From bf7c9ead9fe04e482cca4ecbcfae40f0ebc8bc1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Patrick Simianer Date: Thu, 1 Jul 2010 17:05:20 +0200 Subject: bla --- resources/literature/10.1.1.21.1679.pdf | Bin 259747 -> 0 bytes resources/literature/GNfaToDfa.cs | 629 -------------------------------- resources/literature/J00-1005.pdf | Bin 925842 -> 0 bytes resources/literature/RENFADFA.doc | Bin 131072 -> 0 bytes resources/literature/compactdfa.pdf | Bin 0 -> 259747 bytes resources/literature/epsilonmoves.pdf | Bin 0 -> 925842 bytes 6 files changed, 629 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 resources/literature/10.1.1.21.1679.pdf delete mode 100644 resources/literature/GNfaToDfa.cs delete mode 100644 resources/literature/J00-1005.pdf delete mode 100644 resources/literature/RENFADFA.doc create mode 100644 resources/literature/compactdfa.pdf create mode 100644 resources/literature/epsilonmoves.pdf (limited to 'resources/literature') diff --git a/resources/literature/10.1.1.21.1679.pdf b/resources/literature/10.1.1.21.1679.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index 2b7d75a..0000000 Binary files a/resources/literature/10.1.1.21.1679.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/resources/literature/GNfaToDfa.cs b/resources/literature/GNfaToDfa.cs deleted file mode 100644 index df88b1d..0000000 --- a/resources/literature/GNfaToDfa.cs +++ /dev/null @@ -1,629 +0,0 @@ -// RegExp -> NFA -> DFA -> Graph in Generic C# -// This program requires .Net version 2.0. -// Peter Sestoft (sestoft@dina.kvl.dk) -// Java 2000-10-07, GC# 2001-10-23, 2003-09-03, 2004-07-26, 2006-03-05 - -// This file contains, in order: -// * A class Nfa for representing an NFA (a nondeterministic finite -// automaton), and for converting it to a DFA (a deterministic -// finite automaton). Most complexity is in this class. -// * A class Dfa for representing a DFA, a deterministic finite -// automaton, and for writing a dot input file representing the DFA. -// * Classes for representing regular expressions, and for building an -// NFA from a regular expression -// * A test class that creates an NFA, a DFA, and a dot input file -// for a number of small regular expressions. The DFAs are -// not minimized. - -using System; -using System.Text; -using System.Collections; -using System.Collections.Generic; -using System.IO; - -// A set represented as the collection of keys of a Dictionary - -class Set : ICollection { - // Only the keys matter; the type bool used for the value is arbitrary - private Dictionary dict; - public Set() { - dict = new Dictionary(); - } - - public Set(T x) : this() { - Add(x); - } - - public Set(IEnumerable coll) : this() { - foreach (T x in coll) - Add(x); - } - - public Set(T[] arr) : this() { - foreach (T x in arr) - Add(x); - } - - public bool Contains(T x) { - return dict.ContainsKey(x); - } - - public void Add(T x) { - if (!Contains(x)) - dict.Add(x, false); - } - - public bool Remove(T x) { - return dict.Remove(x); - } - - public void Clear() { - dict.Clear(); - } - - public bool IsReadOnly { - get { return false; } - } - - public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { - return dict.Keys.GetEnumerator(); - } - - IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() { - return GetEnumerator(); - } - - public int Count { - get { return dict.Count; } - } - - public void CopyTo(T[] arr, int i) { - dict.Keys.CopyTo(arr, i); - } - - // Is this set a subset of that? - public bool Subset(Set that) { - foreach (T x in this) - if (!that.Contains(x)) - return false; - return true; - } - - // Create new set as intersection of this and that - public Set Intersection(Set that) { - Set res = new Set(); - foreach (T x in this) - if (that.Contains(x)) - res.Add(x); - return res; - } - - // Create new set as union of this and that - public Set Union(Set that) { - Set res = new Set(this); - foreach (T x in that) - res.Add(x); - return res; - } - - // Compute hash code -- should be cached for efficiency - public override int GetHashCode() { - int res = 0; - foreach (T x in this) - res ^= x.GetHashCode(); - return res; - } - - public override bool Equals(Object that) { - if (that is Set) { - Set thatSet = (Set)that; - return thatSet.Count == this.Count - && thatSet.Subset(this) && this.Subset(thatSet); - } else - return false; - } - - public override String ToString() { - StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder(); - res.Append("{ "); - bool first = true; - foreach (T x in this) { - if (!first) - res.Append(", "); - res.Append(x); - first = false; - } - res.Append(" }"); - return res.ToString(); - } -} - -// ---------------------------------------------------------------------- - -// Regular expressions, NFAs, DFAs, and dot graphs -// sestoft@dina.kvl.dk * -// Java 2001-07-10 * C# 2001-10-22 * Gen C# 2001-10-23, 2003-09-03 - -// In the Generic C# 2.0 version we -// use Queue and Queue> for worklists -// use Set for pre-DFA states -// use List for NFA transition relations -// use Dictionary, Dictionary>> -// and Dictionary> for DFA transition relations - -/* Class Nfa and conversion from NFA to DFA --------------------------- - - A nondeterministic finite automaton (NFA) is represented as a - Map from state number (int) to a List of Transitions, a - Transition being a pair of a label lab (a String, null meaning - epsilon) and a target state (an int). - - A DFA is created from an NFA in two steps: - - (1) Construct a DFA whose each of whose states is composite, - namely a set of NFA states (Set of int). This is done by - methods CompositeDfaTrans and EpsilonClose. - - (2) Replace composite states (Set of int) by simple states - (int). This is done by methods Rename and MkRenamer. - - Method CompositeDfaTrans works as follows: - - Create the epsilon-closure S0 (a Set of ints) of the start - state s0, and put it in a worklist (a Queue). Create an - empty DFA transition relation, which is a Map from a - composite state (an epsilon-closed Set of ints) to a Map - from a label (a non-null String) to a composite state. - - Repeatedly choose a composite state S from the worklist. If it is - not already in the keyset of the DFA transition relation, compute - for every non-epsilon label lab the set T of states reachable by - that label from some state s in S. Compute the epsilon-closure - Tclose of every such state T and put it on the worklist. Then add - the transition S -lab-> Tclose to the DFA transition relation, for - every lab. - - Method EpsilonClose works as follows: - - Given a set S of states. Put the states of S in a worklist. - Repeatedly choose a state s from the worklist, and consider all - epsilon-transitions s -eps-> s' from s. If s' is in S already, - then do nothing; otherwise add s' to S and the worklist. When the - worklist is empty, S is epsilon-closed; return S. - - Method MkRenamer works as follows: - - Given a Map from Set of int to something, create an - injective Map from Set of int to int, by choosing a fresh - int for every value of the map. - - Method Rename works as follows: - - Given a Map from Set of int to Map from String to Set of - int, use the result of MkRenamer to replace all Sets of ints - by ints. - -*/ - - -class Nfa { - private readonly int startState; - private readonly int exitState; // This is the unique accept state - private readonly IDictionary> trans; - - public Nfa(int startState, int exitState) { - this.startState = startState; this.exitState = exitState; - trans = new Dictionary>(); - if (!startState.Equals(exitState)) - trans.Add(exitState, new List()); - } - - public int Start { get { return startState; } } - - public int Exit { get { return exitState; } } - - public IDictionary> Trans { - get { return trans; } - } - - public void AddTrans(int s1, String lab, int s2) { - List s1Trans; - if (trans.ContainsKey(s1)) - s1Trans = trans[s1]; - else { - s1Trans = new List(); - trans.Add(s1, s1Trans); - } - s1Trans.Add(new Transition(lab, s2)); - } - - public void AddTrans(KeyValuePair> tr) { - // Assumption: if tr is in trans, it maps to an empty list (end state) - trans.Remove(tr.Key); - trans.Add(tr.Key, tr.Value); - } - - public override String ToString() { - return "NFA start=" + startState + " exit=" + exitState; - } - - // Construct the transition relation of a composite-state DFA - // from an NFA with start state s0 and transition relation - // trans (a Map from int to List of Transition). The start - // state of the constructed DFA is the epsilon closure of s0, - // and its transition relation is a Map from a composite state - // (a Set of ints) to a Map from label (a String) to a - // composite state (a Set of ints). - - static IDictionary, IDictionary>> - CompositeDfaTrans(int s0, IDictionary> trans) { - Set S0 = EpsilonClose(new Set(s0), trans); - Queue> worklist = new Queue>(); - worklist.Enqueue(S0); - // The transition relation of the DFA - IDictionary, IDictionary>> res = - new Dictionary, IDictionary>>(); - while (worklist.Count != 0) { - Set S = worklist.Dequeue(); - if (!res.ContainsKey(S)) { - // The S -lab-> T transition relation being constructed for a given S - IDictionary> STrans = - new Dictionary>(); - // For all s in S, consider all transitions s -lab-> t - foreach (int s in S) { - // For all non-epsilon transitions s -lab-> t, add t to T - foreach (Transition tr in trans[s]) { - if (tr.lab != null) { // Already a transition on lab - Set toState; - if (STrans.ContainsKey(tr.lab)) - toState = STrans[tr.lab]; - else { // No transitions on lab yet - toState = new Set(); - STrans.Add(tr.lab, toState); - } - toState.Add(tr.target); - } - } - } - // Epsilon-close all T such that S -lab-> T, and put on worklist - Dictionary> STransClosed = - new Dictionary >(); - foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in STrans) { - Set Tclose = EpsilonClose(entry.Value, trans); - STransClosed.Add(entry.Key, Tclose); - worklist.Enqueue(Tclose); - } - res.Add(S, STransClosed); - } - } - return res; - } - - // Compute epsilon-closure of state set S in transition relation trans. - - static Set - EpsilonClose(Set S, IDictionary> trans) { - // The worklist initially contains all S members - Queue worklist = new Queue(S); - Set res = new Set(S); - while (worklist.Count != 0) { - int s = worklist.Dequeue(); - foreach (Transition tr in trans[s]) { - if (tr.lab == null && !res.Contains(tr.target)) { - res.Add(tr.target); - worklist.Enqueue(tr.target); - } - } - } - return res; - } - - // Compute a renamer, which is a Map from Set of int to int - - static IDictionary, int> MkRenamer(ICollection> states) { - IDictionary, int> renamer = new Dictionary, int>(); - int count = 0; - foreach (Set k in states) - renamer.Add(k, count++); - return renamer; - } - - // Using a renamer (a Map from Set of int to int), replace - // composite (Set of int) states with simple (int) states in - // the transition relation trans, which is assumed to be a Map - // from Set of int to Map from String to Set of int. The - // result is a Map from int to Map from String to int. - - static IDictionary> - Rename(IDictionary, int> renamer, - IDictionary, IDictionary>> trans) { - IDictionary> newtrans = - new Dictionary>(); - foreach (KeyValuePair, IDictionary>> entry - in trans) { - Set k = entry.Key; - IDictionary newktrans = new Dictionary(); - foreach (KeyValuePair> tr in entry.Value) - newktrans.Add(tr.Key, renamer[tr.Value]); - newtrans.Add(renamer[k], newktrans); - } - return newtrans; - } - - static Set AcceptStates(ICollection> states, - IDictionary, int> renamer, - int exit) { - Set acceptStates = new Set(); - foreach (Set state in states) - if (state.Contains(exit)) - acceptStates.Add(renamer[state]); - return acceptStates; - } - - public Dfa ToDfa() { - IDictionary, IDictionary>> - cDfaTrans = CompositeDfaTrans(startState, trans); - Set cDfaStart = EpsilonClose(new Set(startState), trans); - ICollection> cDfaStates = cDfaTrans.Keys; - IDictionary, int> renamer = MkRenamer(cDfaStates); - IDictionary> simpleDfaTrans = - Rename(renamer, cDfaTrans); - int simpleDfaStart = renamer[cDfaStart]; - Set simpleDfaAccept = AcceptStates(cDfaStates, renamer, exitState); - return new Dfa(simpleDfaStart, simpleDfaAccept, simpleDfaTrans); - } - - // Nested class for creating distinctly named states when constructing NFAs - - public class NameSource { - private static int nextName = 0; - - public int next() { - return nextName++; - } - } -} - -// Class Transition, a transition from one state to another ---------- - - public class Transition { - public String lab; - public int target; - - public Transition(String lab, int target) { - this.lab = lab; this.target = target; - } - - public override String ToString() { - return "-" + lab + "-> " + target; - } - } - -// Class Dfa, deterministic finite automata -------------------------- - -/* - A deterministic finite automaton (DFA) is represented as a Map - from state number (int) to a Map from label (a String, - non-null) to a target state (an int). -*/ - -class Dfa { - private readonly int startState; - private readonly Set acceptStates; - private readonly IDictionary> trans; - - public Dfa(int startState, Set acceptStates, - IDictionary> trans) { - this.startState = startState; - this.acceptStates = acceptStates; - this.trans = trans; - } - - public int Start { get { return startState; } } - - public Set Accept { get { return acceptStates; } } - - public IDictionary> Trans { - get { return trans; } - } - - public override String ToString() { - return "DFA start=" + startState + "\naccept=" + acceptStates; - } - - // Write an input file for the dot program. You can find dot at - // http://www.research.att.com/sw/tools/graphviz/ - - public void WriteDot(String filename) { - TextWriter wr = - new StreamWriter(new FileStream(filename, FileMode.Create, - FileAccess.Write)); - wr.WriteLine("// Format this file as a Postscript file with "); - wr.WriteLine("// dot " + filename + " -Tps -o out.ps\n"); - wr.WriteLine("digraph dfa {"); - wr.WriteLine("size=\"11,8.25\";"); - wr.WriteLine("rotate=90;"); - wr.WriteLine("rankdir=LR;"); - wr.WriteLine("n999999 [style=invis];"); // Invisible start node - wr.WriteLine("n999999 -> n" + startState); // Edge into start state - - // Accept states are double circles - foreach (int state in trans.Keys) - if (acceptStates.Contains(state)) - wr.WriteLine("n" + state + " [peripheries=2];"); - - // The transitions - foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in trans) { - int s1 = entry.Key; - foreach (KeyValuePair s1Trans in entry.Value) { - String lab = s1Trans.Key; - int s2 = s1Trans.Value; - wr.WriteLine("n" + s1 + " -> n" + s2 + " [label=\"" + lab + "\"];"); - } - } - wr.WriteLine("}"); - wr.Close(); - } -} - -// Regular expressions ---------------------------------------------- -// -// Abstract syntax of regular expressions -// r ::= A | r1 r2 | (r1|r2) | r* -// - -abstract class Regex { - abstract public Nfa MkNfa(Nfa.NameSource names); -} - -class Eps : Regex { - // The resulting nfa0 has form s0s -eps-> s0e - - public override Nfa MkNfa(Nfa.NameSource names) { - int s0s = names.next(); - int s0e = names.next(); - Nfa nfa0 = new Nfa(s0s, s0e); - nfa0.AddTrans(s0s, null, s0e); - return nfa0; - } -} - -class Sym : Regex { - String sym; - - public Sym(String sym) { - this.sym = sym; - } - - // The resulting nfa0 has form s0s -sym-> s0e - - public override Nfa MkNfa(Nfa.NameSource names) { - int s0s = names.next(); - int s0e = names.next(); - Nfa nfa0 = new Nfa(s0s, s0e); - nfa0.AddTrans(s0s, sym, s0e); - return nfa0; - } -} - -class Seq : Regex { - Regex r1, r2; - - public Seq(Regex r1, Regex r2) { - this.r1 = r1; this.r2 = r2; - } - - // If nfa1 has form s1s ----> s1e - // and nfa2 has form s2s ----> s2e - // then nfa0 has form s1s ----> s1e -eps-> s2s ----> s2e - - public override Nfa MkNfa(Nfa.NameSource names) { - Nfa nfa1 = r1.MkNfa(names); - Nfa nfa2 = r2.MkNfa(names); - Nfa nfa0 = new Nfa(nfa1.Start, nfa2.Exit); - foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in nfa1.Trans) - nfa0.AddTrans(entry); - foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in nfa2.Trans) - nfa0.AddTrans(entry); - nfa0.AddTrans(nfa1.Exit, null, nfa2.Start); - return nfa0; - } -} - -class Alt : Regex { - Regex r1, r2; - - public Alt(Regex r1, Regex r2) { - this.r1 = r1; this.r2 = r2; - } - - // If nfa1 has form s1s ----> s1e - // and nfa2 has form s2s ----> s2e - // then nfa0 has form s0s -eps-> s1s ----> s1e -eps-> s0e - // s0s -eps-> s2s ----> s2e -eps-> s0e - - public override Nfa MkNfa(Nfa.NameSource names) { - Nfa nfa1 = r1.MkNfa(names); - Nfa nfa2 = r2.MkNfa(names); - int s0s = names.next(); - int s0e = names.next(); - Nfa nfa0 = new Nfa(s0s, s0e); - foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in nfa1.Trans) - nfa0.AddTrans(entry); - foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in nfa2.Trans) - nfa0.AddTrans(entry); - nfa0.AddTrans(s0s, null, nfa1.Start); - nfa0.AddTrans(s0s, null, nfa2.Start); - nfa0.AddTrans(nfa1.Exit, null, s0e); - nfa0.AddTrans(nfa2.Exit, null, s0e); - return nfa0; - } -} - -class Star : Regex { - Regex r; - - public Star(Regex r) { - this.r = r; - } - - // If nfa1 has form s1s ----> s1e - // then nfa0 has form s0s ----> s0s - // s0s -eps-> s1s - // s1e -eps-> s0s - - public override Nfa MkNfa(Nfa.NameSource names) { - Nfa nfa1 = r.MkNfa(names); - int s0s = names.next(); - Nfa nfa0 = new Nfa(s0s, s0s); - foreach (KeyValuePair> entry in nfa1.Trans) - nfa0.AddTrans(entry); - nfa0.AddTrans(s0s, null, nfa1.Start); - nfa0.AddTrans(nfa1.Exit, null, s0s); - return nfa0; - } -} - -// Trying the RE->NFA->DFA translation on three regular expressions - -class TestNFA { - public static void Main(String[] args) { - Regex a = new Sym("A"); - Regex b = new Sym("B"); - Regex c = new Sym("C"); - Regex abStar = new Star(new Alt(a, b)); - Regex bb = new Seq(b, b); - Regex r = new Seq(abStar, new Seq(a, b)); - // The regular expression (a|b)*ab - BuildAndShow("dfa1.dot", r); - // The regular expression ((a|b)*ab)* - BuildAndShow("dfa2.dot", new Star(r)); - // The regular expression ((a|b)*ab)((a|b)*ab) - BuildAndShow("dfa3.dot", new Seq(r, r)); - // The regular expression (a|b)*abb, from ASU 1986 p 136 - BuildAndShow("dfa4.dot", new Seq(abStar, new Seq(a, bb))); - // SML reals: sign?((digit+(\.digit+)?))([eE]sign?digit+)? - Regex d = new Sym("digit"); - Regex dPlus = new Seq(d, new Star(d)); - Regex s = new Sym("sign"); - Regex sOpt = new Alt(s, new Eps()); - Regex dot = new Sym("."); - Regex dotDigOpt = new Alt(new Eps(), new Seq(dot, dPlus)); - Regex mant = new Seq(sOpt, new Seq(dPlus, dotDigOpt)); - Regex e = new Sym("e"); - Regex exp = new Alt(new Eps(), new Seq(e, new Seq(sOpt, dPlus))); - Regex smlReal = new Seq(mant, exp); - BuildAndShow("dfa5.dot", smlReal); - } - - public static void BuildAndShow(String filename, Regex r) { - Nfa nfa = r.MkNfa(new Nfa.NameSource()); - Console.WriteLine(nfa); - Console.WriteLine("---"); - Dfa dfa = nfa.ToDfa(); - Console.WriteLine(dfa); - Console.WriteLine("Writing DFA graph to file " + filename); - dfa.WriteDot(filename); - Console.WriteLine(); - } -} diff --git a/resources/literature/J00-1005.pdf b/resources/literature/J00-1005.pdf deleted file mode 100644 index 90f4704..0000000 Binary files a/resources/literature/J00-1005.pdf and /dev/null differ diff --git a/resources/literature/RENFADFA.doc b/resources/literature/RENFADFA.doc deleted file mode 100644 index fb76173..0000000 Binary files a/resources/literature/RENFADFA.doc and /dev/null differ diff --git a/resources/literature/compactdfa.pdf b/resources/literature/compactdfa.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b7d75a Binary files /dev/null and b/resources/literature/compactdfa.pdf differ diff --git a/resources/literature/epsilonmoves.pdf b/resources/literature/epsilonmoves.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90f4704 Binary files /dev/null and b/resources/literature/epsilonmoves.pdf differ -- cgit v1.2.3