/*
 * $Id: maxent.h,v 1.1.1.1 2007/05/15 08:30:35 kyoshida Exp $
 */

#ifndef __MAXENT_H_
#define __MAXENT_H_

#include <algorithm>
#include <iostream>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <vector>

#include <cassert>

namespace maxent {
class Vec {
 private:
  std::vector<double> _v;

 public:
  Vec(const size_t n = 0, const double val = 0) { _v.resize(n, val); }
  Vec(const std::vector<double>& v) : _v(v) {}
  const std::vector<double>& STLVec() const { return _v; }
  std::vector<double>& STLVec() { return _v; }
  size_t Size() const { return _v.size(); }
  double& operator[](int i) { return _v[i]; }
  const double& operator[](int i) const { return _v[i]; }
  Vec& operator+=(const Vec& b) {
    assert(b.Size() == _v.size());
    for (size_t i = 0; i < _v.size(); i++) {
      _v[i] += b[i];
    }
    return *this;
  }
  Vec& operator*=(const double c) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < _v.size(); i++) {
      _v[i] *= c;
    }
    return *this;
  }
  void Project(const Vec& y) {
    for (size_t i = 0; i < _v.size(); i++) {
      //      if (sign(_v[i]) != sign(y[i])) _v[i] = 0;
      if (_v[i] * y[i] <= 0) _v[i] = 0;
    }
  }
};

inline double dot_product(const Vec& a, const Vec& b) {
  double sum = 0;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < a.Size(); i++) {
    sum += a[i] * b[i];
  }
  return sum;
}

inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& s, const Vec& a) {
  s << "(";
  for (size_t i = 0; i < a.Size(); i++) {
    if (i != 0) s << ", ";
    s << a[i];
  }
  s << ")";
  return s;
}

inline const Vec operator+(const Vec& a, const Vec& b) {
  Vec v(a.Size());
  assert(a.Size() == b.Size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < a.Size(); i++) {
    v[i] = a[i] + b[i];
  }
  return v;
}

inline const Vec operator-(const Vec& a, const Vec& b) {
  Vec v(a.Size());
  assert(a.Size() == b.Size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < a.Size(); i++) {
    v[i] = a[i] - b[i];
  }
  return v;
}

inline const Vec operator*(const Vec& a, const double c) {
  Vec v(a.Size());
  for (size_t i = 0; i < a.Size(); i++) {
    v[i] = a[i] * c;
  }
  return v;
}

inline const Vec operator*(const double c, const Vec& a) { return a * c; }

//
// data format for each sample for training/testing
//
struct ME_Sample {
 public:
  ME_Sample() : label("") {};
  ME_Sample(const std::string& l) : label(l) {};
  void set_label(const std::string& l) { label = l; }

  // to add a binary feature
  void add_feature(const std::string& f) { features.push_back(f); }

  // to add a real-valued feature
  void add_feature(const std::string& s, const double d) {
    rvfeatures.push_back(std::pair<std::string, double>(s, d));
  }

 public:
  std::string label;
  std::vector<std::string> features;
  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, double> > rvfeatures;

  // obsolete
  void add_feature(const std::pair<std::string, double>& f) {
    rvfeatures.push_back(f);  // real-valued features
  }
};

//
// for those who want to use load_from_array()
//
typedef struct ME_Model_Data {
  char* label;
  char* feature;
  double weight;
} ME_Model_Data;

class ME_Model {
 public:
  void add_training_sample(const ME_Sample& s);
  int train();
  std::vector<double> classify(ME_Sample& s) const;
  bool load_from_file(const std::string& filename);
  bool save_to_file(const std::string& filename, const double th = 0) const;
  int num_classes() const { return _num_classes; }
  std::string get_class_label(int i) const { return _label_bag.Str(i); }
  int get_class_id(const std::string& s) const { return _label_bag.Id(s); }
  void get_features(
      std::list<std::pair<std::pair<std::string, std::string>, double> >& fl);
  void set_heldout(const int h, const int n = 0) {
    _nheldout = h;
    _early_stopping_n = n;
  };
  void use_l1_regularizer(const double v) { _l1reg = v; }
  void use_l2_regularizer(const double v) { _l2reg = v; }
  void use_SGD(int iter = 30, double eta0 = 1, double alpha = 0.85) {
    _optimization_method = SGD;
    SGD_ITER = iter;
    SGD_ETA0 = eta0;
    SGD_ALPHA = alpha;
  }
  bool load_from_array(const ME_Model_Data data[]);
  void set_reference_model(const ME_Model& ref_model) {
    _ref_modelp = &ref_model;
  };
  void clear();

  ME_Model() {
    _l1reg = _l2reg = 0;
    _nheldout = 0;
    _early_stopping_n = 0;
    _ref_modelp = NULL;
    _optimization_method = LBFGS;
  }

 public:
  // obsolete. just for downward compatibility
  int train(const std::vector<ME_Sample>& train);

 private:
  enum OPTIMIZATION_METHOD {
    LBFGS,
    OWLQN,
    SGD
  } _optimization_method;
  // OWLQN and SGD are available only for L1-regularization

  int SGD_ITER;
  double SGD_ETA0;
  double SGD_ALPHA;

  double _l1reg, _l2reg;

  struct Sample {
    int label;
    std::vector<int> positive_features;
    std::vector<std::pair<int, double> > rvfeatures;
    std::vector<double> ref_pd;  // reference probability distribution
    bool operator<(const Sample& x) const {
      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < positive_features.size(); i++) {
        if (i >= x.positive_features.size()) return false;
        int v0 = positive_features[i];
        int v1 = x.positive_features[i];
        if (v0 < v1) return true;
        if (v0 > v1) return false;
      }
      return false;
    }
  };

  struct ME_Feature {
    enum {
      MAX_LABEL_TYPES = 255
    };

    //    ME_Feature(const int l, const int f) : _body((l << 24) + f) {
    //      assert(l >= 0 && l < 256);
    //      assert(f >= 0 && f <= 0xffffff);
    //    };
    //    int label() const { return _body >> 24; }
    //    int feature() const { return _body & 0xffffff; }
    ME_Feature(const int l, const int f) : _body((f << 8) + l) {
      assert(l >= 0 && l <= MAX_LABEL_TYPES);
      assert(f >= 0 && f <= 0xffffff);
    };
    int label() const { return _body & 0xff; }
    int feature() const { return _body >> 8; }
    unsigned int body() const { return _body; }

   private:
    unsigned int _body;
  };

  struct ME_FeatureBag {
#ifdef USE_HASH_MAP
    typedef std::unordered_map<unsigned int, int> map_type;
#else
    typedef std::map<unsigned int, int> map_type;
#endif
    map_type mef2id;
    std::vector<ME_Feature> id2mef;
    int Put(const ME_Feature& i) {
      map_type::const_iterator j = mef2id.find(i.body());
      if (j == mef2id.end()) {
        int id = id2mef.size();
        id2mef.push_back(i);
        mef2id[i.body()] = id;
        return id;
      }
      return j->second;
    }
    int Id(const ME_Feature& i) const {
      map_type::const_iterator j = mef2id.find(i.body());
      if (j == mef2id.end()) {
        return -1;
      }
      return j->second;
    }
    ME_Feature Feature(int id) const {
      assert(id >= 0 && id < (int)id2mef.size());
      return id2mef[id];
    }
    int Size() const { return id2mef.size(); }
    void Clear() {
      mef2id.clear();
      id2mef.clear();
    }
  };

  struct hashfun_str {
    size_t operator()(const std::string& s) const {
      assert(sizeof(int) == 4 && sizeof(char) == 1);
      const int* p = reinterpret_cast<const int*>(s.c_str());
      size_t v = 0;
      int n = s.size() / 4;
      for (int i = 0; i < n; i++, p++) {
        //      v ^= *p;
        v ^= *p << (4 * (i % 2));  // note) 0 <= char < 128
      }
      int m = s.size() % 4;
      for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
        v ^= s[4 * n + i] << (i * 8);
      }
      return v;
    }
  };

  struct MiniStringBag {
#ifdef USE_HASH_MAP
    typedef std::unordered_map<std::string, int, hashfun_str> map_type;
#else
    typedef std::map<std::string, int> map_type;
#endif
    int _size;
    map_type str2id;
    MiniStringBag() : _size(0) {}
    int Put(const std::string& i) {
      map_type::const_iterator j = str2id.find(i);
      if (j == str2id.end()) {
        int id = _size;
        _size++;
        str2id[i] = id;
        return id;
      }
      return j->second;
    }
    int Id(const std::string& i) const {
      map_type::const_iterator j = str2id.find(i);
      if (j == str2id.end()) return -1;
      return j->second;
    }
    int Size() const { return _size; }
    void Clear() {
      str2id.clear();
      _size = 0;
    }
    map_type::const_iterator begin() const { return str2id.begin(); }
    map_type::const_iterator end() const { return str2id.end(); }
  };

  struct StringBag : public MiniStringBag {
    std::vector<std::string> id2str;
    int Put(const std::string& i) {
      map_type::const_iterator j = str2id.find(i);
      if (j == str2id.end()) {
        int id = id2str.size();
        id2str.push_back(i);
        str2id[i] = id;
        return id;
      }
      return j->second;
    }
    std::string Str(const int id) const {
      assert(id >= 0 && id < (int)id2str.size());
      return id2str[id];
    }
    int Size() const { return id2str.size(); }
    void Clear() {
      str2id.clear();
      id2str.clear();
    }
  };

  std::vector<Sample> _vs;  // vector of training_samples
  StringBag _label_bag;
  MiniStringBag _featurename_bag;
  std::vector<double> _vl;  // vector of lambda
  ME_FeatureBag _fb;
  int _num_classes;
  std::vector<double> _vee;  // empirical expectation
  std::vector<double> _vme;  // empirical expectation
  std::vector<std::vector<int> > _feature2mef;
  std::vector<Sample> _heldout;
  double _train_error;    // current error rate on the training data
  double _heldout_error;  // current error rate on the heldout data
  int _nheldout;
  int _early_stopping_n;
  std::vector<double> _vhlogl;
  const ME_Model* _ref_modelp;

  double heldout_likelihood();
  int conditional_probability(const Sample& nbs,
                              std::vector<double>& membp) const;
  int make_feature_bag(const int cutoff);
  int classify(const Sample& nbs, std::vector<double>& membp) const;
  double update_model_expectation();
  int perform_QUASI_NEWTON();
  int perform_SGD();
  int perform_GIS(int C);
  std::vector<double> perform_LBFGS(const std::vector<double>& x0);
  std::vector<double> perform_OWLQN(const std::vector<double>& x0,
                                    const double C);
  double backtracking_line_search(const Vec& x0, const Vec& grad0,
                                  const double f0, const Vec& dx, Vec& x,
                                  Vec& grad1);
  double regularized_func_grad(const double C, const Vec& x, Vec& grad);
  double constrained_line_search(double C, const Vec& x0, const Vec& grad0,
                                 const double f0, const Vec& dx, Vec& x,
                                 Vec& grad1);

  void set_ref_dist(Sample& s) const;
  void init_feature2mef();

  double FunctionGradient(const std::vector<double>& x,
                          std::vector<double>& grad);
  static double FunctionGradientWrapper(const std::vector<double>& x,
                                        std::vector<double>& grad);
};
}  // namespace maxent

#endif

/*
 * $Log: maxent.h,v $
 * Revision 1.1.1.1  2007/05/15 08:30:35  kyoshida
 * stepp tagger, by Okanohara and Tsuruoka
 *
 * Revision 1.24  2006/08/21 17:30:38  tsuruoka
 * use MAX_LABEL_TYPES
 *
 * Revision 1.23  2006/07/25 13:19:53  tsuruoka
 * sort _vs[]
 *
 * Revision 1.22  2006/07/18 11:13:15  tsuruoka
 * modify comments
 *
 * Revision 1.21  2006/07/18 10:02:15  tsuruoka
 * remove sample2feature[]
 * speed up conditional_probability()
 *
 * Revision 1.20  2006/07/18 05:10:51  tsuruoka
 * add ref_dist
 *
 * Revision 1.19  2005/12/23 10:33:02  tsuruoka
 * support real-valued features
 *
 * Revision 1.18  2005/12/23 09:15:29  tsuruoka
 * modify _train to reduce memory consumption
 *
 * Revision 1.17  2005/10/28 13:02:34  tsuruoka
 * set_heldout(): add default value
 * Feature()
 *
 * Revision 1.16  2005/09/12 13:51:16  tsuruoka
 * Sample: list -> vector
 *
 * Revision 1.15  2005/09/12 13:27:10  tsuruoka
 * add add_training_sample()
 *
 * Revision 1.14  2005/04/27 11:22:27  tsuruoka
 * bugfix
 * ME_Sample: list -> vector
 *
 * Revision 1.13  2005/04/27 10:20:19  tsuruoka
 * MiniStringBag -> StringBag
 *
 * Revision 1.12  2005/04/27 10:00:42  tsuruoka
 * remove tmpfb
 *
 * Revision 1.11  2005/04/26 14:25:53  tsuruoka
 * add MiniStringBag, USE_HASH_MAP
 *
 * Revision 1.10  2004/10/04 05:50:25  tsuruoka
 * add Clear()
 *
 * Revision 1.9  2004/08/09 12:27:21  tsuruoka
 * change messages
 *
 * Revision 1.8  2004/08/04 13:55:19  tsuruoka
 * modify _sample2feature
 *
 * Revision 1.7  2004/07/29 05:51:13  tsuruoka
 * remove modeldata.h
 *
 * Revision 1.6  2004/07/28 13:42:58  tsuruoka
 * add AGIS
 *
 * Revision 1.5  2004/07/28 05:54:14  tsuruoka
 * get_class_name() -> get_class_label()
 * ME_Feature: bugfix
 *
 * Revision 1.4  2004/07/27 16:58:47  tsuruoka
 * modify the interface of classify()
 *
 * Revision 1.3  2004/07/26 17:23:46  tsuruoka
 * _sample2feature: list -> vector
 *
 * Revision 1.2  2004/07/26 15:49:23  tsuruoka
 * modify ME_Feature
 *
 * Revision 1.1  2004/07/26 13:10:55  tsuruoka
 * add files
 *
 * Revision 1.18  2004/07/22 08:34:45  tsuruoka
 * modify _sample2feature[]
 *
 * Revision 1.17  2004/07/21 16:33:01  tsuruoka
 * remove some comments
 *
 */