), &new_hg);
+        bool succeeded = HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), &new_hg);
         if (!succeeded) abort();
       }
       HG::Union(forest, &new_hg);
-      bool succeeded = writer.Write(new_hg, false);
+      bool succeeded = writer.Write(new_hg);
       if (!succeeded) abort();
     } else {
-      bool succeeded = writer.Write(forest, false);
+      bool succeeded = writer.Write(forest);
       if (!succeeded) abort();
     }
   }
@@ -947,7 +975,7 @@ bool DecoderImpl::Decode(const string& input, DecoderObserver* o) {
     if (kbest && !has_ref) {
       //TODO: does this work properly?
       const string deriv_fname = conf.count("show_derivations") ? str("show_derivations",conf) : "-";
-      oracle.DumpKBest(sent_id, forest, conf["k_best"].as<int>(), unique_kbest,"-", deriv_fname);
+      oracle.DumpKBest(sent_id, forest, conf["k_best"].as<int>(), unique_kbest,mr_mira_compat, smeta.GetSourceLength(), "-", deriv_fname);
     } else if (csplit_output_plf) {
       cout << HypergraphIO::AsPLF(forest, false) << endl;
     } else {
@@ -1021,14 +1049,14 @@ bool DecoderImpl::Decode(const string& input, DecoderObserver* o) {
           Hypergraph new_hg;
           {
             ReadFile rf(writer.fname_);
-            bool succeeded = HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), &new_hg);
+            bool succeeded = HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), &new_hg);
             if (!succeeded) abort();
           }
           HG::Union(forest, &new_hg);
-          bool succeeded = writer.Write(new_hg, false);
+          bool succeeded = writer.Write(new_hg);
           if (!succeeded) abort();
         } else {
-          bool succeeded = writer.Write(forest, false);
+          bool succeeded = writer.Write(forest);
           if (!succeeded) abort();
         }
       }
@@ -1078,7 +1106,7 @@ bool DecoderImpl::Decode(const string& input, DecoderObserver* o) {
       if (conf.count("graphviz")) forest.PrintGraphviz();
       if (kbest) {
         const string deriv_fname = conf.count("show_derivations") ? str("show_derivations",conf) : "-";
-        oracle.DumpKBest(sent_id, forest, conf["k_best"].as<int>(), unique_kbest,"-", deriv_fname);
+        oracle.DumpKBest(sent_id, forest, conf["k_best"].as<int>(), unique_kbest, mr_mira_compat, smeta.GetSourceLength(), "-", deriv_fname);
       }
       if (conf.count("show_conditional_prob")) {
         const prob_t ref_z = Inside<prob_t, EdgeProb>(forest);
@@ -1098,4 +1126,3 @@ bool DecoderImpl::Decode(const string& input, DecoderObserver* o) {
   o->NotifyDecodingComplete(smeta);
   return true;
 }
-
diff --git a/decoder/decoder.h b/decoder/decoder.h
index 8039a42b..a545206b 100644
--- a/decoder/decoder.h
+++ b/decoder/decoder.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _DECODER_H_
-#define _DECODER_H_
+#ifndef DECODER_H_
+#define DECODER_H_
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/decoder/earley_composer.h b/decoder/earley_composer.h
index 9f786bf6..31602f67 100644
--- a/decoder/earley_composer.h
+++ b/decoder/earley_composer.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _EARLEY_COMPOSER_H_
-#define _EARLEY_COMPOSER_H_
+#ifndef EARLEY_COMPOSER_H_
+#define EARLEY_COMPOSER_H_
 
 #include <iostream>
 
diff --git a/decoder/factored_lexicon_helper.h b/decoder/factored_lexicon_helper.h
index 7fedc517..460bdebb 100644
--- a/decoder/factored_lexicon_helper.h
+++ b/decoder/factored_lexicon_helper.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FACTORED_LEXICON_HELPER_
-#define _FACTORED_LEXICON_HELPER_
+#ifndef FACTORED_LEXICON_HELPER_
+#define FACTORED_LEXICON_HELPER_
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/decoder/ff.h b/decoder/ff.h
index afa3dbca..d6487d97 100644
--- a/decoder/ff.h
+++ b/decoder/ff.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_H_
-#define _FF_H_
+#ifndef FF_H_
+#define FF_H_
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -27,6 +27,12 @@ class FeatureFunction {
   // search. When non-zero, the last N bytes in the state should be ignored when
   // splitting a hypernode by the state. This allows the feature function to
   // store some side data and later retrieve it via the state bytes.
+  //
+  // In general, this should not be necessary and it should always be possible
+  // to replace this with a more appropriate design of state (if you find
+  // yourself having to ignore some part of the state, you are most likely
+  // storing redundant information in the state). Be sure that you
+  // understand how this affects ApplyModelSet() before using it.
   int IgnoredStateSize() const { return ignored_state_size_; }
 
   // override this.  not virtual because we want to expose this to factory template for help before creating a FF
@@ -82,6 +88,7 @@ class FeatureFunction {
     state_size_ = state_size;
   }
 
+  // See document of IgnoredStateSize() above.
   void SetIgnoredStateSize(size_t ignored_state_size) {
     ignored_state_size_ = ignored_state_size;
   }
diff --git a/decoder/ff_basic.cc b/decoder/ff_basic.cc
index f9404d24..f960418a 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_basic.cc
+++ b/decoder/ff_basic.cc
@@ -49,9 +49,7 @@ void SourceWordPenalty::TraversalFeaturesImpl(const SentenceMetadata& smeta,
   features->set_value(fid_, edge.rule_->FWords() * value_);
 }
 
-
-ArityPenalty::ArityPenalty(const std::string& param) :
-    value_(-1.0 / log(10)) {
+ArityPenalty::ArityPenalty(const std::string& param) {
   string fname = "Arity_";
   unsigned MAX=DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY;
   using namespace boost;
@@ -61,7 +59,8 @@ ArityPenalty::ArityPenalty(const std::string& param) :
     WordID fid=FD::Convert(fname+lexical_cast<string>(i));
     fids_.push_back(fid);
   }
-  while (!fids_.empty() && fids_.back()==0) fids_.pop_back(); // pretty up features vector in case FD was frozen.  doesn't change anything
+  // pretty up features vector in case FD was frozen.  doesn't change anything
+  while (!fids_.empty() && fids_.back()==0) fids_.pop_back();
 }
 
 void ArityPenalty::TraversalFeaturesImpl(const SentenceMetadata& smeta,
@@ -75,6 +74,6 @@ void ArityPenalty::TraversalFeaturesImpl(const SentenceMetadata& smeta,
   (void) state;
   (void) estimated_features;
   unsigned a=edge.Arity();
-  features->set_value(a<fids_.size()?fids_[a]:0, value_);
+  if (a < fids_.size()) features->set_value(fids_[a], 1.0);
 }
 
diff --git a/decoder/ff_basic.h b/decoder/ff_basic.h
index 901c0110..c63daf0f 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_basic.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_basic.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_BASIC_H_
-#define _FF_BASIC_H_
+#ifndef FF_BASIC_H_
+#define FF_BASIC_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class SourceWordPenalty : public FeatureFunction {
   const double value_;
 };
 
-#define DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY 9
+#define DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY 50
 #define DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY_STRINGIZE(x) #x
 #define DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY_STRINGIZE_EVAL(x) DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY_STRINGIZE(x)
 #define DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY_STR DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY_STRINGIZE_EVAL(DEFAULT_MAX_ARITY)
@@ -62,7 +62,6 @@ class ArityPenalty : public FeatureFunction {
                                      void* context) const;
  private:
   std::vector<WordID> fids_;
-  const double value_;
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/decoder/ff_bleu.h b/decoder/ff_bleu.h
index 344dc788..8ca2c095 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_bleu.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_bleu.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _BLEU_FF_H_
-#define _BLEU_FF_H_
+#ifndef BLEU_FF_H_
+#define BLEU_FF_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_charset.h b/decoder/ff_charset.h
index 267ef65d..e22ece2b 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_charset.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_charset.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FFCHARSET_H_
-#define _FFCHARSET_H_
+#ifndef FFCHARSET_H_
+#define FFCHARSET_H_
 
 #include <string>
 #include <map>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_conll.cc b/decoder/ff_conll.cc
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8ded44b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/ff_conll.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,250 @@
+#include "ff_conll.h"
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
+
+#include "hg.h"
+#include "filelib.h"
+#include "stringlib.h"
+#include "sentence_metadata.h"
+#include "lattice.h"
+#include "fdict.h"
+#include "verbose.h"
+#include "tdict.h"
+
+CoNLLFeatures::CoNLLFeatures(const string& param) {
+  //  cerr << "initializing CoNLLFeatures with parameters: " << param;
+  kSOS = TD::Convert("<s>");
+  kEOS = TD::Convert("</s>");
+  macro_regex = sregex::compile("%([xy])\\[(-[1-9][0-9]*|0|[1-9][1-9]*)]");
+  ParseArgs(param);
+}
+
+string CoNLLFeatures::Escape(const string& x) const {
+  string y = x;
+  for (int i = 0; i < y.size(); ++i) {
+    if (y[i] == '=') y[i]='_';
+    if (y[i] == ';') y[i]='_';
+  }
+  return y;
+}
+
+// replace %x[relative_location] or %y[relative_location] with actual_token
+// within feature_instance
+void CoNLLFeatures::ReplaceMacroWithString(
+  string& feature_instance, bool token_vs_label, int relative_location, 
+  const string& actual_token) const {
+
+  stringstream macro;
+  if (token_vs_label) {
+    macro << "%x[";
+  } else {
+    macro << "%y[";
+  }
+  macro << relative_location << "]";
+  int macro_index = feature_instance.find(macro.str());
+  if (macro_index == string::npos) {
+    cerr << "Can't find macro " << macro.str() << " in feature template " 
+	 << feature_instance;
+    abort();
+  }
+  feature_instance.replace(macro_index, macro.str().size(), actual_token);
+}
+
+void CoNLLFeatures::ReplaceTokenMacroWithString(
+  string& feature_instance, int relative_location, 
+  const string& actual_token) const {
+
+  ReplaceMacroWithString(feature_instance, true, relative_location, 
+				actual_token);
+}
+
+void CoNLLFeatures::ReplaceLabelMacroWithString(
+  string& feature_instance, int relative_location, 
+  const string& actual_token) const {
+
+  ReplaceMacroWithString(feature_instance, false, relative_location, 
+				actual_token);
+}
+
+void CoNLLFeatures::Error(const string& error_message) const {
+  cerr << "Error: " << error_message << "\n\n"
+
+       << "CoNLLFeatures Usage: \n"			     
+       << "  feature_function=CoNLLFeatures -t <TEMPLATE>\n\n" 
+
+       << "Example <TEMPLATE>: U1:%x[-1]_%x[0]|%y[0]\n\n" 
+
+       << "%x[k] and %y[k] are macros to be instantiated with an input\n" 
+       << "token (for x) or a label (for y). k specifies the relative\n" 
+       << "location of the input token or label with respect to the current\n"
+       << "position. For x, k is an integer value. For y, k must be 0 (to\n" 
+       << "be extended).\n\n";
+
+  abort();
+}
+
+void CoNLLFeatures::ParseArgs(const string& in) {
+  which_feat = 0;
+  vector<string> const& argv = SplitOnWhitespace(in);
+  for (vector<string>::const_iterator i = argv.begin(); i != argv.end(); ++i) {
+    string const& s = *i;
+    if (s[0] == '-') {
+      if (s.size() > 2) { 
+	stringstream msg;
+	msg << s << " is an invalid option for CoNLLFeatures.";
+	Error(msg.str());
+      }
+
+      switch (s[1]) {
+
+      case 'w': {
+        if (++i == argv.end()) {
+          Error("Missing parameter to -w");
+        }
+        which_feat = boost::lexical_cast<unsigned>(*i);
+        break;
+      }
+      // feature template
+      case 't': {
+	if (++i == argv.end()) { 
+	  Error("Can't find template."); 
+	}
+	feature_template = *i;
+	string::const_iterator start = feature_template.begin();
+	string::const_iterator end = feature_template.end();
+	smatch macro_match;
+
+        // parse the template
+	while (regex_search(start, end, macro_match, macro_regex)) {
+	  // get the relative location
+	  string relative_location_str(macro_match[2].first, 
+				       macro_match[2].second);
+	  int relative_location = atoi(relative_location_str.c_str());
+	  // add it to the list of relative locations for token or label
+	  // (i.e. x or y)
+	  bool valid_location = true;
+          if (*macro_match[1].first == 'x') {
+	    // add it to token locations
+	    token_relative_locations.push_back(relative_location);
+	  } else {
+	    if (relative_location != 0) { valid_location = false; }
+	    // add it to label locations
+	    label_relative_locations.push_back(relative_location);
+	  }
+	  if (!valid_location) {
+	    stringstream msg;
+	    msg << "Relative location " << relative_location
+		<< " in feature template " << feature_template
+		<< " is invalid.";
+	    Error(msg.str());
+	  }
+	  start = macro_match[0].second;
+	}
+	break;
+      }
+
+      // TODO: arguments to specify kSOS and kEOS
+
+      default: {
+	stringstream msg;
+	msg << "Invalid option on CoNLLFeatures: " << s;
+	Error(msg.str());
+	break;
+      }
+      } // end of switch
+    } // end of if (token starts with hyphen)
+  } // end of for loop (over arguments)
+
+  // the -t (i.e. template) option is mandatory in this feature function
+  if (label_relative_locations.size() == 0 || 
+      token_relative_locations.size() == 0) {
+    stringstream msg;
+    msg << "Feature template must specify at least one" 
+	 << "token macro (e.g. x[-1]) and one label macro (e.g. y[0]).";
+    Error(msg.str());
+  }
+}
+
+void CoNLLFeatures::PrepareForInput(const SentenceMetadata& smeta) {
+  const Lattice& sl = smeta.GetSourceLattice();
+  current_input.resize(sl.size());
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < sl.size(); ++i) {
+    if (sl[i].size() != 1) {
+      stringstream msg;
+      msg << "CoNLLFeatures don't support lattice inputs!\nid=" 
+	   << smeta.GetSentenceId() << endl;
+      Error(msg.str());
+    }
+    current_input[i] = sl[i][0].label;
+  }
+  vector<WordID> wids;
+  string fn = "feat";
+  fn += boost::lexical_cast<string>(which_feat);
+  string feats = smeta.GetSGMLValue(fn);
+  if (feats.size() == 0) {
+    Error("Can't find " + fn + " in <seg>\n");
+  }
+  TD::ConvertSentence(feats, &wids);
+  assert(current_input.size() == wids.size());
+  current_input = wids;
+}
+
+void CoNLLFeatures::TraversalFeaturesImpl(
+  const SentenceMetadata& smeta, const Hypergraph::Edge& edge,
+  const vector<const void*>& ant_contexts, SparseVector<double>* features,
+  SparseVector<double>* estimated_features, void* context) const {
+
+  const TRule& rule = *edge.rule_;
+  // arity = 0, no nonterminals
+  // size = 1, predicted label is a single token
+  if (rule.Arity() != 0 ||
+      rule.e_.size() != 1) { 
+    return; 
+  }
+
+  // replace label macros with actual label strings
+  // NOTE: currently, this feature function doesn't allow any label
+  // macros except %y[0]. but you can look at as much of the source as you want
+  const WordID y0 = rule.e_[0];
+  string y0_str = TD::Convert(y0);
+
+  // start of the span in the input being labeled
+  const int from_src_index = edge.i_;   
+  // end of the span in the input
+  const int to_src_index = edge.j_;
+
+  // in the case of tagging the size of the spans being labeled will
+  //  always be 1, but in other formalisms, you can have bigger spans
+  if (to_src_index - from_src_index != 1) {
+    cerr << "CoNLLFeatures doesn't support input spans of length != 1";
+    abort();
+  }
+
+  string feature_instance = feature_template;
+  // replace token macros with actual token strings
+  for (unsigned i = 0; i < token_relative_locations.size(); ++i) {
+    int loc = token_relative_locations[i];
+    WordID x = loc < 0? kSOS: kEOS;
+    if(from_src_index + loc >= 0 && 
+       from_src_index + loc < current_input.size()) {
+      x = current_input[from_src_index + loc];
+    }
+    string x_str = TD::Convert(x);
+    ReplaceTokenMacroWithString(feature_instance, loc, x_str);
+  }
+    
+  ReplaceLabelMacroWithString(feature_instance, 0, y0_str);
+
+  // pick a real value for this feature
+  double fval = 1.0; 
+
+  // add it to the feature vector
+  //   FD::Convert converts the feature string to a feature int
+  //   Escape makes sure the feature string doesn't have any bad
+  //     symbols that could confuse a parser somewhere
+  features->add_value(FD::Convert(Escape(feature_instance)), fval);
+}
diff --git a/decoder/ff_conll.h b/decoder/ff_conll.h
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b37356d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/ff_conll.h
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#ifndef FF_CONLL_H_
+#define FF_CONLL_H_
+
+#include <vector>
+#include <boost/xpressive/xpressive.hpp>
+#include "ff.h"
+
+using namespace boost::xpressive;
+using namespace std;
+
+class CoNLLFeatures : public FeatureFunction {
+ public:
+  CoNLLFeatures(const string& param);
+ protected:
+  virtual void TraversalFeaturesImpl(const SentenceMetadata& smeta,
+                                     const HG::Edge& edge,
+                                     const vector<const void*>& ant_contexts,
+                                     SparseVector<double>* features,
+                                     SparseVector<double>* estimated_features,
+                                     void* context) const;
+  virtual void PrepareForInput(const SentenceMetadata& smeta);
+  virtual void ParseArgs(const string& in);
+  virtual string Escape(const string& x) const;
+  virtual void ReplaceMacroWithString(string& feature_instance, 
+				      bool token_vs_label, 
+				      int relative_location, 
+				      const string& actual_token) const;
+  virtual void ReplaceTokenMacroWithString(string& feature_instance, 
+					   int relative_location, 
+					   const string& actual_token) const;
+  virtual void ReplaceLabelMacroWithString(string& feature_instance, 
+					   int relative_location, 
+					   const string& actual_token) const;
+  virtual void Error(const string&) const;
+
+ private:
+  vector<int> token_relative_locations, label_relative_locations;
+  string feature_template;
+  vector<WordID> current_input;
+  WordID kSOS, kEOS;
+  sregex macro_regex;
+  unsigned which_feat;
+};
+
+#endif
diff --git a/decoder/ff_const_reorder.cc b/decoder/ff_const_reorder.cc
index 95546793..f1a6f7cb 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_const_reorder.cc
+++ b/decoder/ff_const_reorder.cc
@@ -1071,6 +1071,9 @@ ConstReorderFeature::~ConstReorderFeature() {  // TODO
 
 void ConstReorderFeature::PrepareForInput(const SentenceMetadata& smeta) {
   string parse_file = smeta.GetSGMLValue("parse");
+  if (parse_file.empty()) {
+    parse_file = smeta.GetSGMLValue("src_tree");
+  }
   string srl_file = smeta.GetSGMLValue("srl");
   assert(!(parse_file == "" && srl_file == ""));
 
diff --git a/decoder/ff_const_reorder_common.h b/decoder/ff_const_reorder_common.h
index 7c111de3..755fd948 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_const_reorder_common.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_const_reorder_common.h
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@ typedef std::unordered_map<std::string, int>::iterator Iterator;
 struct Tsuruoka_Maxent {
   Tsuruoka_Maxent(const char* pszModelFName) {
     if (pszModelFName != NULL) {
-      m_pModel = new ME_Model();
+      m_pModel = new maxent::ME_Model();
       m_pModel->load_from_file(pszModelFName);
     } else
       m_pModel = NULL;
@@ -1091,102 +1091,9 @@ struct Tsuruoka_Maxent {
     if (m_pModel != NULL) delete m_pModel;
   }
 
-  void fnTrain(const char* pszInstanceFName, const char* pszAlgorithm,
-               const char* pszModelFName, int /*iNumIteration*/) {
-    assert(strcmp(pszAlgorithm, "l1") == 0 || strcmp(pszAlgorithm, "l2") == 0 ||
-           strcmp(pszAlgorithm, "sgd") == 0 ||
-           strcmp(pszAlgorithm, "SGD") == 0);
-    FILE* fpIn = fopen(pszInstanceFName, "r");
-
-    ME_Model* pModel = new ME_Model();
-
-    char* pszLine = new char[100001];
-    int iNumInstances = 0;
-    int iLen;
-    while (!feof(fpIn)) {
-      pszLine[0] = '\0';
-      fgets(pszLine, 20000, fpIn);
-      if (strlen(pszLine) == 0) {
-        continue;
-      }
-
-      iLen = strlen(pszLine);
-      while (iLen > 0 && pszLine[iLen - 1] > 0 && pszLine[iLen - 1] < 33) {
-        pszLine[iLen - 1] = '\0';
-        iLen--;
-      }
-
-      iNumInstances++;
-
-      ME_Sample* pmes = new ME_Sample();
-
-      char* p = strrchr(pszLine, ' ');
-      assert(p != NULL);
-      p[0] = '\0';
-      p++;
-      std::vector<std::string> vecContext;
-      SplitOnWhitespace(std::string(pszLine), &vecContext);
-
-      pmes->label = std::string(p);
-      for (size_t i = 0; i < vecContext.size(); i++)
-        pmes->add_feature(vecContext[i]);
-      pModel->add_training_sample((*pmes));
-      if (iNumInstances % 100000 == 0)
-        fprintf(stdout, "......Reading #Instances: %1d\n", iNumInstances);
-      delete pmes;
-    }
-    fprintf(stdout, "......Reading #Instances: %1d\n", iNumInstances);
-    fclose(fpIn);
-
-    if (strcmp(pszAlgorithm, "l1") == 0)
-      pModel->use_l1_regularizer(1.0);
-    else if (strcmp(pszAlgorithm, "l2") == 0)
-      pModel->use_l2_regularizer(1.0);
-    else
-      pModel->use_SGD();
-
-    pModel->train();
-    pModel->save_to_file(pszModelFName);
-
-    delete pModel;
-    fprintf(stdout, "......Finished Training\n");
-    fprintf(stdout, "......Model saved as %s\n", pszModelFName);
-    delete[] pszLine;
-  }
-
-  double fnEval(const char* pszContext, const char* pszOutcome) const {
-    std::vector<std::string> vecContext;
-    ME_Sample* pmes = new ME_Sample();
-    SplitOnWhitespace(std::string(pszContext), &vecContext);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < vecContext.size(); i++)
-      pmes->add_feature(vecContext[i]);
-    std::vector<double> vecProb = m_pModel->classify(*pmes);
-    delete pmes;
-    int iLableID = m_pModel->get_class_id(pszOutcome);
-    return vecProb[iLableID];
-  }
-  void fnEval(const char* pszContext,
-              std::vector<std::pair<std::string, double> >& vecOutput) const {
-    std::vector<std::string> vecContext;
-    ME_Sample* pmes = new ME_Sample();
-    SplitOnWhitespace(std::string(pszContext), &vecContext);
-
-    vecOutput.clear();
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < vecContext.size(); i++)
-      pmes->add_feature(vecContext[i]);
-    std::vector<double> vecProb = m_pModel->classify(*pmes);
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < vecProb.size(); i++) {
-      std::string label = m_pModel->get_class_label(i);
-      vecOutput.push_back(make_pair(label, vecProb[i]));
-    }
-    delete pmes;
-  }
   void fnEval(const char* pszContext, std::vector<double>& vecOutput) const {
     std::vector<std::string> vecContext;
-    ME_Sample* pmes = new ME_Sample();
+    maxent::ME_Sample* pmes = new maxent::ME_Sample();
     SplitOnWhitespace(std::string(pszContext), &vecContext);
 
     vecOutput.clear();
@@ -1206,7 +1113,7 @@ struct Tsuruoka_Maxent {
   }
 
  private:
-  ME_Model* m_pModel;
+  maxent::ME_Model* m_pModel;
 };
 
 // an argument item or a predicate item (the verb itself)
diff --git a/decoder/ff_context.h b/decoder/ff_context.h
index 19198ec3..ed1aea2b 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_context.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_context.h
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-
-#ifndef _FF_CONTEXT_H_
-#define _FF_CONTEXT_H_
+#ifndef FF_CONTEXT_H_
+#define FF_CONTEXT_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <boost/xpressive/xpressive.hpp>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_csplit.h b/decoder/ff_csplit.h
index 79bf2886..227f2a14 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_csplit.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_csplit.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_CSPLIT_H_
-#define _FF_CSPLIT_H_
+#ifndef FF_CSPLIT_H_
+#define FF_CSPLIT_H_
 
 #include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
 
diff --git a/decoder/ff_external.h b/decoder/ff_external.h
index 3e2bee51..fd12a37c 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_external.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_external.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FFEXTERNAL_H_
-#define _FFEXTERNAL_H_
+#ifndef FFEXTERNAL_H_
+#define FFEXTERNAL_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 
diff --git a/decoder/ff_factory.h b/decoder/ff_factory.h
index 1aa8e55f..ba9be9ac 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_factory.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_factory.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_FACTORY_H_
-#define _FF_FACTORY_H_
+#ifndef FF_FACTORY_H_
+#define FF_FACTORY_H_
 
 //TODO: use http://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_43_0/libs/functional/factory/doc/html/index.html ?
 
diff --git a/decoder/ff_klm.h b/decoder/ff_klm.h
index db4032f7..c8350623 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_klm.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_klm.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _KLM_FF_H_
-#define _KLM_FF_H_
+#ifndef KLM_FF_H_
+#define KLM_FF_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_lm.h b/decoder/ff_lm.h
index 85e79704..83a2e186 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_lm.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_lm.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _LM_FF_H_
-#define _LM_FF_H_
+#ifndef LM_FF_H_
+#define LM_FF_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_ngrams.h b/decoder/ff_ngrams.h
index 4965d235..5dea9a7d 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_ngrams.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_ngrams.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _NGRAMS_FF_H_
-#define _NGRAMS_FF_H_
+#ifndef NGRAMS_FF_H_
+#define NGRAMS_FF_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_parse_match.h b/decoder/ff_parse_match.h
index 7820b418..188c406a 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_parse_match.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_parse_match.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_PARSE_MATCH_H_
-#define _FF_PARSE_MATCH_H_
+#ifndef FF_PARSE_MATCH_H_
+#define FF_PARSE_MATCH_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "hg.h"
diff --git a/decoder/ff_rules.h b/decoder/ff_rules.h
index f210dc65..5c4cf45e 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_rules.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_rules.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_RULES_H_
-#define _FF_RULES_H_
+#ifndef FF_RULES_H_
+#define FF_RULES_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_ruleshape.h b/decoder/ff_ruleshape.h
index 488cfd84..66914f5d 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_ruleshape.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_ruleshape.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_RULESHAPE_H_
-#define _FF_RULESHAPE_H_
+#ifndef FF_RULESHAPE_H_
+#define FF_RULESHAPE_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_soft_syntax.h b/decoder/ff_soft_syntax.h
index e71825d5..da51df7f 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_soft_syntax.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_soft_syntax.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_SOFT_SYNTAX_H_
-#define _FF_SOFT_SYNTAX_H_
+#ifndef FF_SOFT_SYNTAX_H_
+#define FF_SOFT_SYNTAX_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "hg.h"
diff --git a/decoder/ff_soft_syntax_mindist.h b/decoder/ff_soft_syntax_mindist.h
index bf938b38..205eff4b 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_soft_syntax_mindist.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_soft_syntax_mindist.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_SOFT_SYNTAX_MINDIST_H_
-#define _FF_SOFT_SYNTAX_MINDIST_H_
+#ifndef FF_SOFT_SYNTAX_MINDIST_H_
+#define FF_SOFT_SYNTAX_MINDIST_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "hg.h"
diff --git a/decoder/ff_source_path.h b/decoder/ff_source_path.h
index 03126412..fc309264 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_source_path.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_source_path.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_SOURCE_PATH_H_
-#define _FF_SOURCE_PATH_H_
+#ifndef FF_SOURCE_PATH_H_
+#define FF_SOURCE_PATH_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_source_syntax.h b/decoder/ff_source_syntax.h
index bdd638c1..6316e881 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_source_syntax.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_source_syntax.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_SOURCE_SYNTAX_H_
-#define _FF_SOURCE_SYNTAX_H_
+#ifndef FF_SOURCE_SYNTAX_H_
+#define FF_SOURCE_SYNTAX_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "hg.h"
diff --git a/decoder/ff_source_syntax2.h b/decoder/ff_source_syntax2.h
index f606c2bf..bbfa9eb6 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_source_syntax2.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_source_syntax2.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_SOURCE_SYNTAX2_H_
-#define _FF_SOURCE_SYNTAX2_H_
+#ifndef FF_SOURCE_SYNTAX2_H_
+#define FF_SOURCE_SYNTAX2_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "hg.h"
diff --git a/decoder/ff_spans.h b/decoder/ff_spans.h
index d2f5e84c..e2475491 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_spans.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_spans.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_SPANS_H_
-#define _FF_SPANS_H_
+#ifndef FF_SPANS_H_
+#define FF_SPANS_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <map>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_tagger.h b/decoder/ff_tagger.h
index 46418b0c..0cb8c648 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_tagger.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_tagger.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_TAGGER_H_
-#define _FF_TAGGER_H_
+#ifndef FF_TAGGER_H_
+#define FF_TAGGER_H_
 
 #include <map>
 #include <boost/scoped_ptr.hpp>
diff --git a/decoder/ff_wordalign.h b/decoder/ff_wordalign.h
index 0161f603..ec454621 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_wordalign.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_wordalign.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_WORD_ALIGN_H_
-#define _FF_WORD_ALIGN_H_
+#ifndef FF_WORD_ALIGN_H_
+#define FF_WORD_ALIGN_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "array2d.h"
diff --git a/decoder/ff_wordset.h b/decoder/ff_wordset.h
index e78cd2fb..94f5ff8a 100644
--- a/decoder/ff_wordset.h
+++ b/decoder/ff_wordset.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FF_WORDSET_H_
-#define _FF_WORDSET_H_
+#ifndef FF_WORDSET_H_
+#define FF_WORDSET_H_
 
 #include "ff.h"
 #include "tdict.h"
diff --git a/decoder/ffset.h b/decoder/ffset.h
index a69a75fa..84f9fdb9 100644
--- a/decoder/ffset.h
+++ b/decoder/ffset.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FFSET_H_
-#define _FFSET_H_
+#ifndef FFSET_H_
+#define FFSET_H_
 
 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/decoder/forest_writer.cc b/decoder/forest_writer.cc
index 6e4cccb3..cc9094d7 100644
--- a/decoder/forest_writer.cc
+++ b/decoder/forest_writer.cc
@@ -11,13 +11,13 @@
 using namespace std;
 
 ForestWriter::ForestWriter(const std::string& path, int num) :
-  fname_(path + '/' + boost::lexical_cast<string>(num) + ".json.gz"), used_(false) {}
+  fname_(path + '/' + boost::lexical_cast<string>(num) + ".bin.gz"), used_(false) {}
 
-bool ForestWriter::Write(const Hypergraph& forest, bool minimal_rules) {
+bool ForestWriter::Write(const Hypergraph& forest) {
   assert(!used_);
   used_ = true;
   cerr << "  Writing forest to " << fname_ << endl;
   WriteFile wf(fname_);
-  return HypergraphIO::WriteToJSON(forest, minimal_rules, wf.stream());
+  return HypergraphIO::WriteToBinary(forest, wf.stream());
 }
 
diff --git a/decoder/forest_writer.h b/decoder/forest_writer.h
index 819a8940..54e83470 100644
--- a/decoder/forest_writer.h
+++ b/decoder/forest_writer.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FOREST_WRITER_H_
-#define _FOREST_WRITER_H_
+#ifndef FOREST_WRITER_H_
+#define FOREST_WRITER_H_
 
 #include <string>
 
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ class Hypergraph;
 
 struct ForestWriter {
   ForestWriter(const std::string& path, int num);
-  bool Write(const Hypergraph& forest, bool minimal_rules);
+  bool Write(const Hypergraph& forest);
 
   const std::string fname_;
   bool used_;
diff --git a/decoder/freqdict.h b/decoder/freqdict.h
index 4e03fadd..07d797e2 100644
--- a/decoder/freqdict.h
+++ b/decoder/freqdict.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _FREQDICT_H_
-#define _FREQDICT_H_
+#ifndef FREQDICT_H_
+#define FREQDICT_H_
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <map>
diff --git a/decoder/fst_translator.cc b/decoder/fst_translator.cc
index 4253b652..fe28f4c6 100644
--- a/decoder/fst_translator.cc
+++ b/decoder/fst_translator.cc
@@ -27,11 +27,15 @@ struct FSTTranslatorImpl {
                  const vector<double>& weights,
                  Hypergraph* forest) {
     bool composed = false;
-    if (input.find("{\"rules\"") == 0) {
+    if (input.find("::forest::") == 0) {
       istringstream is(input);
+      string header, fname;
+      is >> header >> fname;
+      ReadFile rf(fname);
+      if (!rf) { cerr << "Failed to open " << fname << endl; abort(); }
       Hypergraph src_cfg_hg;
-      if (!HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(&is, &src_cfg_hg)) {
-        cerr << "Failed to read HG from JSON.\n";
+      if (!HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), &src_cfg_hg)) {
+        cerr << "Failed to read HG.\n";
         abort();
       }
       if (add_pass_through_rules) {
@@ -95,6 +99,7 @@ bool FSTTranslator::TranslateImpl(const string& input,
                               const vector<double>& weights,
                               Hypergraph* minus_lm_forest) {
   smeta->SetSourceLength(0);  // don't know how to compute this
+  smeta->input_type_ = cdec::kFOREST;
   return pimpl_->Translate(input, weights, minus_lm_forest);
 }
 
diff --git a/decoder/hg.h b/decoder/hg.h
index 4ed27d87..c756012e 100644
--- a/decoder/hg.h
+++ b/decoder/hg.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _HG_H_
-#define _HG_H_
+#ifndef HG_H_
+#define HG_H_
 
 // define USE_INFO_EDGE 1 if you want lots of debug info shown with --show_derivations - otherwise it adds quite a bit of overhead if ffs have their logging enabled (e.g. ff_from_fsa)
 #ifndef USE_INFO_EDGE
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
 #include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <boost/serialization/vector.hpp>
 
 #include "feature_vector.h"
 #include "small_vector.h"
@@ -69,6 +70,18 @@ namespace HG {
     short int j_;
     short int prev_i_;
     short int prev_j_;
+    template<class Archive>
+    void serialize(Archive & ar, const unsigned int /*version*/) {
+      ar & head_node_;
+      ar & tail_nodes_;
+      ar & rule_;
+      ar & feature_values_;
+      ar & i_;
+      ar & j_;
+      ar & prev_i_;
+      ar & prev_j_;
+      ar & id_;
+    }
     void show(std::ostream &o,unsigned mask=SPAN|RULE) const {
       o<<'{';
       if (mask&CATEGORY)
@@ -149,6 +162,24 @@ namespace HG {
     WordID NT() const { return -cat_; }
     EdgesVector in_edges_;   // an in edge is an edge with this node as its head.  (in edges come from the bottom up to us)  indices in edges_
     EdgesVector out_edges_;  // an out edge is an edge with this node as its tail.  (out edges leave us up toward the top/goal). indices in edges_
+    template<class Archive>
+    void save(Archive & ar, const unsigned int /*version*/) const {
+      ar & node_hash;
+      ar & id_;
+      ar & TD::Convert(-cat_);
+      ar & in_edges_;
+      ar & out_edges_;
+    }
+    template<class Archive>
+    void load(Archive & ar, const unsigned int /*version*/) {
+      ar & node_hash;
+      ar & id_;
+      std::string cat; ar & cat;
+      cat_ = -TD::Convert(cat);
+      ar & in_edges_;
+      ar & out_edges_;
+    }
+    BOOST_SERIALIZATION_SPLIT_MEMBER()
     void copy_fixed(Node const& o) { // nonstructural fields only - structural ones are managed by sorting/pruning/subsetting
       node_hash = o.node_hash;
       cat_=o.cat_;
@@ -492,6 +523,27 @@ public:
   void set_ids(); // resync edge,node .id_
   void check_ids() const; // assert that .id_ have been kept in sync
 
+  template<class Archive>
+  void save(Archive & ar, const unsigned int /*version*/) const {
+    unsigned ns = nodes_.size(); ar & ns;
+    unsigned es = edges_.size(); ar & es;
+    for (auto& n : nodes_) ar & n;
+    for (auto& e : edges_) ar & e;
+    int x;
+    x = edges_topo_; ar & x;
+    x = is_linear_chain_; ar & x;
+  }
+  template<class Archive>
+  void load(Archive & ar, const unsigned int /*version*/) {
+    unsigned ns; ar & ns; nodes_.resize(ns);
+    unsigned es; ar & es; edges_.resize(es);
+    for (auto& n : nodes_) ar & n;
+    for (auto& e : edges_) ar & e;
+    int x;
+    ar & x; edges_topo_ = x;
+    ar & x; is_linear_chain_ = x;
+  }
+  BOOST_SERIALIZATION_SPLIT_MEMBER()
 private:
   Hypergraph(int num_nodes, int num_edges, bool is_lc) : is_linear_chain_(is_lc), nodes_(num_nodes), edges_(num_edges),edges_topo_(true) {}
 };
diff --git a/decoder/hg_intersect.cc b/decoder/hg_intersect.cc
index 02f5a401..b9381d02 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_intersect.cc
+++ b/decoder/hg_intersect.cc
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ namespace HG {
 bool Intersect(const Lattice& target, Hypergraph* hg) {
   // there are a number of faster algorithms available for restricted
   // classes of hypergraph and/or target.
-  if (hg->IsLinearChain() && target.IsSentence())
+  if (hg->IsLinearChain() && IsSentence(target))
     return FastLinearIntersect(target, hg);
 
   vector<bool> rem(hg->edges_.size(), false);
diff --git a/decoder/hg_intersect.h b/decoder/hg_intersect.h
index 29a5ea2a..19c1c177 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_intersect.h
+++ b/decoder/hg_intersect.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _HG_INTERSECT_H_
-#define _HG_INTERSECT_H_
+#ifndef HG_INTERSECT_H_
+#define HG_INTERSECT_H_
 
 #include "lattice.h"
 
diff --git a/decoder/hg_io.cc b/decoder/hg_io.cc
index eb0be3d4..626b2954 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_io.cc
+++ b/decoder/hg_io.cc
@@ -6,362 +6,27 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <iostream>
 
+#include <boost/archive/binary_iarchive.hpp>
+#include <boost/archive/binary_oarchive.hpp>
+#include <boost/serialization/shared_ptr.hpp>
+
 #include "fast_lexical_cast.hpp"
 
 #include "tdict.h"
-#include "json_parse.h"
 #include "hg.h"
 
 using namespace std;
 
-struct HGReader : public JSONParser {
-  HGReader(Hypergraph* g) : rp("[X] ||| "), state(-1), hg(*g), nodes_needed(true), edges_needed(true) { nodes = 0; edges = 0; }
-
-  void CreateNode(const string& cat, const string& shash, const vector<int>& in_edges) {
-    WordID c = TD::Convert("X") * -1;
-    if (!cat.empty()) c = TD::Convert(cat) * -1;
-    Hypergraph::Node* node = hg.AddNode(c);
-    char* dend;
-    if (shash.size())
-      node->node_hash = strtoull(shash.c_str(), &dend, 16);
-    else
-      node->node_hash = 0;
-    for (int i = 0; i < in_edges.size(); ++i) {
-      if (in_edges[i] >= hg.edges_.size()) {
-        cerr << "JSONParser: in_edges[" << i << "]=" << in_edges[i]
-             << ", but hg only has " << hg.edges_.size() << " edges!\n";
-        abort();
-      }
-      hg.ConnectEdgeToHeadNode(&hg.edges_[in_edges[i]], node);
-    }
-  }
-  void CreateEdge(const TRulePtr& rule, SparseVector<double>* feats, const SmallVectorUnsigned& tail) {
-    Hypergraph::Edge* edge = hg.AddEdge(rule, tail);
-    feats->swap(edge->feature_values_);
-    edge->i_ = spans[0];
-    edge->j_ = spans[1];
-    edge->prev_i_ = spans[2];
-    edge->prev_j_ = spans[3];
-  }
-
-  bool HandleJSONEvent(int type, const JSON_value* value) {
-    switch(state) {
-    case -1:
-      assert(type == JSON_T_OBJECT_BEGIN);
-      state = 0;
-      break;
-    case 0:
-      if (type == JSON_T_OBJECT_END) {
-        //cerr << "HG created\n";  // TODO, signal some kind of callback
-      } else if (type == JSON_T_KEY) {
-        string val = value->vu.str.value;
-        if (val == "features") { assert(fdict.empty()); state = 1; }
-        else if (val == "is_sorted") { state = 3; }
-        else if (val == "rules") { assert(rules.empty()); state = 4; }
-        else if (val == "node") { state = 8; }
-        else if (val == "edges") { state = 13; }
-        else { cerr << "Unexpected key: " << val << endl; return false; }
-      }
-      break;
-
-    // features
-    case 1:
-      if(type == JSON_T_NULL) { state = 0; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN);
-      state = 2;
-      break;
-    case 2:
-      if(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_END) { state = 0; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_STRING);
-      fdict.push_back(FD::Convert(value->vu.str.value));
-      assert(fdict.back() > 0);
-      break;
-
-    // is_sorted
-    case 3:
-      assert(type == JSON_T_TRUE || type == JSON_T_FALSE);
-      is_sorted = (type == JSON_T_TRUE);
-      if (!is_sorted) { cerr << "[WARNING] is_sorted flag is ignored\n"; }
-      state = 0;
-      break;
-
-    // rules
-    case 4:
-      if(type == JSON_T_NULL) { state = 0; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN);
-      state = 5;
-      break;
-    case 5:
-      if(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_END) { state = 0; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_INTEGER);
-      state = 6;
-      rule_id = value->vu.integer_value;
-      break;
-    case 6:
-      assert(type == JSON_T_STRING);
-      rules[rule_id] = TRulePtr(new TRule(value->vu.str.value));
-      state = 5;
-      break;
-
-    // Nodes
-    case 8:
-      assert(type == JSON_T_OBJECT_BEGIN);
-      ++nodes;
-      in_edges.clear();
-      cat.clear();
-      shash.clear();
-      state = 9; break;
-    case 9:
-      if (type == JSON_T_OBJECT_END) {
-        //cerr << "Creating NODE\n";
-        CreateNode(cat, shash, in_edges);
-        state = 0; break;
-      }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_KEY);
-      cur_key = value->vu.str.value;
-      if (cur_key == "cat") { assert(cat.empty()); state = 10; break; }
-      if (cur_key == "in_edges") { assert(in_edges.empty()); state = 11; break; }
-      if (cur_key == "node_hash") { assert(shash.empty()); state = 24; break; }
-      cerr << "Syntax error: unexpected key " << cur_key << " in node specification.\n";
-      return false;
-    case 10:
-      assert(type == JSON_T_STRING || type == JSON_T_NULL);
-      cat = value->vu.str.value;
-      state = 9; break;
-    case 11:
-      if (type == JSON_T_NULL) { state = 9; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN);
-      state = 12; break;
-    case 12:
-      if (type == JSON_T_ARRAY_END) { state = 9; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_INTEGER);
-      //cerr << "in_edges: " << value->vu.integer_value << endl;
-      in_edges.push_back(value->vu.integer_value);
-      break;
-
-    //   "edges": [ { "tail": null, "feats" : [0,1.63,1,-0.54], "rule": 12},
-    //         { "tail": null, "feats" : [0,0.87,1,0.02], "spans":[1,2,3,4], "rule": 17},
-    //         { "tail": [0], "feats" : [1,2.3,2,15.3,"ExtraFeature",1.2], "rule": 13}]
-    case 13:
-      assert(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN);
-      state = 14;
-      break;
-    case 14:
-      if (type == JSON_T_ARRAY_END) { state = 0; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_OBJECT_BEGIN);
-      //cerr << "New edge\n";
-      ++edges;
-      cur_rule.reset(); feats.clear(); tail.clear();
-      state = 15; break;
-    case 15:
-      if (type == JSON_T_OBJECT_END) {
-        CreateEdge(cur_rule, &feats, tail);
-        state = 14; break;
-      }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_KEY);
-      cur_key = value->vu.str.value;
-      //cerr << "edge key " << cur_key << endl;
-      if (cur_key == "rule") { assert(!cur_rule); state = 16; break; }
-      if (cur_key == "spans") { assert(!cur_rule); state = 22; break; }
-      if (cur_key == "feats") { assert(feats.empty()); state = 17; break; }
-      if (cur_key == "tail") { assert(tail.empty()); state = 20; break; }
-      cerr << "Unexpected key " << cur_key << " in edge specification\n";
-      return false;
-    case 16:    // edge.rule
-      if (type == JSON_T_INTEGER) {
-        int rule_id = value->vu.integer_value;
-        if (rules.find(rule_id) == rules.end()) {
-          // rules list must come before the edge definitions!
-          cerr << "Rule_id " << rule_id << " given but only loaded " << rules.size() << " rules\n";
-          return false;
-        }
-        cur_rule = rules[rule_id];
-      } else if (type == JSON_T_STRING) {
-        cur_rule.reset(new TRule(value->vu.str.value));
-      } else {
-        cerr << "Rule must be either a rule id or a rule string" << endl;
-        return false;
-      }
-      // cerr << "Edge: rule=" << cur_rule->AsString() << endl;
-      state = 15;
-      break;
-    case 17:      // edge.feats
-      if (type == JSON_T_NULL) { state = 15; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN);
-      state = 18; break;
-    case 18:
-      if (type == JSON_T_ARRAY_END) { state = 15; break; }
-      if (type != JSON_T_INTEGER && type != JSON_T_STRING) {
-        cerr << "Unexpected feature id type\n"; return false;
-      }
-      if (type == JSON_T_INTEGER) {
-        fid = value->vu.integer_value;
-        assert(fid < fdict.size());
-        fid = fdict[fid];
-      } else if (JSON_T_STRING) {
-        fid = FD::Convert(value->vu.str.value);
-      } else { abort(); }
-      state = 19;
-      break;
-    case 19:
-      {
-        assert(type == JSON_T_INTEGER || type == JSON_T_FLOAT);
-        double val = (type == JSON_T_INTEGER ? static_cast<double>(value->vu.integer_value) :
-	                                       strtod(value->vu.str.value, NULL));
-        feats.set_value(fid, val);
-        state = 18;
-        break;
-      }
-    case 20:     // edge.tail
-      if (type == JSON_T_NULL) { state = 15; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN);
-      state = 21; break;
-    case 21:
-      if (type == JSON_T_ARRAY_END) { state = 15; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_INTEGER);
-      tail.push_back(value->vu.integer_value);
-      break;
-    case 22:     // edge.spans
-      assert(type == JSON_T_ARRAY_BEGIN);
-      state = 23;
-      spans[0] = spans[1] = spans[2] = spans[3] = -1;
-      spanc = 0;
-      break;
-    case 23:
-      if (type == JSON_T_ARRAY_END) { state = 15; break; }
-      assert(type == JSON_T_INTEGER);
-      assert(spanc < 4);
-      spans[spanc] = value->vu.integer_value;
-      ++spanc;
-      break;
-    case 24:  // read node hash
-      assert(type == JSON_T_STRING);
-      shash = value->vu.str.value;
-      state = 9;
-      break;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  string rp;
-  string cat;
-  SmallVectorUnsigned tail;
-  vector<int> in_edges;
-  string shash;
-  TRulePtr cur_rule;
-  map<int, TRulePtr> rules;
-  vector<int> fdict;
-  SparseVector<double> feats;
-  int state;
-  int fid;
-  int nodes;
-  int edges;
-  int spans[4];
-  int spanc;
-  string cur_key;
-  Hypergraph& hg;
-  int rule_id;
-  bool nodes_needed;
-  bool edges_needed;
-  bool is_sorted;
-};
-
-bool HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(istream* in, Hypergraph* hg) {
+bool HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(istream* in, Hypergraph* hg) {
+  boost::archive::binary_iarchive oa(*in);
   hg->clear();
-  HGReader reader(hg);
-  return reader.Parse(in);
-}
-
-static void WriteRule(const TRule& r, ostream* out) {
-  if (!r.lhs_) { (*out) << "[X] ||| "; }
-  JSONParser::WriteEscapedString(r.AsString(), out);
+  oa >> *hg;
+  return true;
 }
 
-bool HypergraphIO::WriteToJSON(const Hypergraph& hg, bool remove_rules, ostream* out) {
-  if (hg.empty()) { *out << "{}\n"; return true; }
-  map<const TRule*, int> rid;
-  ostream& o = *out;
-  rid[NULL] = 0;
-  o << '{';
-  if (!remove_rules) {
-    o << "\"rules\":[";
-    for (int i = 0; i < hg.edges_.size(); ++i) {
-      const TRule* r = hg.edges_[i].rule_.get();
-      int &id = rid[r];
-      if (!id) {
-        id=rid.size() - 1;
-        if (id > 1) o << ',';
-        o << id << ',';
-        WriteRule(*r, &o);
-      };
-    }
-    o << "],";
-  }
-  const bool use_fdict = FD::NumFeats() < 1000;
-  if (use_fdict) {
-    o << "\"features\":[";
-    for (int i = 1; i < FD::NumFeats(); ++i) {
-      o << (i==1 ? "":",");
-      JSONParser::WriteEscapedString(FD::Convert(i), &o);
-    }
-    o << "],";
-  }
-  vector<int> edgemap(hg.edges_.size(), -1);  // edges may be in non-topo order
-  int edge_count = 0;
-  for (int i = 0; i < hg.nodes_.size(); ++i) {
-    const Hypergraph::Node& node = hg.nodes_[i];
-    if (i > 0) { o << ","; }
-    o << "\"edges\":[";
-    for (int j = 0; j < node.in_edges_.size(); ++j) {
-      const Hypergraph::Edge& edge = hg.edges_[node.in_edges_[j]];
-      edgemap[edge.id_] = edge_count;
-      ++edge_count;
-      o << (j == 0 ? "" : ",") << "{";
-
-      o << "\"tail\":[";
-      for (int k = 0; k < edge.tail_nodes_.size(); ++k) {
-        o << (k > 0 ? "," : "") << edge.tail_nodes_[k];
-      }
-      o << "],";
-
-      o << "\"spans\":[" << edge.i_ << "," << edge.j_ << "," << edge.prev_i_ << "," << edge.prev_j_ << "],";
-
-      o << "\"feats\":[";
-      bool first = true;
-      for (SparseVector<double>::const_iterator it = edge.feature_values_.begin(); it != edge.feature_values_.end(); ++it) {
-        if (!it->second) continue;   // don't write features that have a zero value
-        if (!it->first) continue;    // if the feature set was frozen this might happen
-        if (!first) o << ',';
-        if (use_fdict)
-          o << (it->first - 1);
-        else {
-	  JSONParser::WriteEscapedString(FD::Convert(it->first), &o);
-        }
-	o << ',' << it->second;
-        first = false;
-      }
-      o << "]";
-      if (!remove_rules) { o << ",\"rule\":" << rid[edge.rule_.get()]; }
-      o << "}";
-    }
-    o << "],";
-
-    o << "\"node\":{\"in_edges\":[";
-    for (int j = 0; j < node.in_edges_.size(); ++j) {
-      int mapped_edge = edgemap[node.in_edges_[j]];
-      assert(mapped_edge >= 0);
-      o << (j == 0 ? "" : ",") << mapped_edge;
-    }
-    o << "]";
-    if (node.cat_ < 0) {
-       o << ",\"cat\":";
-       JSONParser::WriteEscapedString(TD::Convert(node.cat_ * -1), &o);
-    }
-    char buf[48];
-    sprintf(buf, "%016lX", node.node_hash);
-    o << ",\"node_hash\":\"" << buf << "\"";
-    o << "}";
-  }
-  o << "}\n";
+bool HypergraphIO::WriteToBinary(const Hypergraph& hg, ostream* out) {
+  boost::archive::binary_oarchive oa(*out);
+  oa << hg;
   return true;
 }
 
diff --git a/decoder/hg_io.h b/decoder/hg_io.h
index 58af8132..93a9e280 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_io.h
+++ b/decoder/hg_io.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _HG_IO_H_
-#define _HG_IO_H_
+#ifndef HG_IO_H_
+#define HG_IO_H_
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
@@ -9,19 +9,11 @@ class Hypergraph;
 
 struct HypergraphIO {
 
-  // the format is basically a list of nodes and edges in topological order
-  // any edge you read, you must have already read its tail nodes
-  // any node you read, you must have already read its incoming edges
-  // this may make writing a bit more challenging if your forest is not
-  // topologically sorted (but that probably doesn't happen very often),
-  // but it makes reading much more memory efficient.
-  // see test_data/small.json.gz for an email encoding
-  static bool ReadFromJSON(std::istream* in, Hypergraph* out);
+  static bool ReadFromBinary(std::istream* in, Hypergraph* out);
+  static bool WriteToBinary(const Hypergraph& hg, std::ostream* out);
 
   // if remove_rules is used, the hypergraph is serialized without rule information
   // (so it only contains structure and feature information)
-  static bool WriteToJSON(const Hypergraph& hg, bool remove_rules, std::ostream* out);
-
   static void WriteAsCFG(const Hypergraph& hg);
 
   // Write only the target size information in bottom-up order.  
diff --git a/decoder/hg_remove_eps.h b/decoder/hg_remove_eps.h
index 82f06039..f67fe6e2 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_remove_eps.h
+++ b/decoder/hg_remove_eps.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _HG_REMOVE_EPS_H_
-#define _HG_REMOVE_EPS_H_
+#ifndef HG_REMOVE_EPS_H_
+#define HG_REMOVE_EPS_H_
 
 #include "wordid.h"
 class Hypergraph;
diff --git a/decoder/hg_sampler.h b/decoder/hg_sampler.h
index 6ac39a20..4267b5ec 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_sampler.h
+++ b/decoder/hg_sampler.h
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _HG_SAMPLER_H_
-#define _HG_SAMPLER_H_
-
+#ifndef HG_SAMPLER_H_
+#define HG_SAMPLER_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/decoder/hg_test.cc b/decoder/hg_test.cc
index 5cb8626a..366b269d 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_test.cc
+++ b/decoder/hg_test.cc
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 #define BOOST_TEST_MODULE hg_test
 #include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
 #include <boost/test/floating_point_comparison.hpp>
+#include <boost/archive/text_oarchive.hpp>
+#include <boost/archive/text_iarchive.hpp>
+#include <boost/serialization/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <boost/serialization/vector.hpp>
+#include <sstream>
 #include <iostream>
 #include "tdict.h"
 
-#include "json_parse.h"
 #include "hg_intersect.h"
 #include "hg_union.h"
 #include "viterbi.h"
@@ -394,16 +398,6 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(Small) {
   BOOST_CHECK_CLOSE(2.1431036, log(c2), 1e-4);
 }
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(JSONTest) {
-  std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
-  ostringstream os;
-  JSONParser::WriteEscapedString("\"I don't know\", she said.", &os);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("\"\\\"I don't know\\\", she said.\"", os.str());
-  ostringstream os2;
-  JSONParser::WriteEscapedString("yes", &os2);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL("\"yes\"", os2.str());
-}
-
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestGenericKBest) {
   std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
   Hypergraph hg;
@@ -427,19 +421,29 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestGenericKBest) {
   }
 }
 
-BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestReadWriteHG) {
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestReadWriteHG_Boost) {
   std::string path(boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argc == 2 ? boost::unit_test::framework::master_test_suite().argv[1] : TEST_DATA);
-  Hypergraph hg,hg2;
-  CreateHG(path, &hg);
-  hg.edges_.front().j_ = 23;
-  hg.edges_.back().prev_i_ = 99;
-  ostringstream os;
-  HypergraphIO::WriteToJSON(hg, false, &os);
-  istringstream is(os.str());
-  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(&is, &hg2);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(hg2.NumberOfPaths(), hg.NumberOfPaths());
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(hg2.edges_.front().j_, 23);
-  BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(hg2.edges_.back().prev_i_, 99);
+  Hypergraph hg;
+  Hypergraph hg2;
+  std::string out;
+  {
+    CreateHG(path, &hg);
+    hg.edges_.front().j_ = 23;
+    hg.edges_.back().prev_i_ = 99;
+    ostringstream os;
+    boost::archive::text_oarchive oa(os);
+    oa << hg;
+    out = os.str();
+  }
+  {
+    cerr << out << endl;
+    istringstream is(out);
+    boost::archive::text_iarchive ia(is);
+    ia >> hg2;
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(hg2.NumberOfPaths(), hg.NumberOfPaths());
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(hg2.edges_.front().j_, 23);
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(hg2.edges_.back().prev_i_, 99);
+  }
 }
 
 BOOST_AUTO_TEST_SUITE_END()
diff --git a/decoder/hg_test.h b/decoder/hg_test.h
index b7bab3c2..575b9c54 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_test.h
+++ b/decoder/hg_test.h
@@ -12,12 +12,8 @@ namespace {
 
 typedef char const* Name;
 
-Name urdu_json="urdu.json.gz";
-Name urdu_wts="Arity_0 1.70741473606976 Arity_1 1.12426238048012 Arity_2 1.14986187839554 Glue -0.04589037041388 LanguageModel 1.09051 PassThrough -3.66226367902928 PhraseModel_0 -1.94633451863252 PhraseModel_1 -0.1475347695476 PhraseModel_2 -1.614818994946 WordPenalty -3.0 WordPenaltyFsa -0.56028442964748 ShorterThanPrev -10 LongerThanPrev -10";
-Name small_json="small.json.gz";
+Name small_json="small.bin.gz";
 Name small_wts="Model_0 -2 Model_1 -.5 Model_2 -1.1 Model_3 -1 Model_4 -1 Model_5 .5 Model_6 .2 Model_7 -.3";
-Name perro_json="perro.json.gz";
-Name perro_wts="SameFirstLetter 1 LongerThanPrev 1 ShorterThanPrev 1 GlueTop 0.0 Glue -1.0 EgivenF -0.5 FgivenE -0.5 LexEgivenF -0.5 LexFgivenE -0.5 LM 1";
 
 }
 
@@ -32,7 +28,7 @@ struct HGSetup {
 
   static void JsonFile(Hypergraph *hg,std::string f) {
     ReadFile rf(f);
-    HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), hg);
+    HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), hg);
   }
   static void JsonTestFile(Hypergraph *hg,std::string path,std::string n) {
     JsonFile(hg,path + "/"+n);
@@ -48,35 +44,35 @@ void AddNullEdge(Hypergraph* hg) {
 }
 
 void HGSetup::CreateTinyLatticeHG(const std::string& path,Hypergraph* hg) {
-  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.tiny_lattice");
-  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), hg);
+  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.tiny_lattice.bin.gz");
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), hg);
   AddNullEdge(hg);
 }
 
 void HGSetup::CreateLatticeHG(const std::string& path,Hypergraph* hg) {
-  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.lattice");
-  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), hg);
+  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.lattice.bin.gz");
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), hg);
   AddNullEdge(hg);
 }
 
 void HGSetup::CreateHG_tiny(const std::string& path, Hypergraph* hg) {
-  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.tiny");
-  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), hg);
+  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.tiny.bin.gz");
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), hg);
 }
 
 void HGSetup::CreateHG_int(const std::string& path,Hypergraph* hg) {
-  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.hg_int");
-  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), hg);
+  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.hg_int.bin.gz");
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), hg);
 }
 
 void HGSetup::CreateHG(const std::string& path,Hypergraph* hg) {
-  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.hg");
-  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), hg);
+  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.hg.bin.gz");
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), hg);
 }
 
 void HGSetup::CreateHGBalanced(const std::string& path,Hypergraph* hg) {
-  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.hg_balanced");
-  HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(rf.stream(), hg);
+  ReadFile rf(path + "/hg_test.hg_balanced.bin.gz");
+  HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), hg);
 }
 
 #endif
diff --git a/decoder/hg_union.h b/decoder/hg_union.h
index 34624246..bb7e2d09 100644
--- a/decoder/hg_union.h
+++ b/decoder/hg_union.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _HG_UNION_H_
-#define _HG_UNION_H_
+#ifndef HG_UNION_H_
+#define HG_UNION_H_
 
 class Hypergraph;
 namespace HG {
diff --git a/decoder/incremental.h b/decoder/incremental.h
index f791a626..46b4817b 100644
--- a/decoder/incremental.h
+++ b/decoder/incremental.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _INCREMENTAL_H_
-#define _INCREMENTAL_H_
+#ifndef INCREMENTAL_H_
+#define INCREMENTAL_H_
 
 #include "weights.h"
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/decoder/inside_outside.h b/decoder/inside_outside.h
index c0377fe8..d5bda63c 100644
--- a/decoder/inside_outside.h
+++ b/decoder/inside_outside.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _INSIDE_OUTSIDE_H_
-#define _INSIDE_OUTSIDE_H_
+#ifndef INSIDE_OUTSIDE_H_
+#define INSIDE_OUTSIDE_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <algorithm>
diff --git a/decoder/json_parse.cc b/decoder/json_parse.cc
deleted file mode 100644
index f6fdfea8..00000000
--- a/decoder/json_parse.cc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,50 +0,0 @@
-#include "json_parse.h"
-
-#include <string>
-#include <iostream>
-
-using namespace std;
-
-static const char *json_hex_chars = "0123456789abcdef";
-
-void JSONParser::WriteEscapedString(const string& in, ostream* out) {
-  int pos = 0;
-  int start_offset = 0;
-  unsigned char c = 0;
-  (*out) << '"';
-  while(pos < in.size()) {
-    c = in[pos];
-    switch(c) {
-    case '\b':
-    case '\n':
-    case '\r':
-    case '\t':
-    case '"':
-    case '\\':
-    case '/':
-      if(pos - start_offset > 0)
-	(*out) << in.substr(start_offset, pos - start_offset);
-      if(c == '\b') (*out) << "\\b";
-      else if(c == '\n') (*out) << "\\n";
-      else if(c == '\r') (*out) << "\\r";
-      else if(c == '\t') (*out) << "\\t";
-      else if(c == '"') (*out) << "\\\"";
-      else if(c == '\\') (*out) << "\\\\";
-      else if(c == '/') (*out) << "\\/";
-      start_offset = ++pos;
-      break;
-    default:
-      if(c < ' ') {
-        cerr << "Warning, bad character (" << static_cast<int>(c) << ") in string\n";
-	if(pos - start_offset > 0)
-	  (*out) << in.substr(start_offset, pos - start_offset);
-	(*out) << "\\u00" << json_hex_chars[c >> 4] << json_hex_chars[c & 0xf];
-	start_offset = ++pos;
-      } else pos++;
-    }
-  }
-  if(pos - start_offset > 0)
-    (*out) << in.substr(start_offset, pos - start_offset);
-  (*out) << '"';
-}
-
diff --git a/decoder/json_parse.h b/decoder/json_parse.h
deleted file mode 100644
index c3cba954..00000000
--- a/decoder/json_parse.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef _JSON_WRAPPER_H_
-#define _JSON_WRAPPER_H_
-
-#include <iostream>
-#include <cassert>
-#include "JSON_parser.h"
-
-class JSONParser {
- public:
-  JSONParser() {
-    init_JSON_config(&config);
-    hack.mf = &JSONParser::Callback;
-    config.depth = 10;
-    config.callback_ctx = reinterpret_cast<void*>(this);
-    config.callback = hack.cb;
-    config.allow_comments = 1;
-    config.handle_floats_manually = 1;
-    jc = new_JSON_parser(&config);
-  }
-  virtual ~JSONParser() {
-    delete_JSON_parser(jc);
-  }
-  bool Parse(std::istream* in) {
-    int count = 0;
-    int lc = 1;
-    for (; in ; ++count) {
-      int next_char = in->get();
-      if (!in->good()) break;
-      if (lc == '\n') { ++lc; }
-      if (!JSON_parser_char(jc, next_char)) {
-        std::cerr << "JSON_parser_char: syntax error, line " << lc << " (byte " << count << ")" << std::endl;
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!JSON_parser_done(jc)) {
-      std::cerr << "JSON_parser_done: syntax error\n";
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  static void WriteEscapedString(const std::string& in, std::ostream* out);
- protected:
-  virtual bool HandleJSONEvent(int type, const JSON_value* value) = 0;
- private:
-  int Callback(int type, const JSON_value* value) {
-    if (HandleJSONEvent(type, value)) return 1;
-    return 0;
-  }
-  JSON_parser_struct* jc;
-  JSON_config config;
-  typedef int (JSONParser::* MF)(int type, const struct JSON_value_struct* value);
-  union CBHack {
-    JSON_parser_callback cb;
-    MF mf;
-  } hack;
-};
-
-#endif
diff --git a/decoder/kbest.h b/decoder/kbest.h
index c7194c7e..d6b3eb94 100644
--- a/decoder/kbest.h
+++ b/decoder/kbest.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _HG_KBEST_H_
-#define _HG_KBEST_H_
+#ifndef HG_KBEST_H_
+#define HG_KBEST_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <utility>
diff --git a/decoder/lattice.cc b/decoder/lattice.cc
index 89da3cd0..1f97048d 100644
--- a/decoder/lattice.cc
+++ b/decoder/lattice.cc
@@ -50,7 +50,6 @@ void LatticeTools::ConvertTextToLattice(const string& text, Lattice* pl) {
   l.resize(ids.size());
   for (int i = 0; i < l.size(); ++i)
     l[i].push_back(LatticeArc(ids[i], 0.0, 1));
-  l.is_sentence_ = true;
 }
 
 void LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(const string& text_or_plf, Lattice* pl) {
diff --git a/decoder/lattice.h b/decoder/lattice.h
index ad4ca50d..1258d3f5 100644
--- a/decoder/lattice.h
+++ b/decoder/lattice.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef __LATTICE_H_
-#define __LATTICE_H_
+#ifndef LATTICE_H_
+#define LATTICE_H_
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
@@ -25,22 +25,24 @@ class Lattice : public std::vector<std::vector<LatticeArc> > {
   friend void LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(const std::string& text_or_plf, Lattice* pl);
   friend void LatticeTools::ConvertTextToLattice(const std::string& text, Lattice* pl);
  public:
-  Lattice() : is_sentence_(false) {}
+  Lattice() {}
   explicit Lattice(size_t t, const std::vector<LatticeArc>& v = std::vector<LatticeArc>()) :
-   std::vector<std::vector<LatticeArc> >(t, v),
-   is_sentence_(false) {}
+   std::vector<std::vector<LatticeArc>>(t, v) {}
   int Distance(int from, int to) const {
     if (dist_.empty())
       return (to - from);
     return dist_(from, to);
   }
-  // TODO this should actually be computed based on the contents
-  // of the lattice
-  bool IsSentence() const { return is_sentence_; }
  private:
   void ComputeDistances();
   Array2D<int> dist_;
-  bool is_sentence_;
 };
 
+inline bool IsSentence(const Lattice& in) {
+  bool res = true;
+  for (auto& alt : in)
+    if (alt.size() > 1) { res = false; break; }
+  return res;
+}
+
 #endif
diff --git a/decoder/lexalign.cc b/decoder/lexalign.cc
index 11f20de7..dd529311 100644
--- a/decoder/lexalign.cc
+++ b/decoder/lexalign.cc
@@ -114,10 +114,9 @@ bool LexicalAlign::TranslateImpl(const string& input,
                       Hypergraph* forest) {
   Lattice& lattice = smeta->src_lattice_;
   LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(input, &lattice);
-  if (!lattice.IsSentence()) {
-    // lexical models make independence assumptions
-    // that don't work with lattices or conf nets
-    cerr << "LexicalTrans: cannot deal with lattice source input!\n";
+  smeta->ComputeInputLatticeType();
+  if (smeta->GetInputType() != cdec::kSEQUENCE) {
+    cerr << "LexicalTrans: cannot deal with non-sequence input!";
     abort();
   }
   smeta->SetSourceLength(lattice.size());
diff --git a/decoder/lexalign.h b/decoder/lexalign.h
index 7ba4fe64..6415f4f9 100644
--- a/decoder/lexalign.h
+++ b/decoder/lexalign.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _LEXALIGN_H_
-#define _LEXALIGN_H_
+#ifndef LEXALIGN_H_
+#define LEXALIGN_H_
 
 #include "translator.h"
 #include "lattice.h"
diff --git a/decoder/lextrans.cc b/decoder/lextrans.cc
index 74a18c3f..d13a891a 100644
--- a/decoder/lextrans.cc
+++ b/decoder/lextrans.cc
@@ -271,10 +271,9 @@ bool LexicalTrans::TranslateImpl(const string& input,
                       Hypergraph* forest) {
   Lattice& lattice = smeta->src_lattice_;
   LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(input, &lattice);
-  if (!lattice.IsSentence()) {
-    // lexical models make independence assumptions
-    // that don't work with lattices or conf nets
-    cerr << "LexicalTrans: cannot deal with lattice source input!\n";
+  smeta->ComputeInputLatticeType();
+  if (smeta->GetInputType() != cdec::kSEQUENCE) {
+    cerr << "LexicalTrans: cannot deal with non-sequence inputs\n";
     abort();
   }
   smeta->SetSourceLength(lattice.size());
diff --git a/decoder/lextrans.h b/decoder/lextrans.h
index 2d51e7c0..a23a4e0d 100644
--- a/decoder/lextrans.h
+++ b/decoder/lextrans.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _LEXTrans_H_
-#define _LEXTrans_H_
+#ifndef LEXTrans_H_
+#define LEXTrans_H_
 
 #include "translator.h"
 #include "lattice.h"
diff --git a/decoder/node_state_hash.h b/decoder/node_state_hash.h
index 9fc01a09..f380fcb1 100644
--- a/decoder/node_state_hash.h
+++ b/decoder/node_state_hash.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _NODE_STATE_HASH_
-#define _NODE_STATE_HASH_
+#ifndef NODE_STATE_HASH_
+#define NODE_STATE_HASH_
 
 #include <cassert>
 #include <cstring>
diff --git a/decoder/oracle_bleu.h b/decoder/oracle_bleu.h
index d2c4715c..cd587833 100644
--- a/decoder/oracle_bleu.h
+++ b/decoder/oracle_bleu.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "kbest.h"
 #include "timing_stats.h"
 #include "sentences.h"
+#include "b64featvector.h"
 
 //TODO: put function impls into .cc
 //TODO: move Translation into its own .h and use in cdec
@@ -252,19 +253,31 @@ struct OracleBleu {
   }
 
   bool show_derivation;
+  int show_derivation_mask;
+
   template <class Filter>
-  void kbest(int sent_id,Hypergraph const& forest,int k,std::ostream &kbest_out=std::cout,std::ostream &deriv_out=std::cerr) {
+  void kbest(int sent_id, Hypergraph const& forest, int k, bool mr_mira_compat,
+             int src_len, std::ostream& kbest_out = std::cout,
+             std::ostream& deriv_out = std::cerr) {
     using namespace std;
     using namespace boost;
     typedef KBest::KBestDerivations<Sentence, ESentenceTraversal,Filter> K;
     K kbest(forest,k);
     //add length (f side) src length of this sentence to the psuedo-doc src length count
     float curr_src_length = doc_src_length + tmp_src_length;
-    for (int i = 0; i < k; ++i) {
+    if (mr_mira_compat) kbest_out << k << "\n";
+    int i = 0;
+    for (; i < k; ++i) {
       typename K::Derivation *d = kbest.LazyKthBest(forest.nodes_.size() - 1, i);
       if (!d) break;
-      kbest_out << sent_id << " ||| " << TD::GetString(d->yield) << " ||| "
-                << d->feature_values << " ||| " << log(d->score);
+      kbest_out << sent_id << " ||| ";
+      if (mr_mira_compat) kbest_out << src_len << " ||| ";
+      kbest_out << TD::GetString(d->yield) << " ||| ";
+      if (mr_mira_compat)
+        kbest_out << EncodeFeatureVector(d->feature_values);
+      else
+        kbest_out << d->feature_values;
+      kbest_out << " ||| " << log(d->score);
       if (!refs.empty()) {
         ScoreP sentscore = GetScore(d->yield,sent_id);
         sentscore->PlusEquals(*doc_score,float(1));
@@ -275,14 +288,21 @@ struct OracleBleu {
       if (show_derivation) {
         deriv_out<<"\nsent_id="<<sent_id<<"."<<i<<" ||| "; //where i is candidate #/k
         deriv_out<<log(d->score)<<"\n";
-        deriv_out<<kbest.derivation_tree(*d,true);
+        deriv_out<<kbest.derivation_tree(*d,true, show_derivation_mask);
         deriv_out<<"\n"<<flush;
       }
     }
+    if (mr_mira_compat) {
+      for (; i < k; ++i) kbest_out << "\n";
+      kbest_out << flush;
+    }
   }
 
 // TODO decoder output should probably be moved to another file - how about oracle_bleu.h
-  void DumpKBest(const int sent_id, const Hypergraph& forest, const int k, const bool unique, std::string const &kbest_out_filename_, std::string const &deriv_out_filename_) {
+  void DumpKBest(const int sent_id, const Hypergraph& forest, const int k,
+                 const bool unique, const bool mr_mira_compat,
+                 const int src_len, std::string const& kbest_out_filename_,
+                 std::string const& deriv_out_filename_) {
 
     WriteFile ko(kbest_out_filename_);
     std::cerr << "Output kbest to " << kbest_out_filename_ <<std::endl;
@@ -295,9 +315,11 @@ struct OracleBleu {
     WriteFile oderiv(sderiv.str());
 
     if (!unique)
-      kbest<KBest::NoFilter<std::vector<WordID> > >(sent_id,forest,k,ko.get(),oderiv.get());
+      kbest<KBest::NoFilter<std::vector<WordID> > >(
+          sent_id, forest, k, mr_mira_compat, src_len, ko.get(), oderiv.get());
     else {
-      kbest<KBest::FilterUnique>(sent_id,forest,k,ko.get(),oderiv.get());
+      kbest<KBest::FilterUnique>(sent_id, forest, k, mr_mira_compat, src_len,
+                                 ko.get(), oderiv.get());
     }
   }
 
@@ -305,7 +327,8 @@ void DumpKBest(std::string const& suffix,const int sent_id, const Hypergraph& fo
   {
     std::ostringstream kbest_string_stream;
     kbest_string_stream << forest_output << "/kbest_"<<suffix<< "." << sent_id;
-    DumpKBest(sent_id, forest, k, unique, kbest_string_stream.str(), "-");
+    DumpKBest(sent_id, forest, k, unique, false, -1, kbest_string_stream.str(),
+              "-");
   }
 
 };
diff --git a/decoder/phrasebased_translator.cc b/decoder/phrasebased_translator.cc
index 8048248e..8415353a 100644
--- a/decoder/phrasebased_translator.cc
+++ b/decoder/phrasebased_translator.cc
@@ -114,6 +114,7 @@ struct PhraseBasedTranslatorImpl {
     Lattice lattice;
     LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(input, &lattice);
     smeta->SetSourceLength(lattice.size());
+    smeta->ComputeInputLatticeType();
     size_t est_nodes = lattice.size() * lattice.size() * (1 << max_distortion);
     minus_lm_forest->ReserveNodes(est_nodes, est_nodes * 100);
     if (add_pass_through_rules) {
diff --git a/decoder/phrasebased_translator.h b/decoder/phrasebased_translator.h
index e5e3f8a2..10790d0d 100644
--- a/decoder/phrasebased_translator.h
+++ b/decoder/phrasebased_translator.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _PHRASEBASED_TRANSLATOR_H_
-#define _PHRASEBASED_TRANSLATOR_H_
+#ifndef PHRASEBASED_TRANSLATOR_H_
+#define PHRASEBASED_TRANSLATOR_H_
 
 #include "translator.h"
 
diff --git a/decoder/phrasetable_fst.h b/decoder/phrasetable_fst.h
index 477de1f7..966bb14d 100644
--- a/decoder/phrasetable_fst.h
+++ b/decoder/phrasetable_fst.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _PHRASETABLE_FST_H_
-#define _PHRASETABLE_FST_H_
+#ifndef PHRASETABLE_FST_H_
+#define PHRASETABLE_FST_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/decoder/rescore_translator.cc b/decoder/rescore_translator.cc
index 10192f7a..2c5fa9c4 100644
--- a/decoder/rescore_translator.cc
+++ b/decoder/rescore_translator.cc
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <sstream>
 #include <boost/shared_ptr.hpp>
 
+#include "filelib.h"
 #include "sentence_metadata.h"
 #include "hg.h"
 #include "hg_io.h"
@@ -20,16 +21,18 @@ struct RescoreTranslatorImpl {
   bool Translate(const string& input,
                  const vector<double>& weights,
                  Hypergraph* forest) {
-    if (input == "{}") return false;
-    if (input.find("{\"rules\"") == 0) {
-      istringstream is(input);
-      Hypergraph src_cfg_hg;
-      if (!HypergraphIO::ReadFromJSON(&is, forest)) {
-        cerr << "Parse error while reading HG from JSON.\n";
-        abort();
-      }
-    } else {
-      cerr << "Can only read HG input from JSON: use training/grammar_convert\n";
+    istringstream is(input);
+    string header, fname;
+    is >> header >> fname;
+    if (header != "::forest::") {
+      cerr << "RescoreTranslator: expected input lines of form ::forest:: filename.gz\n";
+      abort();
+    }
+    ReadFile rf(fname);
+    if (!rf) { cerr << "Can't read " << fname << endl; abort(); }
+    Hypergraph src_cfg_hg;
+    if (!HypergraphIO::ReadFromBinary(rf.stream(), forest)) {
+      cerr << "Parse error while reading HG.\n";
       abort();
     }
     Hypergraph::TailNodeVector tail(1, forest->nodes_.size() - 1);
@@ -53,6 +56,7 @@ bool RescoreTranslator::TranslateImpl(const string& input,
                               const vector<double>& weights,
                               Hypergraph* minus_lm_forest) {
   smeta->SetSourceLength(0);  // don't know how to compute this
+  smeta->input_type_ = cdec::kFOREST;
   return pimpl_->Translate(input, weights, minus_lm_forest);
 }
 
diff --git a/decoder/rule_lexer.h b/decoder/rule_lexer.h
index e15c056d..5267f9ca 100644
--- a/decoder/rule_lexer.h
+++ b/decoder/rule_lexer.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _RULE_LEXER_H_
-#define _RULE_LEXER_H_
+#ifndef RULE_LEXER_H_
+#define RULE_LEXER_H_
 
 #include <iostream>
 #include <string>
diff --git a/decoder/rule_lexer.ll b/decoder/rule_lexer.ll
index d4a8d86b..8b48ab7b 100644
--- a/decoder/rule_lexer.ll
+++ b/decoder/rule_lexer.ll
@@ -356,6 +356,7 @@ void RuleLexer::ReadRules(std::istream* in, RuleLexer::RuleCallback func, const
 
 void RuleLexer::ReadRule(const std::string& srule, RuleCallback func, bool mono, void* extra) {
   init_default_feature_names();
+  scfglex_fname = srule;
   lex_mono_rules = mono;
   lex_line = 1;
   rule_callback_extra = extra;
diff --git a/decoder/scfg_translator.cc b/decoder/scfg_translator.cc
index 83b65c28..538f82ec 100644
--- a/decoder/scfg_translator.cc
+++ b/decoder/scfg_translator.cc
@@ -195,6 +195,7 @@ struct SCFGTranslatorImpl {
     Lattice& lattice = smeta->src_lattice_;
     LatticeTools::ConvertTextOrPLF(input, &lattice);
     smeta->SetSourceLength(lattice.size());
+    smeta->ComputeInputLatticeType();
     if (add_pass_through_rules){
       if (!SILENT) cerr << "Adding pass through grammar" << endl;
       PassThroughGrammar* g = new PassThroughGrammar(lattice, default_nt, ctf_iterations_, num_pt_features);
diff --git a/decoder/sentence_metadata.h b/decoder/sentence_metadata.h
index f2a779f4..e13c2ca5 100644
--- a/decoder/sentence_metadata.h
+++ b/decoder/sentence_metadata.h
@@ -1,14 +1,20 @@
-#ifndef _SENTENCE_METADATA_H_
-#define _SENTENCE_METADATA_H_
+#ifndef SENTENCE_METADATA_H_
+#define SENTENCE_METADATA_H_
 
 #include <string>
 #include <map>
 #include <cassert>
 #include "lattice.h"
+#include "tree_fragment.h"
 
 struct DocScorer;  // deprecated, will be removed
 struct Score;     // deprecated, will be removed
 
+namespace cdec {
+enum InputType { kSEQUENCE, kTREE, kLATTICE, kFOREST, kUNKNOWN };
+class TreeFragment;
+}
+
 class SentenceMetadata {
  public:
   friend class DecoderImpl;
@@ -17,7 +23,17 @@ class SentenceMetadata {
     src_len_(-1),
     has_reference_(ref.size() > 0),
     trg_len_(ref.size()),
-    ref_(has_reference_ ? &ref : NULL) {}
+    ref_(has_reference_ ? &ref : NULL),
+    input_type_(cdec::kUNKNOWN) {}
+
+  // helper function for lattice inputs
+  void ComputeInputLatticeType() {
+    input_type_ = cdec::kSEQUENCE;
+    for (auto& alt : src_lattice_) {
+      if (alt.size() > 1) { input_type_ = cdec::kLATTICE; break; }
+    }
+  }
+  cdec::InputType GetInputType() const { return input_type_; }
 
   int GetSentenceId() const { return sent_id_; }
 
@@ -25,6 +41,8 @@ class SentenceMetadata {
   // it has parsed the source
   void SetSourceLength(int sl) { src_len_ = sl; }
 
+  const cdec::TreeFragment& GetSourceTree() const { return src_tree_; }
+
   // this should be called if a separate model needs to
   // specify how long the target sentence should be
   void SetTargetLength(int tl) {
@@ -64,12 +82,15 @@ class SentenceMetadata {
   const Score* app_score;
  public:
   Lattice src_lattice_;  // this will only be set if inputs are finite state!
+  cdec::TreeFragment src_tree_; // this will be set only if inputs are trees
  private:
   // you need to be very careful when depending on these values
   // they will only be set during training / alignment contexts
   const bool has_reference_;
   int trg_len_;
   const Lattice* const ref_;
+ public:
+  cdec::InputType input_type_;
 };
 
 #endif
diff --git a/decoder/tagger.cc b/decoder/tagger.cc
index 30fb055f..500d2061 100644
--- a/decoder/tagger.cc
+++ b/decoder/tagger.cc
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ bool Tagger::TranslateImpl(const string& input,
   Lattice& lattice = smeta->src_lattice_;
   LatticeTools::ConvertTextToLattice(input, &lattice);
   smeta->SetSourceLength(lattice.size());
+  smeta->ComputeInputLatticeType();
+  assert(smeta->GetInputType() == cdec::kSEQUENCE);
   vector<WordID> sequence(lattice.size());
   for (int i = 0; i < lattice.size(); ++i) {
     assert(lattice[i].size() == 1);
diff --git a/decoder/tagger.h b/decoder/tagger.h
index 9ac820d9..51659d5b 100644
--- a/decoder/tagger.h
+++ b/decoder/tagger.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _TAGGER_H_
-#define _TAGGER_H_
+#ifndef TAGGER_H_
+#define TAGGER_H_
 
 #include "translator.h"
 
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg.bin.gz b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg.bin.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c07fbe8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg.bin.gz
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg_balanced.bin.gz b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg_balanced.bin.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..896d3d60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg_balanced.bin.gz
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg_int.bin.gz b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg_int.bin.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..e0bd6187
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.hg_int.bin.gz
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/hg_test.lattice.bin.gz b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.lattice.bin.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8a8c05f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.lattice.bin.gz
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/hg_test.tiny.bin.gz b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.tiny.bin.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..0e68eb40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.tiny.bin.gz
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/hg_test.tiny_lattice.bin.gz b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.tiny_lattice.bin.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..97e8dc05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/test_data/hg_test.tiny_lattice.bin.gz
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/perro.json.gz b/decoder/test_data/perro.json.gz
deleted file mode 100644
index 41de5758..00000000
--- a/decoder/test_data/perro.json.gz
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/small.bin.gz b/decoder/test_data/small.bin.gz
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1c5a1631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/decoder/test_data/small.bin.gz
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/small.json.gz b/decoder/test_data/small.json.gz
deleted file mode 100644
index f6f37293..00000000
--- a/decoder/test_data/small.json.gz
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/decoder/test_data/urdu.json.gz b/decoder/test_data/urdu.json.gz
deleted file mode 100644
index 84535402..00000000
--- a/decoder/test_data/urdu.json.gz
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/decoder/translator.h b/decoder/translator.h
index ba218a0b..096cf191 100644
--- a/decoder/translator.h
+++ b/decoder/translator.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _TRANSLATOR_H_
-#define _TRANSLATOR_H_
+#ifndef TRANSLATOR_H_
+#define TRANSLATOR_H_
 
 #include <string>
 #include <vector>
diff --git a/decoder/tree2string_translator.cc b/decoder/tree2string_translator.cc
index bd3b01d0..cdd83ffc 100644
--- a/decoder/tree2string_translator.cc
+++ b/decoder/tree2string_translator.cc
@@ -32,12 +32,12 @@ static void ReadTree2StringGrammar(istream* in, Tree2StringGrammarNode* root, bo
     ++lc;
     if (line.size() == 0 || line[0] == '#') continue;
     std::vector<StringPiece> fields = TokenizeMultisep(line, " ||| ");
-    if (has_multiple_states && fields.size() != 4) {
-      cerr << "Expected 4 fields in rule file but line " << lc << " is:\n" << line << endl;
+    if (has_multiple_states && fields.size() < 4) {
+      cerr << "Expected at least 4 fields in rule file but line " << lc << " is:\n" << line << endl;
       abort();
     }
-    if (!has_multiple_states && fields.size() != 3) {
-      cerr << "Expected 3 fields in rule file but line " << lc << " is:\n" << line << endl;
+    if (!has_multiple_states && fields.size() < 3) {
+      cerr << "Expected at least 3 fields in rule file but line " << lc << " is:\n" << line << endl;
       abort();
     }
     
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ static void ReadTree2StringGrammar(istream* in, Tree2StringGrammarNode* root, bo
       cerr << "Not implemented...\n"; abort(); // TODO read in states
     } else {
       os << " ||| " << fields[1] << " ||| " << fields[2];
+      if (fields.size() > 3) os << " ||| " << fields[3];
       rule.reset(new TRule(os.str()));
     }
     cur->rules.push_back(rule);
@@ -266,6 +267,7 @@ struct Tree2StringTranslatorImpl {
       for (auto sym : rule_src)
         cur = &cur->next[sym];
       TRulePtr rule(new TRule(rhse, rhsf, lhs));
+      rule->a_.push_back(AlignmentPoint(0, 0));
       rule->ComputeArity();
       rule->scores_.set_value(ntfid, 1.0);
       rule->scores_.set_value(kFID, 1.0);
@@ -287,6 +289,8 @@ struct Tree2StringTranslatorImpl {
                  const vector<double>& weights,
                  Hypergraph* minus_lm_forest) {
     cdec::TreeFragment input_tree(input, false);
+    smeta->src_tree_ = input_tree;
+    smeta->input_type_ = cdec::kTREE;
     if (add_pass_through_rules) CreatePassThroughRules(input_tree);
     Hypergraph hg;
     hg.ReserveNodes(input_tree.nodes.size());
diff --git a/decoder/tree_fragment.cc b/decoder/tree_fragment.cc
index 42f7793a..5f717c5b 100644
--- a/decoder/tree_fragment.cc
+++ b/decoder/tree_fragment.cc
@@ -64,6 +64,13 @@ int TreeFragment::SetupSpansRec(unsigned cur, int left) {
   return right;
 }
 
+vector<int> TreeFragment::Terminals() const {
+  vector<int> terms;
+  for (auto& x : *this)
+    if (IsTerminal(x)) terms.push_back(x);
+  return terms;
+}
+
 // cp is the character index in the tree
 // np keeps track of the nodes (nonterminals) that have been built
 // symp keeps track of the terminal symbols that have been built
diff --git a/decoder/tree_fragment.h b/decoder/tree_fragment.h
index 6b4842ee..e19b79fb 100644
--- a/decoder/tree_fragment.h
+++ b/decoder/tree_fragment.h
@@ -72,6 +72,8 @@ class TreeFragment {
   BreadthFirstIterator bfs_begin(unsigned node_idx) const;
   BreadthFirstIterator bfs_end() const;
 
+  std::vector<int> Terminals() const;
+
  private:
   // cp is the character index in the tree
   // np keeps track of the nodes (nonterminals) that have been built
diff --git a/decoder/trule.h b/decoder/trule.h
index 243b0da9..7af46747 100644
--- a/decoder/trule.h
+++ b/decoder/trule.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _RULE_H_
-#define _RULE_H_
+#ifndef TRULE_H_
+#define TRULE_H_
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <vector>
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 
 #include "sparse_vector.h"
 #include "wordid.h"
+#include "tdict.h"
 
 class TRule;
 typedef boost::shared_ptr<TRule> TRulePtr;
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ struct AlignmentPoint {
   short s_;
   short t_;
 };
+
 inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const AlignmentPoint& p) {
   return os << static_cast<int>(p.s_) << '-' << static_cast<int>(p.t_);
 }
@@ -163,6 +165,66 @@ class TRule {
   // optional, shows internal structure of TSG rules
   boost::shared_ptr<cdec::TreeFragment> tree_structure;
 
+  friend class boost::serialization::access;
+  template<class Archive>
+  void save(Archive & ar, const unsigned int /*version*/) const {
+    ar & TD::Convert(-lhs_);
+    unsigned f_size = f_.size();
+    ar & f_size;
+    assert(f_size <= (sizeof(size_t) * 8));
+    size_t f_nt_mask = 0;
+    for (int i = f_.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      f_nt_mask <<= 1;
+      f_nt_mask |= (f_[i] <= 0 ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+    ar & f_nt_mask;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < f_.size(); ++i)
+      ar & TD::Convert(f_[i] < 0 ? -f_[i] : f_[i]);
+    unsigned e_size = e_.size();
+    ar & e_size;
+    size_t e_nt_mask = 0;
+    assert(e_size <= (sizeof(size_t) * 8));
+    for (int i = e_.size() - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      e_nt_mask <<= 1;
+      e_nt_mask |= (e_[i] <= 0 ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+    ar & e_nt_mask;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < e_.size(); ++i)
+      if (e_[i] <= 0) ar & e_[i]; else ar & TD::Convert(e_[i]);
+    ar & arity_;
+    ar & scores_;
+  }
+  template<class Archive>
+  void load(Archive & ar, const unsigned int /*version*/) {
+    std::string lhs; ar & lhs; lhs_ = -TD::Convert(lhs);
+    unsigned f_size; ar & f_size;
+    f_.resize(f_size);
+    size_t f_nt_mask; ar & f_nt_mask;
+    std::string sym;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < f_size; ++i) {
+      bool mask = (f_nt_mask & 1);
+      ar & sym;
+      f_[i] = TD::Convert(sym) * (mask ? -1 : 1);
+      f_nt_mask >>= 1;
+    }
+    unsigned e_size; ar & e_size;
+    e_.resize(e_size);
+    size_t e_nt_mask; ar & e_nt_mask;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < e_size; ++i) {
+      bool mask = (e_nt_mask & 1);
+      if (mask) {
+        ar & e_[i];
+      } else {
+        ar & sym;
+        e_[i] = TD::Convert(sym);
+      }
+      e_nt_mask >>= 1;
+    }
+    ar & arity_;
+    ar & scores_;
+  }
+
+  BOOST_SERIALIZATION_SPLIT_MEMBER()
  private:
   TRule(const WordID& src, const WordID& trg) : e_(1, trg), f_(1, src), lhs_(), arity_(), prev_i(), prev_j() {}
 };
diff --git a/decoder/trule_test.cc b/decoder/trule_test.cc
index 0cb7e2e8..d75c2016 100644
--- a/decoder/trule_test.cc
+++ b/decoder/trule_test.cc
@@ -4,6 +4,10 @@
 #include <boost/test/unit_test.hpp>
 #include <boost/test/floating_point_comparison.hpp>
 #include <iostream>
+#include <boost/archive/text_oarchive.hpp>
+#include <boost/archive/text_iarchive.hpp>
+#include <boost/serialization/shared_ptr.hpp>
+#include <sstream>
 #include "tdict.h"
 
 using namespace std;
@@ -53,3 +57,35 @@ BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestRuleR) {
   BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(t6.e_[3], 0);
 }
 
+BOOST_AUTO_TEST_CASE(TestReadWriteHG_Boost) {
+  string str;
+  string t7str;
+  {
+    TRule t7;
+    t7.ReadFromString("[X] ||| den [X,1] sah [X,2] . ||| [2] saw the [1] . ||| Feature1=0.12321 Foo=0.23232 Bar=0.121");
+    cerr << t7.AsString() << endl;
+    ostringstream os;
+    TRulePtr tp1(new TRule("[X] ||| a b c ||| x z y ||| A=1 B=2"));
+    TRulePtr tp2 = tp1;
+    boost::archive::text_oarchive oa(os);
+    oa << t7;
+    oa << tp1;
+    oa << tp2;
+    str = os.str();
+    t7str = t7.AsString();
+  }
+  {
+    istringstream is(str);
+    boost::archive::text_iarchive ia(is);
+    TRule t8;
+    ia >> t8;
+    TRulePtr tp3, tp4;
+    ia >> tp3;
+    ia >> tp4;
+    cerr << t8.AsString() << endl;
+    BOOST_CHECK_EQUAL(t7str, t8.AsString());
+    cerr << tp3->AsString() << endl;
+    cerr << tp4->AsString() << endl;
+  }
+}
+
diff --git a/decoder/viterbi.h b/decoder/viterbi.h
index a8a0ea7f..20ee73cc 100644
--- a/decoder/viterbi.h
+++ b/decoder/viterbi.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef _VITERBI_H_
-#define _VITERBI_H_
+#ifndef VITERBI_H_
+#define VITERBI_H_
 
 #include <vector>
 #include "prob.h"